Analogies g4 5

Unit 2: Same Class pages 12W 16 After grouping items in Unit 1, students cannow begin to understand how similar itemscan belong to the same class.. Point out that if the first pair Howev

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Introduction 2 Features 4

Unit ~: Same Class

Lesson 4: Identifying Classes 12

Lesson 5: How Things Are Alike 13

Lesson 6: Class Thinking 14

Lesson 7: Class Pairs 1 5

Unit 3: Synonyms

Lesson 8: What Are Synonyms? 17

Lesson 9: Matched Pairs 18

Lesson 10: Synonyms in Analogies 19

Lesson 11: Picking Synonyms 20

Lesson 12: Similar Things 21

Unit 4: Antonyms

Lesson 13: What Are Anton ms? 23

Lesson 14: Opposites Attract e 24

Lesson 15: Antonyms in Analogies 25

Lesson 16: Picking Antonyms 26

Lesson 17: Opposite Things 27

Unit 5: Homophones

Lesson 18: What Are Homophones? 29Lesson 19: Sounds the Same 30Lesson 20: The Right Homophone 3Lesson 21: Picking Homophones 32

Lesson 22: Sound-Alikes 33

Unit 6: Part to Whole

Lesson 23: Parts of a Whole 35Lesson 24: Picking Parts : 36Lesson 25: Comparing Parts 37Lesson 26: Parts in Analogies 38Lesson 27: Parts in Pairs 39

Unit 7: Item to Category

Lesson 28: Identifying Categories 41Lesson 29: Putting Items in

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••••••••••••••••••• -roduction •••••••••••

Wha " t Are Analogies?

Analogies show relationships between

words Working with analogies h lps

students build critical-thinkin and reasoninq

skills that will help them in their e eryday

learning and also on standardized tests

Students are encouraged to be creative an

think outside the b x, strength ning their

thinking skills across the school curriculum

a d h lping them in their other life activities

Working with analogies als e courages

students to

• expand their vocabulary

• understand the relatio s ip between

in which analogies can be give Eachformat

is explained both when it is introduced

and when it reoccurs Key words in the

explanations and exercises are underline

or placed in boldface ty e in order to

reinforce their importance to the analogy

Encountering analogies in different formats

helps students become more comforta le

with making comparisons b tween words

and reinforces th informatio by s owin it

The symbols used in a alogies (: and ::)

are explained in several different u its The

single colon (:) is read as "is to." The double

colon (::) is read as "as." Thus, happy:

cheerful : sad: glum is read as

Happy is to c eerful as sad is to glum

How " to Use " the Book

Breaking down analogies into differetypes helps students become comforta ewith one type of analogy before the are

ready to explore another Students gra uencounter more types of a alogies and

identify what comparison is bein made

between the words Each unit also providesdifferent formats for looking at analogies:multiple c oice, matching, and fill in the

blank, as well as symbols versus words.All materials can be reproduced and

distributed to students to work individually,

a p rtners, or in small groups

How " to In " troduce S " tuden " tS

" to Types 0 " , Analogies

Unit1:Similarities (pages 8 W 11)

In order to work successfully with analogies,

students mu t understan how to categorize

words Students are asked to identifysimilarities between items that make thempart of the same group

Demonstrate the ski)):

CDWrite the names of different kinds ofsports on the board in random order:

b seball, soccer, football, swimming,

tennis, snowboarding, snow skiing, ice

@ L ad students to find different ways togroup other items

Unit 2: Same Class (pages 12W 16)

After grouping items in Unit 1, students cannow begin to understand how similar itemscan belong to the same class They can

also begin to compare items in one class to

items in another

Demonstr - ate the ski)):

CDUsethe example on page 13 Write robin,

parr o t, b eagle , and poodle on the board

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Uni 3: Synon ms P" : 17 to 22)

In Unit 3, students are introduced to the

concept of s n nyms, words that are similar

in meaning to each other

Demonst -ate the skiD:

CD Discuss syno yms with stu ents Ask

them to think of as many words that

mean the same thing as h t as they can

Record th.eir answers on the board

analogies Point out that if the first pair

However, all the words do not have to be

hot is to warm as cold isto cool

Unit 4:Anton~ (pages 23 to 28)

antonyms, words that mean the opposite of

each other

Demonstrate the skill:

C D Discuss antonyms with students Ask

them to think of as many words that

mean the opposite of hot as they can

Record their answers on the board

® Introduce the use of antonym p irs in

analogies Point out that if the first pair

of words are antonyms, then the second

hot is to cold as warm is to cool

Unit 5:Homophones (pages 29 to 34)

In Unit 5, students are introduced to the

concept of homophones, words that sound

the same but are spelle differentl and

have different meanings

type of analogy is one that compares parts

to a whole

Demonstrate the ski)):

C D Discuss part-to-whole relationships with

students Write the following words on

the board: eyes, nose , mouth , ears. Ask

students what these words are part of

( fa ce or head)

® Introduce the use of part-to-whole

relationships in analogies Point outthat if the first pair of words are parts

words must be parts of a whole as well

related to each other

antler is to deer as h rn is to cowUnit 7:Item to Category (pages 41 to 46)

In Unit 7, students revisit the concept

of items belonging to a particular class,

items in a given class to each other,however, students learn to compare the

items to the class itself and to draw

a alogies between items in one category

and items in another

Demonstrate the skill:

C D Discuss items in a category withstudents Write the following word on the

owl is part of (bird)

relationships in analogies Point out that

if the first word is an item in a category,

then the third word must be an item in acategory

owl is to bird as cow is to mammal

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provides explicit

instruction in how

to analyze and

~ interpret analogies.~

The Try This

activity at the end

.

r

The Key toSolving box atthe beginning

of each lessonprovides aexample of how

to understandthe exercises inthat lesson

Le sso n I : Making Groups

I em s i n a gro up a r e s im il a r t o ac h t her i n som e w a y.

••

Key ~ Solving How are th~ words in th 'J:roup al i ke?~s;

-A cat, a do , a d a bird can all be pets That is one way they are alike

Direc tio s: H ow a r e t h e words i n eac h r oup alike ? On t he l n

n x t o ach s et o f wo r ds, write the n a me o f h g r o to whi ch the all b long.

1 ed blue, gre n

formats:

multiple choice,matching, a dfill in the blank

8 eyes, e rs, mouth Name anoth r obje t that belongs

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Review Page

The analogies arepresented in ascaffolded approach,

and the reviews cover

all types of analogies

introduced unti

that point

Answer Key

the back of the book

provid s answers as

wel as explanations

when needed

www.harco urt s hools upp l y.c m

D ate

Name - • " ••.•• • •• •

S R eview.· · ·· each n, ogy·

Unit rd that b es t comp,lete Sc h wo r d a i r :

Darken the circle !or ~~~p~~tween th e word s In e

9 paws®beanpause :: be:~ ® © honey @ bee n _

R e latio shi ® base ~ t

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N a me _ Date _

ASsessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Read the f i rst word pair Then darken the circle for the word that best complete s the second word pair.

1 Stake is to steak as knight is to

2 Sharp is to dull as fast is to

3 Car is to wheel as plane is to

4 Joke is to riddle as essay i s to

5 Shirt is to pants as fork is to

® silverw a r e ® glass © dinner ® spoon

6 Freeze is to thaw as create is to

7 Bred is to bread as red is to

8 L e ~tuce is to onion as orange is to

9 Laugh is to ill as smile is to

10 Tiger is to mamma l as raven is to

A s essment

Un l ock i ng A n lo g i e 4 - 5, S 978 1 41903 39 1

••••••• • •

6

ww w h arc o r tsc h oolsup p l y com

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Assessment, page 2

11 Peta l is to f l owe r as l eaf is to _

1 2. Happy is t o cheerfu l as sad is to _

® g l oomy ® exp r ession © joyous

13. Stare is to stair as pear is to _

® peach ® pai r © fru it

1 4. Song i s to tu n e as book is to _

® melody ® reading © text

15. Button is to blouse as buckle is to _

® sh i rt ® c li p © c l othes

16. Great is to grate as blue i s to

17. Run is to Iss as walk is to

® hurry ® sprint © talk

18 Wet is to Qry as simple is to

® damp ® sample © complex

19. Nose is to face as tooth is to

® na i ® mouth © brush

20 Ladybug is to insect as trout is to

® fish ® perch © water

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Name Date _

Key " to Solving

How are th~ words in this group alike,,? ~}

A cat, a dog, and a bird can all be pets \\ , 4 - , ,",~

they all belong.

1 red, blue, green

2 car, bus, bike

3 chair, couch, table

4 lake, river, sea

7 grass, tree, flower

8 eyes, ears, mouth

Name another object that belongs

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Lesson 2: Regrouping

Words can belong to different groups.

