Nhiing thuan lgi: Nhu da phan tich cl tren, tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cd ra't nhieu diem tUdng ddng n h i i Ciing thugc mot loai hinh ngdn ngfl, dd la loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap cd
Trang 1^
HE THONG PHIEN AM CAC TU NGU
•
NGUYEN TUdNG LAI * TRUdNG THI H A N G **
Nh u chiing t a da biet hien nay cae
tai lieu, bao chi va sach vd d Viet
Nam viet ve T h a i L a n deu cd nhiing each
phien am tii ngii tieng T h a i L a n khdng
thd'ng nha't va thieu c h i n h xac T i n h t r a n g
phien am nay se l a m chd nhiing ngUdi hgc
tieng Thai L a n khd m a cd k e t qua tdt
trdng viec t a p p h a t a m cac tii ngii tieng
Thai Lan Ddng thdi nd ciing se gay r a
nhiing sai sdt k h d n g d a n g cd trong viec
ghi am va p h a t a m nhiing n h a n d a n h va
dia danh ciia T h a i L a n t r e n cac phUdng
tien thdng tin dai chiing C h a n g h a n
chiing ta van ggi ten mot cau thii bdng da
ndi tieng cua T h a i L a n la "Ki-a-ti-sac",
nhUng thUc r a p h a i ggi chinh xac la
"Kiet-tj-xac" Sd dl n h u vay vi chiing ta le thugc
vao Icl chuyen tU tii chii viet Thai Lan
sang chii viet L a - t i n h m a ngUdi Thai L a n
dang sit dung va k h i dgc chiing t a lai dgc
theo each dgc chii qud'c ngii De t r a n h den
miic tdi da nhiing sai sdt nay chiing tdi
tien h a n h xay dUng he thd'ng phien a m cac
tit ngii tieng T h a i L a n b a n g chii Qud'c ngii
Trudc tien chiing tdi tien h a n h viec so
sanh ve m a t ngii a m giiia tieng T h a i L a n
va tieng Viet
1 Mot so' n e t tifotag d o n g v a k h a c b i e t
giiifa t i e n g T h a i L a n v a t i e n g Viet
Tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cimg thugc loai h i n h ngdn ngii ddn lap nhUng chiing lai gan giii n h a u hdn ea so vdi cac ngdn ngii ddn lap khac TrUdc bet, tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet la cac ngdn ngii ddn am tiet t i n h dien hinh, va thii den la
ca hai ngdn ngii deu thugc Icai h i n h ngdn ngii ed t h a n h dieu Nhd cd hai dac trUng ngii am nay m a tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet dUdc xep vae cung mdt nhdm trong ndi bd cac ngdn ngii ddn lap
Them nCta, tieng Viet tii xa xUa da cd mdi q u a n he tiep xiic vdi cac ngdn ngii thugc nhdm Thai che nen tieng Viet va tieng Thai Lan lai cang cd nhieu net tUdng ddng Hien nay, da so' cac n h a ngdn ngii hgc deu coi tieng Viet cd q u a n he ngudn gee vdi cac ngdn ngii Mdn-Khmer va sau nay tieng Viet da tiep xiic vdi tieng Thai d Viet Nam, de dd tieng ndi cua ngUdi Thai Lan va ngUdi Viet dUdng nhien cd nhieu net tUdng ddng xua't p h a t tii nguyen n h a n cimg loai h i n h ngdn ngii va sU tiep xiic ngdn ngii giiia ngudi Viet vdi cac ddng tgc ciia ijgUdi T h a i L a n t r e n da't Viet Nam Vdi dac trUng la ngdn ngii ddn am tiet nen a m tiet cua tieng T h a i Lan va tieng Viet cd met vai trd r a t q u a n trgng Ciing
n h u tieng Viet, am tiet tieng Thai Lan
PGS.TS Nguyen Tiidng Lai, TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Ha Noi
* ThS Tnidng Thi HSng, TrUdng Dai hoc Naresuan Thai Lan
Trang 222 Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010
ciing la mdt ddn vi ngd am cd tinh ddc lap
rat cao, dd la: trong tieng Thai Lan ldi ndi
dUdc ndi ra bang mdt Idat cac am tiet tach
biet va rd rang Tuy vay, do ve sau nay
tieng Thai Lan chiu anh hUdng nhieu cua
tieng Pali Sanskrit, vdn thugc Icai ngdn
ngii bien hinh nen da cd met sd'hien tUdng
