Complete List of Present Form Usage: USE 1: Repeated Actions Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.. USE 4: Now Non-Continuous Verbs Speakers so
Trang 1CHAPTER 1: VERB TENSES
Trang 2I Simple Present
1 Form:
I/ You/ We/ They + [VERB]
He/ She / It + [VERB]s/es
Example: You speak English
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English
2 Complete List of Present Form Usage:
USE 1: Repeated Actions
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual The action can be a habit, a hobby,
a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do
Examples: - I play tennis
She does not play tennis
Does he play tennis?
- The train leaves every morning at 8 AM
The train does not leave at 9 AM
When does the train usually leave?
- She always forgets her purse
She never forgets her wallet
- Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun
Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2: Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believe that the fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future It is important if the speaker is correct about the fact It is also used to make generalizations
about people or things
Trang 3Examples: - Cats like milk
Birds do not like milk
Do pigs like milk?
- California is in America
California is not in the United Kingdom
- Windows are made of glass
Windows are not made of wood
- New York is a small city IT IS NOT IMPORTANT THAT THIS FACT IS UNTRUE.
USE 3: Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future This is most
commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other schduled events as well.Examples: - The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
- The bus does not arrive at 11 AM It arrives at 11 PM
- When do we board the plane?
- The party starts at 8 o’clock.
- When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4: Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples: - I am here now
She is not here now
- He needs help right now
He does not need help right now
- He has his passport in his hand
Do you have your passport with you?
Trang 4Notes: ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: - You only speak English
Do you only speak English?
- I never go to school on Sunday
- I sometimes go shopping on weekends
- Susan goes swimming every Friday
Exercise 1: Choose the correct form
1 We sometimes (read) books
2 Emily (go) to the disco
3 It often (rain) _ on Sundays
4 Pete and his sister (wash) _ the family car
5 I always (hurry) to the bus stop
6 I (like) lemonade very much
7 The girls always (listen) to pop music
8 Janet never (wear) _ jeans
9 Mr.Smith (teach) _ Spanish and French
10 You (do) your homework after school
Exercise 2: Rewrite in Negative form
1 My father makes breakfast
Trang 5Exercise 3: Make Questions
1 you / speak / English
Exercise 4: Find the signal word for Simple Present
1 a) now b) last Monday c) often
2 a) sometimes b) at the moment c) yesterday
3 a) last Friday b) every Friday c) next Friday
4 a) now b) already c) usually
5 a) Listen? b) first… then… c) seldom
6 Ron plays basketball _
a) at the moment b) every Saturday c) yesterday
a) since Monday b) tomorrow c) every day
10 _ our neighbour leaves the house at 8 o'clock
a) Normally b) Look! c) Right now
Trang 6II Present Continuous
1 Form:
am/is/are + [present participle]
Examples: You are watching TV
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV
Exceptions when adding 's' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
* For can, may, might, must, do not add s
Example: he can, she may, it must
* After o, ch, sh or s, add es
Example: do - he does, wash - she washes
* After a consonant, the final consonant y
becomes ie (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry - he worries
but: play - he plays
* Silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for ee)
-Example: come - coming but: agree – agreeing
* After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: sit – sitting
* After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled
in British English (but not in American English) Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English)
* Final ie becomes y
Example: lie - lying
2 Complete List of Present Continuous Usage:
USE 1: Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment It can also be used to show that something is not happening now
Examples: - You are learning English now
You are not swimming now
Are you sleeping?
- I am sitting
I am not standing
Is he sitting or standing?
- They are reading their books
They are not watching television
Trang 7- What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
USE 2: Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action
which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
- I am studying to become a doctor
I am not studying to become a dentist
- I am reading the book Tom Sawyer
I am not reading any books right now
- Are you working on any special projects at work?
Aren't you teaching at the university now?
USE 3: Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in
the near future
Examples: - I am meeting some friends after work
I am not going to the party tonight
- Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happens Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with
negative emotion Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples: - She is always coming to class late
He is constantly talking I wish he would shut up
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
Trang 8Notes: REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present
Examples: - She is loving this chocolate ice cream (not correct)
- She loves this chocolate ice cream (correct)
Notes: ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc
Examples: - You are still watching TV
Are you still watching TV?
Exercise 5:Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present progressive)
1 Look! He (leave) _ the house
2 Quiet please! I (do) a test
3 She usually (walk) to school
4 But look! Today she (go) by bike
5 Every Sunday we (go) _ to see my grandparents
6 He often (go) _ to the cinema
7 We (play) _ Monopoly at the moment
8 The child seldom (cry) _
9 I (not / do) _ anything at the moment
10 (watch / he) _ the news regularly?