Key 'to Solving

One of the words in this group doesn't

belong Which word doesn't belong, and

what group does it belong to instead?

All the words name things found in the sea

Cross it out and then write it in the group where it do es belong.

1 lake

lagoon

ocean

school gulf pond

4 library grocery store train station

post office

b a nk canary

2 car

sailboat

scooter

ship table motorcycle

5 chair tablecloth shirt

dishes bowls forks

3 skirt

sea

blouse

dress socks shoes

6 trai n cardinal ostrich

parak e et blue jay emu

Pair up with a classmate and tell him or her

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N a m e Date _

Lesson 3: Group Thinking

Key " to So l v i ng

How do the words in the first pair compare to each other? How do the words in the second pair compare to each other? How is the second pair

Fish are to school as birds are to flock ~ \r

Fish travel in a school Birds fly in a flock Fish and birds are both animals In this way, the

relationship between fish and school is like the relationship between birds and flock.

Directions: Read each word pair Write the letter of the pair in the second

Uni t 1: S i m i a r i t i es

Write two word pairs that can be used

pairs with a classmate to finish them

••••••••• w w.harcours olsuply.com

r

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U n it I Review ••• • ••• • •• • ••••• • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••

Read the first word pa i r Then darken the circ l e for the word that best completes the second word pa i r.

1. Refrigerator is to app l iance as fork i s to

® silverware ® anima l © spoon ® oven

2. Monkey is to goril l a as l ion i s to

® zoo ® mammal © tiger ® wo l f

3. Whale is to f ish as cow is to

® c l oud ® pig © farm ® grass

4. Truck i s to vehic l e as couch is to

5. Siamese is to cat as greyhound is to

® dog ® bird © terrier ® animal

6. Vegetable is to carrot as fruit is to

® food ® dessert © plum ® lettuce

7. Rock and rol l i s to music as f i ction is to

® nonfiction ® l iterature © rap ® novel

8. Linen is to cloth as oak is to

® pecan ® wood © forest ® cotton

9. Flower i s to daisy as tree is to

® nature ® plant © shrub ® pine

10. Car is to van as raft is to

® sail ® water © ship ® road

www.h ar co u r schoo l s upp ly.com

•••••• •• •

11

Un i t 1: Simil a rit i e

U n lock i n An al o ies 4 - 5 , S V 978 141 9 3391

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N a m e _ Date _

Analogies can name things that are in the same class.

Key " toSolving

How are the words below related?

flute, drum, piano They are all musical instruments They

are part of the same class.

Directions: Read each group of words Decide how they are

related and w r ite the name of their class on the line

1 tulip, rose, violet

2 science fiction, history, biography

3 sandals, sneakers, boots

4 copperhead, rattlesnake, adder

5 salt, sugar, pepper

6 eagle , vulture, hawk

7 cousin, aunt, brother

8 grasshopper, l adybug, butterfly

With a classmate , think of another example to go in each class

••••••••• www.harcourtschoolsuply.com

U ni t 2: Sa m e C l ass

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Lesson 5: How Things Are Alike ••••••••••••

An analogy can compare members of one class to members of

another class.

Key "to Solving How are the first two words alike? How are the second two words alike?

A robin and a parrot are both typeS of birds A beagle

pairs each describe members of the same class We can say, "Robin is to parrot as beagle is to poodle."

Directions: The first two words name items that are in the

same class Darken the circle for the word that best de s cribe s

a member of the same ' class as the third word

1 Earrings are to necklace as hammer is to _ '

2 Mouse is to rat as Chihuahua is to _

3 Red is to green as apple is to _

4 Tea is to coffee as footbal l is to _

5 Potato is to spinach as sparrow is to _

Work with a partner to name the classes for each word pair.

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Another way of reading an analogy is with special

symbols Look at the analogy below.

gerbil: goldfish :: car: bus

The single colon (:) compares two things in a

word pair The double colon (::) compares the

first word pair to the second Read th is analogy

as "Gerbil is to goldfish as car is to bus." The

first word pair names two types of pets (gerbil,

goldfish), and the second word pair names two

typeS of transportation (car, bus).

Directions: Write a word from the box to complete ea c h a n a l o g y

sheepdog school pen kitchen M a r s

1 rake: hoe :: Venus: _

2 pillow: blanket :: bulldog : _

3 trumpet: trombone :: bedroom: _

4 : hurricane: tornado : library: _

5 volleyball: hockey:: pencil: _

Read each analogy to a classmate For the symbol: , say "is to." For the symbol :: , say "as."