gan vdi hien tUdng ndi am
Ciing cd the ndi rang da sd am tiet ciia
tieng Thai Lan deu la nhiing am tiet cd
nghia Dac diem nay gid'ng vdi tieng Viet
NhUng neu ndi r i n g tat ca cac am tiet cua
tieng Thai Lan deu cd nghia (nhu cd ngUdi
ndi trong tieng Viet) thi e r i n g khd cd the
chap nhan dUdc Thttc ra, tieng Thai Lan
ciing nhu tieng Viet vdn la hai ngdn ngii
cd budc chuyen tii da tiet sang ddn tiet
Bang chiing ciia ne la cac am tiet thuan
Thai hoac thuan Viet khdng cd nghia
trong cac tii da tiet van dang tdn tai d
trong hai ngdn ngii nay vdi tU each la dau
vet edn lai eiia mdt ngdn ngii da tiet Sd'
lUdng am tiet kieu nay d tieng Thai Lan
cdn dUde giii lai nhieu hdn tieng Viet Sau
nay, tieng Thai Lan dUdc tiep xiic vdi cae
ngdn ngii da tiet la tieng Pali-Sanskrit,
rdi cac ngdn ngii chau Au k h a c niia lam
cho tieng Thai Lan dUdng nhu bi da tiet
hoa trd lai
Nhu chiing ta da biet, tieng Thai Lan
la mdt ngdn ngii giau thanh dieu va thanh
dieu cd vai trd khu biet nghia He thd'ng
thanh dieu ciia tieng Thai Lan cd tat ca 5
thanh ma ngUdi Thai Lan dat ten cho
tiing thanh la: "Xieng Xa-man", "Xieng
Eek", "Xieng Thd", "Xieng Tri", "Xieng
Chat-ta-va" Neu so vdi tieng Viet thi
"Xieng Xa-man" ciia tieng Thai Lan tUdng
tu nhu thanh Bang ciia tieng Viet, "Xieng
Eek" tUdng tU nhU thanh Huyen, "Xieng
Tri" tUdng tU nhU thanh Sic, "Xieng
Chat-ta-va" tUdng tU nhu thanh Hdi Duy
nha't chi cd "Xieng Thd" (tam ggi la thanh
Len-Xud'ng) la khdng cd treng tieng Viet
Ve bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan: Bang chii cai phu am tieng Thai Lan bad gdm
44 Cdn chii va dUdc sap xep thee thd tU sau:
n i T i f i f i ^ j - j ' j a ' i i i i Q j E i j j i f l S ' r a w
i»1 SI t l
n i i U u i J w r J v i v l / i u E j - s a T f i B ' a v i
w a a
Ngdai ra, tieng Thai Lan cdn cd 9 nguyen am ddn, 3 nguyen am ddi, ma cac chii bieu thi cac nguyen am nay dUdc sip xep thed tiing cap ngan dai nhu sau:
Q d rf a T T
- t -1 - - - l - t I- il-t Ll- \-t
[-i-ij -a i-aj i-Q i^Ejt I'^E) i-as i-a -st -^
Ben canh dd, cdn met so' con chii dac biet dung de ghi ca mot am tiet, dd la:
1- 1- -1 q tji n ,m
Bang chii cai cua tieng Viet ddn gian hdn vdi 29 cdn chii, bad gdm:
A A A B C D D E E G H I K
L M
N O O d P Q R S T U U V X Y
Tii viec so sanh nhiing net tUdng ddng
va khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet, chiing tdi xin dUdc chi ra mot sd thuan Idi, ciing nhu khd khan trong viec phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan bing chii qud'c ngii
2 Nhufng thuan Itfi va kho khan trong
viec phien am cac tii ngu! tieng Thai
Lan bang chuf Qud'c nguf
2.1 Nhiing thuan lgi:
Nhu da phan tich cl tren, tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cd ra't nhieu diem tUdng ddng n h i i Ciing thugc mot loai hinh ngdn ngfl, dd la loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap cd thanh dieu, ca hai ngdn ngii cdn cd sU tUdng ddng rat Idn v | cau triic am tiet, he
Trang 3Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hdng - He thdng phien dm cdc tit ngif 23
thdng am vi ciia hai thit tieng nay ve cd
ban la nhU n h a u C h i n h sU "gan giii" nay
tad dieu kien cho q u a t r i n h chuyen tU cac
con chii Thai L a n b a n g chii Qud'c ngii de
phien am cac t d ngii tieng Thai L a n dUdc
de dang hdn
Chinh nhiing n e t tUdng ddng ve t h a n h
dieu giiia tieng T h a i L a n va tieng Viet la
mot lgi the ldn t r e n g viec d u n g ehii Qud'c
ngii de phien a m cac tit ngii tieng T h a i