Exercise 6:Negative sentences: Complete the sentences Use Simple Present or Present
Progressive
1 You (see / not) _ her every day
2 The baby (sleep / not) at the moment
3 I (read / not) a book now
4 We (go / not) to school on Sundays
5 He (watch / not) the news every day
6 He (not / spend) _ his holidays in Spain each year
7 I (not / meet) Francis tonight
8 They (not / fly) to London tomorrow
9 We (not / work) _ this week
10 The film (not / begin) at 7 o'clock
Trang 9Exercise 7: Question: Complete the sentences Use Simple Present or Present Progressive
1 (you / go) on holiday by plane sometimes?
2 (they / play) computer games every day?
3 (she / eat) dinner at the moment?
4 What (they / do) _ right now?
5 (she / visit) her grandma very often?
6 (leave / you) _ the party now?
7 (have / you) any brothers or sisters?
8 (love / she) him?
9 Who (cook) dinner tonight?
10 (send / he) _ you an e-mail every day?
Exercise 8: Complete the story Use Simple Present and Present Progressive
1 Today (be) Betty's birthday
2 Betty (love) _birthdays
3 She (be) always very excited and (wake up) very early
4 At six o'clock in the morning, Betty (hear) a noise
5 She (get up) _ and (go) into the sitting room
6 What (go on) ?
7 Look! Betty's cat Carlos (sit) on the table and he (play) _ with Betty's present
III Simple Past
1 Form:
S + [verb+ed]
S + [irregular verb]
Examples: - You called Debbie
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie
2 Complete List of Simple Past
Usage:
USE 1: Completed Action in the Past
Trang 10Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they
do have one specific time in mind
Examples: - I saw a movie yesterday
I didn't see a play yesterday
- Last year, I traveled to Japan
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea
- Did you have dinner last night?
- She washed her car
He didn't wash his car
USE 2: A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past These actions happen 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th, and so on
Examples: - I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3: Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past A duration is a longer
action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc Examples: - I lived in Brazil for two years
- Shauna studied Japanese for five years
- They sat at the beach all day
They did not stay at the party the entire time
- We talked on the phone for thirty minutes
- A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour
USE 4: Habits in the Past
Trang 11The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past
It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc Examples: - I studied French when I was a child
He played the violin
He didn't play the piano
- Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
- She worked at the movie theater after school
- They never went to school, they always skipped class
USE 5: Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true
As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples: - She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing
- He didn't like tomatoes before
- Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
- People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past
IMPORTANT: When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen " or "when class began " These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important The examples below contain when-clauses
Examples: - When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question
- She answered my question when I paid her one dollar
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or
at the end of the sentence However, the example below has a different meaning First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar
Example: - I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
Notes: ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc
Examples: - You just called Debbie
- Did you just call Debbie?
Trang 12Exercise 9: Make the past simple - positive, negative or question
1) I (work) _ in a bank for ten years.
2) Where (you/live) when you were young?
3) She (not/study) _ French at university.
4) He (travel) _ through the middle east last year.
5) (They/visit) the Louvre in Paris?
6) She (not/watch) _ TV yesterday.
7) We (buy) _ a new car last weekend.
8) Where (you/teach) _ before you came here?
9) He (not/think) _ that he was right.
10) I (cook) _ steak last night.
11) (Lucy/read) 'War and Peace' at school?
12) She (not/write) _ to her grandmother.
13) We (have) a computer when I was a child.
14) Where (you/go) _ on holiday?
15) I (love) ice cream when I was a child.
16) They (not/meet) _ yesterday.
17) (she/swim) in the sea in Greece?
18) We (not/play) _ tennis yesterday because it was raining.
19) He (try) _ to lift the box but he couldn't.
20) What (you/eat) _ for lunch?
IV Past Continuous
1 Form
S + [was/were + V-ing]
Examples: - You were studying when she called
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
2 Complete List of Past Continuous Usage:
USE 1: Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past Remember this can be a real interruption or just an
interruption in time
Trang 13Examples: - I was watching TV when she called
- When the phone rang, she was writing a letter
- While we were having the picnic, it started to rain
- What were you doing when the earthquake started?
- I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm
- You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off
- While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car
- Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane
- While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off
- A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding
USE 2: Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption
Examples: - Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner
- At midnight, we were still driving through the desert
- Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work
IMPORTANT:
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished In the Past
Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action
Example: - Last night at 6 PM I ate dinner I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM
- Last night at 6 PM I was eating dinner I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS
IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER
USE 3: Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time The actions are parallel
Examples: - I was studying while he was making dinner
- While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television
- Were you listening while he was talking?