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Lesson 7: Class Pairs ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

An a logies can help you compare word p a ir s in d i f fe r e nt c l asses.

How is the second pair similar to the first pair?

Carrot is to corn as ~ is to orange.

Carrots and corn are both vegetables Grapes

and oranges are both fruits Each word pair

describes two members of the same class In this

way, the relationship between carrot and corn is

like the relationship between grape and orange.

Directions: Read e ach word p a ir Dark e n the c ir c l e f o r t h e wo rd

p ai r that goes tog e ther in the sa m e w a y

1 s heep: goat ::

2 grap e fruit: tangerine ::

Write two word pairs that can be used in different class-relationship analogies Trade word pairs with a classmate to finish them

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3 F r uit is to vege t able as k i tten is t o

6. Wr i ter is to artist as pigeon is to

10 Gray is to b l ack as ju ice is to

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Lesson 8: What Are Synonyms?

Synonyms are words that mean almost the same thing.

Key " to Solving

Which of these are Synonyms for happy?

glad sad angry joyfu l jealous cheerful Glad, joyful, and cheerfu l are all Synonyms for M2PY.

word Rewrite each sentence using the synonym.

relax fragile moist stinky rapidly

1 He put his smelly sneakers in his locker afte r gym.

2 They ran quickly across the field

3 The damp air made her cough.

4 Her mother likes to rest on the couch after work.

5 The delicate flower swayed in the wind.

Think of a Synonym to replace another word in each sentence

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Name _ Date _

Synonyms are words that mean almost the same thing.

Key to Solving

Which words are Synonyms in the

following list?

You can make word pairs of synonyms:

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Lesson 1 0: Synonyms in Analogies ••••••••••

Analogies can be used to compare synonyms.

How can you compare two word pairs of

synonyms?

•

You can make an analogy to compare word pairs:

Wet is to dam~ as talkative is to chatty.

Directions: Darken the circle for the word that best completes

each analogy.

1 Simple is to easy as complex is to

2. Mean is to cruel as nice is to

3. Barter is to trade as buy is to

4. High is to tall as low is to

5 Eat is to gobble as drink is to

6. Leave is to depart as stay is to _

Create your own synonym word pairs.

Trade with a partner and think of a third word to go in each pair.

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N a m e _ D a t e _

Key ' to Solving

How do you read the symbols used in analogies? C1t

The Single colon (:) compares two items in t~f(

a word pair The double colon (::) compares l l t

Dry is to parched , as wet is to soggy , ", - J~ , ~;

-Direct i ons: Write a word from the box to compl e te e ac h ana l ogy ;

silent raw

sleek murky

perfumed dirty

ac ti ve

o r dinary

4 stranq e : bizarre : : normal: _

Tell a classmate how the two word pairs in each analogy are related

•••••••••

U n i t 3 : Synonym s

U n l ock i n Ana l og ie s 4 - 5 SV 978141 9 033919 20 © H a r c ourt Acwwwhi eve.harctnoc rtscA llhroiglsuh t s reservepply.comd ,

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Lesson 12: Similar Things ••••••••••••••••••••••

Synonyms can describe things that are similar to each other.

What is a synonym for athletic? Someone who

is athletic might also be active, strong, or fit.

People who are athletic are football players,

gymnasts, and ice skaters Although these are

examples of people who are athletic, they are not

synonyms for athletic.

Directions: Darken the circle for the best synonym.

Think of another synonym for each word pair.

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Name _ Date _

Unit 3 Review •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

or synonyms.

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Lesson 1 · 3: What Are Antonyms?

Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of each other.

Key " to Solving

Whic h of these are antonyms for happy!

glad sa d gloomy joyfu l glum cheerful {j t

Sad, gloomy, and glum are al l antonymS for ~.

Directions: Choose an antonym from the box for each

underlined word Rewrite each sentence using the antonym.

cold

me l ted

shut d i nner fragrant up

pleased quickly

1 She was angry when she received a passing grade on her test

2 He gave his mother a stinky bouquet of flowers.

3 They ate slowly because they were h ungry.

4 The hot wind made her reach for her warm jacket.

5 The snow froze in the warm sun.

Think of an antonym to replace another word in each sentence

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•••••••••

23

U n it 4 : Ant o y ms

U n l ocking A n alog i es 4 - 5, SV 97814 1 90339 1

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