Lan Nhu c h u n g t a da biet, mdt trong
nhiing khd k h a n ldn n h a t m a ngUdi Thai
gap phai trong nd lUc chuyen tU he thd'ng
con chii Thai L a n s a n g chii L a - t i n h dd la
cac ngdn ngii c h a u Au la cae ngdn ngii
khdng cd t h a n h dieu Dieu nay da p h a n
nao lam giam di t i n h chinh xac cua cac tii
ngii dUdc chuyen tU va phien a m NgUdc
lai, tieng Viet lai cd k h a day dii cac t h a n h
treng tieng T h a i L a n (ngoai trii "Xieng
Thd" la t h a n h Len-Xud'ng) Dieu dd cho
chiing ta hy vgng r i n g sU phong phii ve
thanh dieu trong tieng Viet du k h a n a n g
phien am chinh xac cac tii ngii ciia tieng
Thai Lan
Cudi cimg la b a n g chii cai tieng Viet ve
cd ban la phien a m t h e e nguyen tac ngii
am am vi hgc mdt ddi mdt Cd nghia la
mdi mot am vi dUde bieu thi b a n g mdt chii
cai duy nha't Day ciing la mdt dac trUng
rat quan trgng giiip tao dieu kien t h u a n
ldi trong qua t r i n h srt d u n g chii Qud'c ngii
de phien am tieng T h a i Lan
Ben canh nhiing t h u a n ldi da neu d
tren, viec xay dUng he thd'ng phien a m cac
tii ngii tieng Thai L a n b i n g chii Qud'c ngii
gap khdng it khd k h a n
2.2 NhUng khd khan
Khd k h a n t h d n h a t phai ke den la,
trong tieng Thai L a n cd mdt so' am vi p h u
am khdng cd trong tieng Viet Dd la phu
am [c'j ditdc bieu thj b a n g cac cen chii a -n
tw, do la phu am [p'] diiric bieu thi bang cac
con chii u w ji , dd la p h u a m [w] dUdc bieu
thi b a n g Cdn chii T, dd la p h u am [j] dUdc
bieu thi b a n g con chii u
Hai la, b a n g chii cai tieng Thai Lan ve
cd b a n la khdng phien am theo nguyen t i c ngii am a m vi hgc mdt ddi mdt Tdc la trong k h a nhieu trUdng hdp chi mdt am vi nhUng lai dUdc bieu thi b a n g r a t nhieu con chet khac n h a u , vi du nhU:
P h u am dau [k'] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 4 ccn chii la: ii ii fi fi
P h u a m dau [d] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
con chii la: Q ?I
P h u am dau [n] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2 con chii la: m u
P h u am dau [s] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 4 con ehii la: «ii fi a a
P h u am dau [t] dUde bieu thi b i n g 2
Cdn chii la: Q SI
P h u am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
cen chii la: (J v\
P h u am dau [j] dUde bieu thi bang 2 Cdn chii la: nj tj
P h u am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi bang 6 eon chii la: 5 ii cu ti n B
P h u am dau [1] dUde bieu tbi bang 2 Cdn chii la: a w
P h u am dau [c'] dUde bieu thi bang 3 con ehii la: a •» m
P h u am dau [p'] dUde bieu thi bang 3 con chii la: H w n
P h u a m d i u [h] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2 con ehii la: vi 3
P h u am cudi [n] dUdc bieu thi bang 6 Cdn chii la: u m tij 1 a w
P h u am cudi [p ] dUdc bieu thi bang 4 con chii la: u iJ « /i
P h u am cudi [t] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 15 con chii l a : ? i s i » i T i j | J ] 3 ' v i n j n n t i f i H
Trang 424 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2010
Phu am cudl [k] dUdc bieu thi bang 4
Cdn ehii la: n u fi w
Ba la, phu am cudl ciia tieng Thai Lan
cen cd phu am tac hau [?] dUde bieu thi
bang chii -z Phu am nay khdng cd treng
tieng Viet nen nhiing am tiet cd phu am
nay se khdng ed con chii Qud'c ngii tUdng
itng de phien
Bdn la, trong tieng Thai Lan 9 nguyen
am ddn va 3 nguyen am ddi deu cd day du
cac cap ngan dai NhUng trdng tieng Viet
