Analogies for critical thinking g4

In this case, both meow and bark are sounds that a cat and dog ~ synonym, antonym, and homophone recognition and recall ~ understanding different shades of word meanings ~ reasoning ~ st

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clock: ticks

cow: moos

A terrific way to:

• Sharpen logical thinking skills

• Prepare for standardized tests

• Understand word relationships

• Improve & develop vocabulary

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Mary D Smith, M.S Ed.

The classroom teacher may

reproduce copies of the

materials in this book for use in

a single clas room only The

reproduction of an part of the

book for other classrooms or

for an entire school or sch ol

system is strictly prohibited No

part of this publicatio may be

transmitted, stored, or recorded

in any form without wr tten

permission from the p bl sher.

A terrific way to:

• Sharpen logical thinking ski s

• Prepare for standardized tests

• Understand word relationships

• Improve & develop vocabulary

Author

Teacher Created Resources

6 2 In ustry WayWestminster, CA 92683W\NW.teachercre ted comISBN: 9 8-1-4206-3167-8

©2 11 T ac he r C r e te d Resou r ces

Made inU.S.A.

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Table of Contents

Synonyms in Analogies 5

Antonyms inAnalogies 6

Synonym and Antonym Practice 7

Synonym and Antonym Analogies 8 Plurals 9 Adjectives 1 What People Use 11 Things that Go Together 1 Past and Present 1 Past and Present 2 14 Purpose 1 Where Things Go 1 Animal Family Names 1 Finding the Connection 18 Finding the Connection 2 1 Finding the Connection 3 20 Trying Out the Connection 2 Part to Whole 22

Less Than/More Than 23

Classifying Analogies 24

Classifyin Analogies 2 25

Practice Making Classes 26

Multiple-Meaning Words 2 Multiple-Meaning Words 2 28 Math 29 Math 2 30 Social Studies 3 Social Studies 2 32

# 1 7 Analo ies for C tical Thinkin Science 33 Science 2 34

Skeleton Analogies 35

Spellin 36 Homophones 3

Homophones 2 38

The Seven Wonders 39

Amazing Nines 40 Fun Down Under 41

Review of Analogy Types 42

Review ofAnalogy Types 2 43 Use What You Know 44

Use What YouKnow 2 45

Use What You Know 3 46

Use What You Know 4 47

Analogies inWritin 48 Analogies in Writing 2 49 Far Out Analogies 50

Analogies in Reading 51 Analogies in Reading 2 52

Analogies in Reading 3 53 Connection Review 54 Connection Review 2 55 Practice Being the Teacher 56 Practice Bein the Teacher 2 57 Practice What You Know 58

Practice What You Know 2 59

Answer Sheets 60

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pieces fit together What links the words to each other? How can they be connected or

tied together? What is the relationship between them?

Although the example above may appear to be easy, it is an exercise that involves cognitiveprocesses and critical-thinking skills One must comprehend the words read, categorize

them, understand the connection between them, and then find a similar connection between

a different pair of words In this case, both meow and bark are sounds that a cat and dog

~ synonym, antonym, and homophone recognition and recall

~ understanding different shades of word meanings

~ reasoning

~ standardized-test taking

Students will be able to demonstrate mastery by doing the following:

~ working with both multiple-choice and write-out question formats

~ analyzing and fixing incorrect analogies

~ writin their own analogies in both question and sentence format

For interdisciplnary practice, some analogies will be subject-specific (addressing science,math, or social studies, for example) Others will push students to think outside of the box,

as creative and imaginative connections between words will be asked for Students may thenexplain in writing or verbally (depending on skill level) how they created analogous word pairs

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Introducing Analogies Directions: Fill inthe word you think should go in the blank.

What did you just do? You ma e analogies! An analogy is a like ess in some way betweenthings that are otherwise unlike

A duckling is not a kitten, but a duckling is like a kitten because they

are both kinds of animal babies

• The single colon (:) compares two items ina word pair

• The double colon (::) compares the first word pair to the second word pair

Sometimes analogies are written like this:

( duck: duckling :: c t: kitten)

6 Rewrite question 2,3, 4, or 5 in the analogy form using colons

Directions: Fill in the blanks to finish the analogies

#3167 Analogies for Critical Thinking 4 ©Teacher Created Resources

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Synonyms in Analogies

A synonym is a word that is nearly the same in meaning as another word.

