Một số Quy tắc đánh trộng âm rất hay.

Stress pattern rules• Two syllable verbs visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/open /ˈəʊpən/... Stress pattern rules• Two syllable nouns a long vowel a diphthong but /əʊ/ routine /ru:ˈti:n/desig

A syllable is a group of one or more sounds The

essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound.

If a word has more than one syllable, you give stress

to one of the syllables.

• STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS

• STRESS IN COMPLEX WORDS

SIMPLE WORDS VS

COMPLEX WORDS

• Simple words: words that are composed of one

grammatical unit

 Eg: care, beauty, happy,…

• Complex words: words that are composed of

more than one grammatical unit (affixes or

compound words )

NATURE OF STRESS

DEFINITION of

stress

Stress is an extra force put on a particular syllable in a word in speech

( Source: A course in phonetics, Peter Ladefoged)

Eg: GOing /'g@UIÎ/

phoTOgrapher /f@'tÁgr@f@/

PRODUCTION OF STRESS

 The speakers use more muscular

energy to pronounce stress syllable

than for unstressed ones

 The muscles that we use to expel air

from the lungs are more active  create higher subglottal pressure

LEVEL OF STRESS

PRIMARY STRESS

Strongest type of stress

 The pitch move from higher to lower pitch

 Often presented with a vertical line high up (') before the stressed syllable

Eg: around /@'raUnd/

disaster /dI'zA:st@/

Secondary stress

 Weaker than primary stress

 Stronger than unstressed syllable

 Often presented with a low mark (")

 Eg: disapprove /"dIs@'pru:v/

anthropology /"{nTr@'pÁl@dZi/

Placement of stress within

words

In order to decide on the stress placement, it is

necessary to make use of some or all of the following information.

a Whether the word is morphologically simple or

complex (whether the word is a simple, derived or

compound word).

b The grammatical category to which the word belongs.

c The number of syllables in the word.

d The phonological structure of the word.

Simple word stress

1 Two syllable words

a Verbs

b Adjectives

c Nouns

d Adverbs and prepositions

2 Three syllable words

a Verbs

b Nouns

c Adjectives

Stress pattern rules

• Two syllable verbs

a long vowel

a diphthong (but /əʊ/)

> 1 final cont

Refer /rɪˈfɜ :r/design /dɪˈzaɪn/perfect /pəˈfekt/

Refer /rɪˈfɜ:r/design /dɪˈzaɪn/perfect /pəˈfekt/

Stress pattern rules

• Two syllable verbs

visit /ˈvɪzɪt/

borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/open /ˈəʊpən/

Stress pattern rules

• Two syllable nouns

a long vowel

a diphthong (but /əʊ/)

routine /ru:ˈti:n/design /dɪˈzaɪn/

routine /ru:ˈti :n/design /dɪˈzaɪn/

Stress pattern rules

• Two syllable nouns

a long vowel

a diphthong (but /əʊ/)

student /ˈstju:dənt/sorrow /ˈsɒrəʊ/

student /ˈstju:dənt/sorrow /ˈsɒrəʊ/

Two-syllable Adjectives

Two syllable adjectives are stressed according to the same rules as verbs Examples:

correct major polite complete heavy happy

sincere precise

before after except across

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable verbs

a short vowel ≤ 1 cont

consider /kən

ˈsɪdə r/determine /dɪ

ˈtɜ:mɪn/

interpret /ɪn

consider /kən

ˈsɪdər/determine /dɪ

ˈtɜ:mɪn/

interpret /ɪnˈtɜ:pr t/

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable verbs

a long vowel

a diphthong (- /əʊ/)

> 1 final cont

introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdju:s/entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/

introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdju:s/entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable verbs

_ate_fy

ize

_ise/-concentrate /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/certify /ˈsɜ:tɪfɑɪ/

criticise /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/

concentrate /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/certify /ˈsɜ:tɪfɑɪ/

criticise /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable nouns

potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/disaster /dɪ

ˈzɑ:stə r/

potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/disaster /dɪ

ˈzɑ:stə r/mimosa /mɪ

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable nouns

cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/camera

/ˈkæmərə/evidence

cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/camera

/ˈkæmərə/

evidence /ˈevɪdəns/

a short vowel

əʊ

a short vowel

≤ 1 final cont

Stress pattern rules

• Three syllable nouns

a long vowel

a diphthong

> 1 final cont

photograph /ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f/marigold /ˈmærɪɡəʊld/intellect /ˈɪntɪlekt/

photograph /ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f/marigold /ˈmærɪɡəʊld/intellect /ˈɪntɪlekt/

Complex word stress

 Variable stress

Types of complex words

1 Words with affixes

 Stem + suffix

 Prefix + stem

2 Compound words

Effects of affixes on word

stress

Primary stress on affix

Unchanged primary stress on stem

Changed primary stress on stem

Effect of affixes on word

stress

 Primary stress on affixes

Commonly, primary stress is on the 1st syllable of suffix If stem consists of more than one syllable, the stem has secondary

stress.

 ‘-ee’: refugee /"refjU' dZi: /

 ‘-eer’: volunteer /"vÁl@n' tI@ /

 ‘-ette’: cigarette /"sIg' ret /

 ‘-ese’: Japanese /"dZ{p@' ni:z /

 ‘-esque’, ‘-ique’: picturesque /"pIktS@' resk /

-unique /"ju:' ni:k /

 ‘-ology’: technology /tek' nÁ l@dZi/

Effects of affixes on word

stress

 Unchanged primary stress on stem

 ‘-able’: comfort /'kömf@t/ vs comfortable /'kömft@bl/

 ‘-al’: refuse /rI'fju:z/ vs refusal /rI'fju:zl/

 ‘-ish’: devil /' de vl/ vs devilish /' de vlIS/

A list of affixes which do not change the stress on stem.

-able -hood -ise -ment -ship

-al-ing -less -ness

under ful in-/im- -ly un- -age

 Adjectives end with suffix ‘-ish’ : no change in stress placement

 Verbs end with ‘-ish’: stress on syllable

immediately preceding ‘ish’

e.g.: devilish /'devlIS/

demolish /dI'mÁlIS/

Effects of affixes on word

stress

 Changed primary stress on stem

 ‘-eous’: advantage /@d'vA:ntIdZ/ vs

advantageous /"{dv@n 'teI dZ@s/

 ‘-graphy’: photo /' f@U t@U/ vs photography

/f@' tÁ gr@fi/

 ‘-ic’: climate /' klaI mKt/ vs climatic /klaI' m{ tIk/

 ‘-ial’: industry /' In d@stri/ vs industrial /In'd ös tri@l/

 ‘-ion’: perfect /'pÆ:fIkt/ vs perfection /p@'fekSn/

Compound words

a If the first word/part of the compound is in a broad sense adjectival, the stress goes on the second element with a secondary stress on the first.

loudspeaker full moon

fast food new moon open hearted ill mannered

Compound words

b If, however, the first element is, in a broad sense,

a noun, the stress goes on the first element.

car ferry tea cup suitcase bottle feed boatpeople farm house airplane

bodyguard

Word class pairs

Some words are both nouns and verbs For example, record

is a noun if you put stress on the first syllable, and a verb if you put stress on the second syllable.

record contrast desert export object present produce protest There is not always a change of stress in words that are both

nouns and verbs For example, answer, picture, promise,

reply, travel and visit always have stress on the same

syllable.

Variable stress

 Stress placement may change for 2 reasons:

 Effect of other surrounding words’ stress on the

word in question

 Disagreement among speakers about stress

placement in some words

Effect of other surrounding words’

stress

Disagreement among speakers