chi cd 2 nguyen am n g i n la [a] dUdc bieu
thi bang Cdn chii a va nguyen am [d] n g i n
dUde bieu thi bang eon chii a Vay se
khdng cd dii nhiing con chii Qud'c ngii de
phien cac am tiet cd cac nguyen am n g i n
ciia tieng Thai Lan
Tren cd sd phan tich nhiing thuan ldi
va khd khan trdng viec phien am cac tii
ngii tieng Thai Lan b i n g chii Qud'c ngii,
chiing tdi xin dUdc dUa ra ba nguyen t i c
xay dung he thd'ng phien am cac tii ngii
tieng Thai Lan b i n g chii Qud'c ngii
3 Cac nguyen tac xay dvfng he thong
phien am cac tii ngU tieng Thai Lan
bang chuf Quoc ngiif
Met la: Dd cd nhiing khac biet giiia
tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet nen chi tan
dung tdi da cac kha nang ciia chii Qud'c
ngii de phien am chinh xac phan ldn cac
tit ngii tieng Thai Lan, nhiing tii ngii cdn
lai chi cd gang dat tdi miic sat nhat Sd vdi
am ban ngii
Hai la: Chia each phien am thanh hai
he thdng: Mdt danh cho viec sit dung rgng
rai trong cac van ban va cac sach bao xua't
ban each phien am nay chi sii dung cac
con chii trong bang chii cai tieng Viet
(chiing tdi tam ggi la "He thd'ng phien am
phd cap") Va mot danh cho viec hudng
dan each phat am trong tit dien (tam ggi
la "He thd'ng phien am tii dien") Trong he
thdng phien am thii hai nay, ngoai viec sii
dung triet de cae con chii trong bang chii cai tieng Viet, cdn dung them mdt so' ki hieu khac cd tinh chat quy udc de ngUdi sit dung cd the phat am dUdc cae tii met each chinh xac hdn Them met ly dd niia giai thich cho viec chia each phien am thanh hai he thdng dd la: Vdi he thd'ng phien am thii nha't, chiing tdi tuan thu hoan toan nguyen tac set dung he thd'ng chii Qud'c ngii de phien am cae ttf ngii tieng Thai Lan Cach thitc nay hudng tdi tinh khoa hgc, chinh xac ciia cdng trinh Cdn vdi he
thd'ng phien am thii hai, vdi muc dich sii
dung trong cac eudn tit dien, chiing tdi van bam sat he thd'ng chii cai cua tieng Viet, va cac dau thanh dieu de phien am cac tii tieng Thai Lan Tuy nhien, de khic phuc tdi da nhiing han che dd sU khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet, chiing tdi cd sit dung mdt so' ki hieu dac biet trong qua trinh phien am Vdi he thdng phien am nay, chiing tdi hudng tdi muc tieu md rgng hdn niia pham vi sii dung chd eudn tii dien Thai Lan - Viet
Ba la: Cac am ciia til ngii tieng Thai Lan dUdc ghi lai bean tdan thed quy tic chinh ta ciia tieng Viet
4 He thong phien am cac tii nguf tieng
Thai Lan bang chuf Quoc ngijf
De cd dudc he thd'ng phien am chiing ta phai tien hanh budc chuyen tU cac con chii
phu am, nguyen am va cac ky hieu thanh
dieu cua tieng Thai Lan sang chii Qudc ngii,
4.1 Chuyen til cdc con chic phu am tieng Thdi Lan sang chii Qudc ngU 4.1.1 Danh cho he thdng phien dm phd
cap (Xem Bdng 1)
Chii thich:
Trang 5Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hang - He thd'ng phien dm cdc tir ngir 25
1, Con chii eh phien cho ca p h u am [c]
khdng b a t hdi cd t r o n g tiengViet
dUdc ghi b a n g chii Qud'c ngii la eh va ea
phu am b a t hdi [c'] k h d n g cd trdng tieng
Viet,
2, Hai cen chii d va gi phien cho p h u
am [j] khdng cd t r o n g tieng Viet,
3, Con chii p h phien cho ca p h u a m mdi
rang, khdng b a t hdi [f] ed trong
tieng Viet dUdc ghi b i n g chii Qud'c ngii
la ph va ea p h u a m b a t hdi [p'] khdng cd
treng tieng Viet,
4, Cen chet v phien cho p h u am [w]
khdng cd trong tieng Viet,
4.1.2 He thdng phien dm ddnh cho tU
dien (Xem b a n g 2.)