1 Which word is not a synonym of the oth rs?

2 Which answer makes the best analogy?

® brave: bold:: cowardly: fearless

® brave: fearless :: bold: daring

® fearless: cowardly:: daring: bold

Directions: Find the synonym that best completes the analogy

3. Cry is to weep as cure isto

4. Search isto hunt as find is to

5 Grin isto smile as scowl isto

Directions: Write down four a swers Only one answer should be correct!

®

©

®

10. Which one of your answers was correct? Write a sente ce telling why Use the word

syn nym inyour sente ce

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Antonyms in Analogies

An a ntonym is a word that is the oppo s i e in meaning of another word

1 Which word is an antonym of the others?

2 What answer makes the best a alogy?

® elementary: hard ::dull: exciting

® hard: easy:: droop: sag

® hard: elementary:: beautiful: pretty

Directions: Find the antonym that best completes the analogy

3 N a rrow is to w ide as sorrow is to

4. Lower is to r a ise as stop isto

5 Appear is to erase as grow isto

Directions: Write down four answers Only one answer should be correct!

®

©

®

10. Which one of your answers was correct? Write a sentence tel ng why Use the word

antonym in your sentence

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Synonym and Antonym Practice

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes the analogy Write s yn o n y m s or

antonyms on the blank line to describe how the question and answer words are related

Remember

• Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning

• Synonyms are words that mean the same

® good: nice ® hat: miten

® good: fine ® sock: foot

® good: proper ® coat: jacket

® glossy: shiny ® doze: sleep

® sick: healthy ® tease : pester

® hate: love ® chew: bite

® send: receive ® cellar: basement

® create: ruin ® sing: mumble

® make: build ® shove: hug

® mix: shuffle ® mix: separate

® admire: hate ® fasten: tie

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Synonym and Antonym Analogies

D i rections: Wr i t e as m an y sy n n y ms an a n t onym s a y o u c a n th i nk of fo r th e g i v n wo r ds.

T he n, u se a th esa uru s t o ad d eve n m or e word s to y o ur l st

1 co nn ec t

3 wise

4 beau t if l

5 make

D ir ect i o n s: Writ e a n a l ogy quest i on s us i ng so me of the wo r ds yo u w r o te dow n A t le s t o ne

q es ti n s h u ld u se s yn o yms a n d a t least o ne sho ul d u se an to nyms

@

-® -

-~ -

-Sy n n y m o r an t o y m: _ C or e ct a ns w e r: - -

-@ -

-® -

-8 _ S yn o nym o r a nt o y m: _ Co rr ec t a ns wer : _ @ -

® -

© -

-® -

#3 1 67 Ana l ogi e s fo r Cr i ca l T hi n ki ng 8

Co r e ct an s w e r : _

© T e a cher C re at ed R esou rc es

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12 Write your own analogy using singular and plural words Make sure only one of your

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A d jective s are often used in analogies An adjective is a word that describes a noun

Adjectives answer three questions:

1 What kind is it? 2 How many are there? 3 Which one is it?

Di r e tions: Fillin the blanks and fin the answer that best completes the analogies

1 Inthe word pair 1polar bear : wh i te I, the word _W-' '- is an

a because ittells what kind of polar bear it is

2 In the word pair Iferocious: grizzly b e ar I the word is an _ because it tells what kind of grizzly bear it is

® cheetah: slow ® spicy: milk ® dry: deser

® giraffe: short ® sweet: lime ® beach: sandy

® bird: furry ® hot:pepper ® rounded: hill

® toy : stuffed ® 365: days ® baker's dozen: 11

® knife: steel ® 365 : years ® baker's dozen :12

® rubber: ball ® 352 : years ® baker's dozen :14

® desk: soft ® rain: wet ® fly: large

® crayon: colorful ® fog: damp ® flea: gigantic

® chair: couch ® snow: white ® ant: miniscule

12 Think of three adjectives that might be used to describe each noun

• city:

• country:

13 Make an analogy using words and answers from q estion 12

#3 1 67 A n l og ies f o r C r i ca l T hi nkin g 10 ©T e a c h e r C r eated R eso u r ces

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What People Use

Some word pa s inan logies are connected by what people

use or need in their jobs

• Example: knight: sword (per son to what he/she uses)

sword: knight ( what he/she uses to person)

an logy Then write down other items the person in the

question might use

ra k e ,

10 Write an a alogy using some ofthe items you wrote on the lines above

© T e a c h e r C r e at e d R eso ur ces 11 #3 1 67 Anal og i es fo r C riti ca l Thinkin g

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Th ings that Go Together

Directions : Write down what you think ofwhen you read these words:

(There are no wrong answers Just write down the first thing you think of.)

Direct i ons : Choose the answer that best completes the analogies The connection between

the word pairs is things that go together

H i nt: Say the balded words with the word and between them (for example, "fish and chips")

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Past and Present

A verb is an action word A verb tells you what you are doing Verbs have different tenses.The present tense is for an action that is happening now Th past tense is for an action thathas already happened

Directions: Look at the examples of verbs Write down two more examples using differentverbs

Today I sleep Yesterday I slept

Today I eat Yesterday I ate

Directions: Choose a word from the word box that best completes each analogy

1 choose: chose:: catch:

2 lock: locked:: touch:

3 bent: bend:: kept:

4 step: stepped:: swing:

5 spent: spend :: held:

6 walk: walked :: ride:

7 split: split :: shut:

8. tore: tear:: took:

9. wash : washed :: shake :

10 spoke: speak :: said:

11 Write down the question numbers of the ones that were

©Teacher Creat e d Resources 1 #3167 Analogi e s for Critical Thinking

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Past and Present 2

Some analogies are based on past and present verb te ses Something past has already

h ppen d Something present is now.

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each a alogy Watch out for spellingerrors! Sitted is not a word The past te se ofsit i s sa t Also, pay att ntion to ord r

10 Make an analogy using your verbs from question 9

# 1 67 A n l o i e s for C r iti c al T h i n k i n 1 © T e a c h e r C r e at e d R eso u r ces

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Some analogies are based on how things can be used, or what their purposes are

D i r ectio n s : Choose the answer that best completes each analogy

Hint: Pay a ention to order: Ispoon: st i r 1 is not the same as 1 stir : spoon I·

® ra io: watch © shovel: dig ® chair: table © cut: scissors

® watch: radio ® dig: shovel ® table: chair ® scissors: cut

® slice: knife © spoon: fork ® see: eye © talk: voice

® knife: slice ® fork: spoon ® smell: nose ® tooth: chew

® axe: ch p ® paper: white ® call:phone ® warn: alarm

11 Look at the answer ch ices for question 10 Which answer choices would have been

correct if they were written in a diferent order?

1 Make an a alogy ofyour own with a 1 thing: use 1 or I use: thing I connection

© T eac h e r C r ea t e d R eso ur c s 15 #316 7 A n l og i es f o r C r i c al Thi n ki n

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Whe re Things Go

Some analogies are based on where things go, where they live, or where they're found

Direct i o n s: Choose the answer that best completes each analogy

H i n t Pay a e tio to order: Irug : floor Iis not the same as If oor : rug I·

® duck: water © dolphin: water

® land: ostrich ® land: eel

8 stov e : kitch e n

® paper: pencil © oven: cook

® wall: window ® dresser: bedroom

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Animal Family Names

Directions: Some analogies are based on the names of old, young, male, and female family

members Choose the answer that best completes each a alogy

Hint: Pay attention to order: I cat : kitten 1is not the same as 1 kitten : cat I

® old: young

® young: old

® old: young

® young: old

1 cat: kitten i s 2 kitten: cat is

3 gander : goose:: m a le : 4 stallion : horse : : buII :

doe : deer 1cub: fawn

® peacock: peachic © lamb: ram

9. lion: lioness 10 colt: filly

® kit fox © kid: goat ® pup: litter

® cub: tiger ® rabbit doe ® ltter pup

® girl: boy

Directions: Think of animal names that would complete the analogies correctly

Hints: Any member of the dog family, wild or tame, is a can i ne Any member of the cat family,