4.1.3 Nhdn xet
Nhu vay, trong tieng T h a i Lan cd mdt
so chii p h u a m bieu thi cac am khdng cd
trong tieng Viet, bao gdm cac p h u am sau:
+ Am vi p h u a m p h a t a m n h u am ch
cua tieng Viet, n h u n g ludng hdi bat ra
manh hdn, chiing tdi d u n g ki hieu ch' ,
Tieu chi b a t hdi la tieu chi p h a n biet p h u
am ch vdi p h u a m ch' , Am nay dUde bieu
thi bang 3 chut:
a (phat am vdi t h a n h Hdi); ch'd
•B (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): ch'd
oj (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): cb'o
+ Am vi p h u a m p h a t a m nhU a m p cua
tieng Viet, N h u n g day la p h u a m t i c , b a t
hdi, va dUdc p h a n biet vdi p h u am p chu
yeu b i n g tieu chi b a t hdi nay Chiing tdi
sit dung ki hieu ph' de phien am p h u am
nay, ph' dUdc diing de bieu thi 3 chii:
w (phat a m vdi t h a n h Hei): ph'd
H (phat a m vdi t h a n h B i n g ) : ph'd
n (phat a m vdi t h a n h B i n g ) : ph'd
+ Am vi p h u am p h a t am gan n h u am
v cua tieng Viet, nhUng hai mdi cham vao
n h a u va sau dd cho ludng hdi lach qua ke
hd cua hai mdi ra ngoai, trong tieng Thai Lan dUdc ghi b a n g ehii T , Trong he thd'ng phien am phd cap, chiing tdi da sit dung ehii V cua tieng Viet de phien am cho phu
am 1 , bdi trong b a n g chii cai tieng Viet,
V la chii cai cd each p h a t am gan gidng vdi
1 n h a t ,
+ Am vi p h u am p h a t am gan gid'ng vdi
am d cua tieng Viet n h u n g lUdi liii ve phia sau hdn va gdc lUdi cham vao ngac mem Am nay dudc bieu thi bang bai chii
tj va nj , p h a t am vdi t h a n h B i n g : jo, Chiing tdi d u n g 2 con chut la d va gi de phien am theo quy tac chinh ta cua tieng Viet,
Ddi vdi cac con chii p h u am khac trong
b a n g chii cai tieng Thai Lan, deu bieu thj cae p h u am ciing cd trong tieng Viet, chiing tdi phien am bam sat quy tac chinh
ta cua tieng Viet
4.2 Chuyen tit cdc con chU nguyen
dm tieng Thdi Lan sang chU Quoc ngd
4.2.1 Ddnh cho he thdng pho cap (Kem
Bang 3)
4.2.2 He thdng ddnh cho tU dien OCem
Bang 4)
4.2.3 Nhgn xet
N h u vay, Tieng Thai Lan edn bad gdm
9 cap nguyen am ddn, 3 cap nguyen am ddi, ben c a n h dd, cdn mdt sd con chii dac biet d u n g de ghi ea mot am tiet hoac mdt van
6 he thd'ng phien am phd cap, chiing tdi
da hoan toan t u a n t h u cac nguyen tac chinh ta cua tieng Viet, cd nghia la chi sit dung cac con chut t h u a n Viet de bieu thj cac con chii nguyen am tieng Thai Lan Chinh vi vay se ed mdt loat cac cap nguyen
am n g i n dai cua tieng Thai Lan chi dUde phien b i n g mdt ccn chii Qud'c ngii ma thdi
Trang 626 Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010
Cac con chu phu am
Thai Lan
n
TJ f l OJ
0
sa a 11 ni
•n r\i a f\ h
U [U
2 «M 51
2 51
3 "H nj [1 n r
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u
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u
:)
a w
T
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n 11 fl 11
u iJ Tl ;i
5 1 S l i l - I I i ) i ) 3 ' M a j t l
Tl B fi u a
•u m ni •) a w
Phu am tiic hftu | ? |
Chu Quoc ngir Chu Phu
am dau c;l<
kh
ng ch'
X
d; gi"
d
I
th
n
b
P
ph^
m
r
1 v^
h
r •
Chu Phu
am cuoi
ng
i
m
V i d u
m = ca; fi = ky
•uQ - kho; m = kham; inu = khan
onu = ngam; «n<i = chang
%u = chin; ao = chlng; IT = cha;
inia = cho
in = xa; Tmti = xai; anu = xam fna = xan; ^nm = rac xa
uT = gia (da); \mi = ding; uiu = dai
gm = di ca; iftu-yis) = ban dit; «m = dao
iJ|)in - pa ti ma; sn = ta
jTu = than; unma = mon thon;
lan = thau; mu = than; •'•
TiQo = thoong; lo = thong
iJ^ittufl — pra mi; uau = noi
lu = bay liJ = pay
wn = phci; Tij« = phong; aiun = sSm phau;
Jo = phang; vin = pha
ui = ma; snu = tam
1 ^iou = ron
o
c
P
1
n
siv, = lan; nwi = ki la
•nil = vai; sm = dao
vn = ha; an = ha
i)in - chac; an = xuc; gn = diic;
lojoj = meec
mu = kap; uniJ = bap; aTii = lap;
ai/i = lap Biunii = am nat; fii = khoi;
fni = cat; m = thoi; nqBii = krit;
^3 = rat; imu = vat; -unci = nat;
uri = bpt; BTjB = a vilt; ng = cot;
•Sm = xat; ia« = pet; iJ-nnj = pra cot;
•^«i = chit; -ia = roi
lau = ron; ni = phon; innj = chan;
il-ntu = pran; fns = san; nvw = kan ii:: = cha; uat = le
Trang 7Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hdng - He thdng phien dm cdi- tit ngil 27
Cac con chir phu am Thai
Lan
n
U f) iJJ
J
«
a tl ni
"D Til a « H
1! ^
J) 11 «i
i l fl
3 "M 6»l r Tl B
tu u
u
ij
t\ -A
u ti r\
u
1
a •/>
' r
•U 9
n 1/ fi IJ
u ll w ;i
B f f l i i T i / | j ) 3 ' n « i n T i
I fi u a
.1
u tu m T a w
Phu am l i k hiiu | ? |
ChiJQ Chu Phu
am dau
c ; k
kh
ng
ch ch'
X
d; gi
d
t
th
n
b
P
ph ph'
m
r
1
V
h
uoc ngu Chu Phu am cuoi
ng
i
m
0
c
p
1
n
Vf du
m = ca; n = ky
ua - kho; fin = kham; inu = khan
onu = ngam; ino = chang
•^u = chin;
ao = c h ' i n g ; in = ch'a;
inia = ch'a
in = xa; Ti-nu = xai; W\U = xam fna = xan; inm = rac xa EJT = gia (da); \\m = ding; tnti = dai
j m = di ca; um^«i = ban dit; fm = dao iJ?)in = pa ti ma; an = ta
jnu =: than; ijiu'Ma = mon thon;
lan = thau; mv = than;
Tiaj = thoong; BO = thong
iJ-srmffl = pra nft; uau = noi
lu = bay liJ = pay
[Jo = phang; vii = pha
HI = ph'a; Mofi = ph'ong;
aiim = siim ph'au
VI = ma; fnu = tam
lau = ron anu = lan; nvn = ki la
•nu = vai; em = dao
»n = ha; an = ha inn = chac; am = xuc; m = due;
ihii = meec
mu = kap; uni) = bap; avii = lap;
ain = lap
awiri = am nat; fin = khdt;
m i = cat; Tifi - thdt; ntiuni = krit;
?3 = rat; nwu = vat; uin = nat;
uTi = bot; an-jB = a vut; nj) = cot;
•m = xat; iBsi = pet; iJnng = pra cot;
%f\ = chit; -is = rot
lau = ron; TCS = phon; inqj = chan; iJ-ntu = pran; una = san; mw = kan
^: = cha; aar = le
Trang 828 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2010
Cdn d he thd'ng phien am danh cho tit dien
thi ngUdi viet da sii dung mdt so ki hieu