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Finding the Conn ec tion

All of the analogies below have the same connection between the word pairs

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each analogy and answer the questions

Hint s :

• First, look at all of the question word pairs This will help you figure out the big

connection

• Next, watch out for ord r I peel: or a ng e I is n t the same as Ior a n ge: p eel I

® shell: turtle ® deer buck ® snake: fur

® tur le: water ® hide: deer ® scale: snake

1

® sh l: sn il ® hawk: beak ® cat: paw

® head: snail ® hawk: talon ® cat: pur

® otter: fur ® hide: zebra ® melon: rind

® peanut: ground ® wool: sheep ® shell :lobster

® peel : banana ® o er: fur ® horse: donkey

1 What isth big con ection between the question word pairs?

#3 1 7 Ana l o i e sfor Cr iti c a l Th i nk i n 1 © Tea c h er Created R eso u rces

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Finding the Connection 2 Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each analogy and a swer the questions.

Hint: Watch out for order: 1boy: foot I is not the same as 1foot: boy I.

1 boy: foot 2 gir l : arm 3 snout : pig

® dog: tail ® leaf tree ® trunk: eleph nt

® tail: dog ® t ee: leaf ® elepha t: trunk

4 tiger: claw 5 dolph i n: f i n 6 lung: man

® dog: paw ® monkey: too.th ® fin: fish

® eagle: talon ® monkey: leg ® fish: tail

® whale: fin ® monkey: arm ® fish: scale

7 boy: girl 8. woman: man 9 king: queen

® actor: actress ® waitress: waiter ® knight: sir

® actress: actor ® waiter: waitress ® sir: knight

® nephew: uncle ® daughter mother ® hostess : host

10 What isthe big conn ction inquestions 1 through 6? _

11 What is the big connection in questions 7 through 9? _

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Finding the Connection 3

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each analogy

Hint: Watch out for order: Ia tronaut : s pace Iis n t the same as 1sp a ce : astron a u t I·

4 libr a ry: lib ra ri a n 5 runn e r : track 6 field : farmer

# 16 7 A n l og i es for C riti c al Thinkin g 20 © T eac h e r Cr ea t e d R e s o ur ces

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Trying Out the Connection

Dire c t i ons: Write out how the word pairs are connected

1 chocolate chip : cookie

2 sharpen: dul l

" 'S' - is the opposite of ~ d" _ _

3 hungry: eat

I you are - ' - h' - ,you -"'e' - _

Di r ection s : Fill in the words to see what word pair is the correct answer ( H i nt : There will be

only one that makes sense.) Then circle the correct answer

2 #3 1 67 A na l o ies fo r Criti c a l T hin king

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Part to Whole

Some word pairs in analogies are connecte bypar t t o whole or whole to part.

• Example: d y: week (pa r t o whole)

week: d y (whole t o pa rt)

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each analogy and answer the questions

® sta s: elevator ® piano: key ® day: light

® elevators: stairs ® key: piano ® minute: second

® chapter: read ® seed: apple ® wall: ston

® word : sentence ® melo : soft ® b ck: chimney

® Monday: days ® book: chapters ® elbow: knee

® months: March ® movie: popcorn ® toe: foot

1 0 step: staircase II starfish : arm 12 tree : forest

® elevator lift ® clam: ocean ® fi h : school

® ladder ro e ® fin: sh rk ® plant: leaf

® letter alphabet ® scale: fish ® soup: clam

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Less Than/More Th an

Some analogies are based o less than/more than One word in the word pair might b

smaller than, bigger than, or not as strong as the other word

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes each an logy

Hint: Pay atte tion to order: I lake :ocean I is n t the same as Iocean : lake I!