dac biet de ghi lai dac trUng ciia mot so'
nguyen am De nhan thay nhat la cae ki
hieu bieu thj cac nguyen am ngan Dd la
cac nguyen am dUdc phat am vdi trUdng dd
ngan De bieu thj re net hdn sU khac biet
treng each phat am ciia cac nguyen am
ngan nay trong tUdng quan so sanh vdi cac
nguyen am dai di thanh cap vdi nd, chiing
tdi da sit dung them ky hieu la dau gach
ngang dat dudi con chii dung de phien am
"_" ( dau hieu phat am vdi trUdng dd
ngin) Ngdai ra cd nhiing trUdng hdp trdng
tieng Viet vdn ne da cd van lam chd
nguyen am ngan nen chiing tdi bam sat
quy t i c chinh ta tieng Viet v i n ghi nhu
each ghi ciia tieng Viet Vi du cae nguyen
am treng cac van ong, dc, dng, dc, ay, au
v.v vdn da la ngan rdi nen khdng phai ghi
ky hieu - d dudi nguyen am niia Hoac cac
nguyen am ngin cd trong tieng Viet dUdc
ghi bang chii a va chii a chiing tdi ciing giii
nguyen each ghi dd trong khi phien am
tieng Thai Lan
4.3 Chuyen til cdc ki hieu thanh
dieu tieng Thdi Lan sang cdc ddu
thanh cua chvC Qudc ngU
4.3.1 Ddnh cho he thdng phd cap (ICem
Bang 5)
4.3.2 He thdng ddnh cho tU dien fXem
Bang 6)
4.3.3 Nhdn xet
Nhu vay, tieng Thai lan cd ta't ca 5
thanh: thanh Xa-man, thanh Eek, thanh
Thd, thanh Tri, thanh Chat-ta-wa Trong
dd cd 4 thanh tUdng diidng vdi tieng Viet
la: thanh Bing, thanh Huyen, thanh Sic,
thanh Hdi Chi cd duy nhat mdt thanh
khdng cd trong tieng Viet, dd la thanh
Thd Dac trUng quan trgng nhat ciia
thanh nay la: Thanh cao, khdng b i n g
phang, cd hudng di len rdi dot ngdt di
xuong, cd t i c thanh quan Chiing tdi sii
dung ki hieu Len-Xud'ng C^) de dien dat
hudng di dUdc bieu thj tren dd thj ciia thanh nay va tam ggi la thanh Len-Xudng
Ngoai ra trong cac trUdng hdp cac am tiet cd phu am cudl la nhiing phu am [p t
k ? ] thi thanh Thd se dUdc bieu thj bang da'u Sac khi sii dung phd cap; trdng cac trUdng hdp cdn lai thi khdng ghi ki hieu
gi-Thanh Eek bien the se xua't hien trong cac am tiet cd cac phu am cudl la [ p t k
? ] Trong mdt so' trUdng hdp thanh nay dUdc phat am tUdng tU nhu thanh Nang ciia tieng Viet Vi vay, chiing tdi sii dung dau ghi thanh Nang cua tieng Viet la " "
de phien thanh nay treng tieng Thai Lan
5 Mot so' dan chijfng ve viec phien am cac tijf ngiif tieng Thai Lan
5.1 Phien dm cdc dia danh
5.1.1.Phien dm ten mot so' qudc gia, khu viic
+ \m = [ thay ] (phd cap va tii dien), - "
(nudc) Thai Lan"
+ w = [ chin ] (phd cap va tii dien),
-"(nudc) Trung Qud'c"
+ ^lt4WH = [ pha r i n g xet ] (phd cap); [phi r i n g xet] (tii dien) - "(nUdc) Phap"
^ + tuaTJm = [ gid ra man ] (phd cap); [gid
r i man] (tii dien) - "(nUdc) Diic"
+ ?awu = [ r i t xia ] (phd cap va tii dien)
- "(nudc) Nga"
+ will = [ pha ma] (phd cap); [ ph a? ma'^ ] (til dien) _ "(nudc) Mianma"
+ tJ^m = [ di pun ] (phd cap); [di'^ pirn] (tit dien) - " (nudc) Nhat Ban"
+ mma = [ cau li ] (phd cap va tit dien)
-"(nudc) Han Qud'c"
Trang 9Nguyen Tuang Lai, Truong Thi Hiing - He thdng phien dm cdc fifngif 29
B A N G S Cac c o n c h u n g u y e n a m T h a i L a n
ar - l l ( c o p h u a m c u o i )
01
tl ( k h o n g CO p h u a m c u o i )
a'n
a a
a tl
a a la: i- la
aar ua lar - ( k h o n g CO chCr n g u y e n a m ) la
iair aa laar L°- lOO
i.Sut &v
laar itia
a i : St
1
-la to au tau
anu
LOT an i)U
lau oau lau laou aiu
t n i!n, iBT UOl, UOT
10 UT
n tiT
n
n
/ l , /IT
C h u Q u o c n g u
a a
a
an
am
i
u
u
e
e
6
()
0
ie ia iro ua
6 u ua
ay
ai
au ao
ui
6 i
o i
o i
u o i
u o i
iu
eu
eo ieu rir
ri
r o
hr
V i d u
i l : = p a ; Tu= w a n ; a«T(= x a p
i n = m a
a n i n = x a n h a , aninfi = xa van
•in - r a m
il — m i , iifi — m i l
un = nirc me = riT
a = 111 i n = rii ia£ = l e , lao = l e n g , lau = len Liar = l e , uao = x e n g lar = I d , a;j = I d m , la = I d tai: = 16, aau = l o m laa: = I d , mao = l o d n g , iBa = thc(
I'tju: = p h i a , lauu = l i e n , I'lJu = m i a laon = hrdc, na = rUa
(Tit - p h u a , Hi = m u a ,
^iu = r u o m
lu = d a y , la = x a y , I L = v a y ,
ITIU = t h a y
aTu = x a i
iin = m a u , un = nao
au = l u i
h u = r d i aou = l o i lau = l a i laou = l u d i uiu = m u d i
i l - l i u
m = reu, lai = l e u uHan = p h l e o , nhi= m e o
lauT = l i e u ciw = r u x i qTiB = n't tinii = roc
niniu = l u x a i
Trang 1030 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 12/2010
BANG 4 Cac c o n c h u n g u y e n a m T h a i L a n
at - i-i ( c o p h u a m c u d i )
an
•57 ( k h d n g c d p h u a m c u d i )
dn
tl a
tl a
a a lat I- la
uat u8
lat - ( k h d n g c d c h u n g u y e n a m ) la
lant ao
laat L° loB
laut itiu
laat Coa
oir 8T 1
-la to au -lau
anu ion om
^u lau aau Lau Loau aiu
%•}
&i, Lai
uai, uai
L I U I
tl, f|T
tl
tl
f l , i l l
C h u Q u d c n g u
a a
a
an
a m
i i
u u
u u
e e
e e
0 d
0 0
o o
l e ia ie ia
u a ua UP ua
d u ua d u ua
ay
ai
au ao
ui
d i
o i
o i iroi
u o i
IU
e u e u
eo
l e u
r u r u
r i
r a
l u l u
V l d u
iJ: = p a ; IV - w a n ; a-s-svi = x a p
un = m a
s-i-vm = x a n h a , an-5-sfI = xa v a n
in = r a m
iiU = m f , tisi = m i t ^
un = n i i c , vfta = rir
a = l u , V13 = r i i lat = l e , lao = l e n g , lau = l e n liar = l e , LLao = x e n g lar = I d , ajj = I d m , la = I d
lanr = I d , aojj — l o m Laar - I d , Lutio = l a d n g , Lsa = t h o
Lwur = p h ' f a , lauu = l i e n , LSU = m i a
L^ar = c h u a , laan - l u o c ^ , L-^B = r u a Hir = p h ' u a , m = m u a , -siii ~ r u d m
lu = d a y , Is = x a y , iu = v a y , ITIU = t h a y anu = x a i
L:jn = m a u , um = n a o
au = l u i
hn = r d i
aau = l o i
Lau - l o i
laau = l u d i U1U = m u d i
%! = l i u ' ^
m = r e u , l a i = l e u
uwai = p h ' l e o , uin = m e o Laui = l i e u ^ tiS = r u x i , [151 = r u d u tins = rft
qriH - roc
/manu = l u x a i