® more than :less than ® more than :less tha

3. walk: r un 4 tired: exhausted 5 drip : pour

® cry: sob ® sleep: bed ® drink: water

® song: sing ® starved: hu gry ® scratch : cut

6 gallop : trot 7 big: gigantic 8 race : strol l

® talk: shout ® talk: ph n ® stink: smell

® saddle: h rse ® freezing: cool ® school :book

9. old : anc i ent 1 0 drizzle: d ownpour 1 look: stare

® wet: soaked ® dit h : canyo ® g lp: sip

D i rections : Make your own an logies usin units of measurement (for example, ounces,

inches, kilograms, etc.)

12

13

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Classifying Analogies

Purple is always a color A color is n t always purple So, 1banana : fruit I isnot the same

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Classifying Analogies 2 Directions : Fill inthe blanks and choose the answer that best completes each analogy.

1 How are a saw and a hammer alike?

• They are both L, _

2 Why are these word pairs different? I saw : tool I tool: saw I

• A _ - ' - t is not always a _

3. green: color 4 instrument: drum 5 oak: tree

® fish: minnow ® insect: bee ® robin: jay

® fish :salmon ® 5 : number ® whale: dolphin

® goldfish: fish ® monkey: mammal ® letter J

6. flower: tulip 7 baseball : game 8 shirt : clo t hes

® hawk: bird ® color: orange ® crocodile: reptile

® day: Monday ® carrot: vegetable ® mammal : panther

® drill: tool ® animal: horse ® insect: beetle

9. fruit: berry 10 earring: jewelry 11. Mexico : country

® dais : flower ® star: Sun ® country: New York

® fo r: n mber ® planet: Saturn ® state: Calfornia

® tree: elm ® planet Neptune ® Texas: state

12 Write your own answer choices Make sure only one answer choice is correct

I giraffe: mammal I

_ : reptile

®

13 Tell which answer is correct and why

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Practice Making Classes Dir ec tions: Think of the names of as many things as you can that fit in the given classes.

Directions: Write two analogy questions using class names and some of the things you

lsted as members of each class One question should have the class first, then an item Onequestion should have an item first, and then the class

Is your answer class to member or member to class? _

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Multiple - Meaning Words

Some words have more than one meaning For example, the word drop can be a noun or a verb.

• A nou is a person, place or thing (There is only one drop left.)

• A verb is an action word (If you drop the glass, it will break

Dire ct ion s : Pick which answer choice best completes each analogy

1 I The ~ sailed I

I will ~ this box I

® verb: noun

2 IThe ~ is hot I : 1 m anyone who is late! I

3 I We~ after school I I Seven actors are in the RillY I

4 I Careful! Don't trip! I will take a trip to Spain I

5 I The sign says, "Stop." I I Sign your name here I

6 I Watch out for snakes I I My watch is on my left wrist I

7 I ~ swim I : I Open the ~ of nuts, please I

8 I The ~ must go on!

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Multiple-Meaning Words 2

Directi o n s : Write out the connection between the word pair inthe question Then choose the

Hints: Remember that some words have multiple meanings! Also, watch out for which wordcomes first in the word pair!

9 Write down two meanings for the word r ing.

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7 100,000 1,000,000 :: one hundred thousand :

Challenge: Write your own analogy using numbers and math symbols

r

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1 100 years: 10 years :: century:

2 two-legged: biped :: four-legged:

4 once a year: twice a year :: annual:

5 0 : 0 ::pentagon:

6 swim, bike, run: triathlon ::high jump, long jump, hurdles, shot put 800m run:

7 ~ : triplets ::~ : _

8 square: quadrilateral :: rectangle: _

Think and Write: Long ago, March was the first month of the Roman year If March wasfirst, what months were most likely the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th months? In each month's name,

underline the letters that were a clue

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Social Studies

Dir ect i o n s : Find the word that best completes each analogy

Hin t You may want to use an atlas, a globe, or th Internet to find a more detailed world map

C hallenge: Write an analogy using different countries from the ones in the questions

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Social Studies 2

Directions: Find the state that best completes the analogy Here are some helpful hints:

• You may want to use a more detailed map of the continental USA

• Answers will be north, south, east, or west.

• Answers will depend on the direction each state is located in relation to the other state.Example: I Illinois : Indian :: west: east I because Illinois is west of Indiana, and Indian

Challenge: Write your own analogy using states and directio s

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