Trang 14- I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes
- What were you doing while you were waiting?
- Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either
- They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time
USE 4: Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past
Example: -When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking
on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands Others were
complaining to each other about the bad service
USE 5: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing."
Examples: - She was always coming to class late
- He was constantly talking He annoyed everyone
- I didn't like them because they were always complaining
Examples: - I was studying when she called
- While I was studying, she called
Trang 15REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past
Examples: - Jane was being at my house when you arrived (not correct)
- Jane was at my house when you arrived (correct)
Notes: ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc
Examples: - You were just studying when she called
Were you just studying when she called?
Exercise 10: Put the verbs into the Past Simple or Continuous
1 I (read) _ a book when he came in
2 The sun (shine) _ when he went out
3 When you came in I (write)
4 I came in while he (write) _
5 It (rain) this morning when I got up
6 He (work) all day yesterday
7 When I arrived at his house he still (sleep)
8 The boy jumped off the tram while it (move) _
9 The fire still (burn) _ at six o’clock this morning
10 He (walk) _ across the bridge when his hat blew off
Exercise 11: Put the verbs into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Simple:
1 I (see) _ Sue in town yesterday but she (not/see) _ me She (look) _ the other way
2 I (meet) _ Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago We (have) _ a chat while we (wait) _ for our flights
3 I (cycle) _ home yesterday when suddenly a man (step) out into the road in front of me I (go) quite fast but luckily I (manage) to stop in time and (not/hit) _ him
4 I lit the fire at 6:00 and it (burn) _ brightly when Tom came in at 7:00
5 I (make) _ a cake when the light went out I had to finish it in the dark
Trang 16V Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future
1 Form: a WILL
S + [will + verb]
Examples: - You will help him later
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later
b Be Going To
S + [am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples: - You are going to meet Jane tonight
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight
2 Complete List of Future Usage:
1 Will and Be Going To:
Sth is planed or sth we think is likely to happen in the future (be going to for informal context)
Ex : Where will you stay in Berlin?
Use Will, to make a prediction based on our opinion/ experience
Ex : Should I ask Mary? No she won’t want to be disturbed
Use be going to to make a prediction based on some present evidence
Ex : The sky has gone really dark There’s going to have a storm
Use will to predict future with : I expect, I hope, I imagine, I reckon, I think, I wonder and I’m sure (be going to in informal context)
Ex : I imagine the stadium will be full of the match on Saturday
Use will to make a decision at the moment of speaking
Ex : Apples are on special offer this week, I’ll buy some
Use be going to for decision about the future has already made
Ex : When I’ve saved up enough money, I’m going to buy a new computer
Use Will and Be going to with a little bit difference in meaning in the main clause of an IF
sentence when something is conditional on something else
Ex : If we go on like this, we’ll/ are going to lose all our money
Trang 17Use Be going to (not will) when the future event does not depend on the IF
– Clause
Ex : I’m going to open a bottle of lemonade, if you want some (Do you want some ?)
Use Will when the main clause prefer to offers, requests, promises, etc and ability
Ex : If Jack phones, I’ll let you know
Exercise 12: Complete the text using the verbs given Choose will or going to with each verb, depending on which is more appropriate
1 A: I can't come over during the day
B: I you tomorrow evening, then (see)
2 The method is quite simple, and I'm sure it familiar to most of you already (be)
3 Have you seen Karen recently? She another baby, (have)
4 A: Did you get the theatre tickets?
B: No, I forgot all about them I _them tomorrow, (book)
5 Wherever you go in Brazil, you the people very friendly, (find)
6 John says he _ a politician when he grows up - and he's only 5 years old! (be)
7 Are these new skis yours? you _skiing? (take up)
8 It's getting very humid – we a thunderstorm, (have)
9 A: We've got small, medium and large What size do you want?
B: I a large one, please, (have)
10 A: Shall I give Ian another ring?
B: Yes, I expect he home by now (be)
11 A: What are all those bricks for?
B: I _a wall at the side of the garden, (build)
12 I hear you _your car How much do you want for it? (sell)
13 You can't play football in the garden I _the grass, (cut)
14 A: What's the matter with Paula?
B: She says she _ (be sick)
A: She _ better with some fresh air (feel)
15 A: I've been offered a new job in Manchester, so I _Cameo (leave)
B: When your boss? (tell)
A: I'm not sure Perhaps I to see him later today, try)
2 Present simple and present continuous for future:
Use present simple for events that are fixed, unchangeable in timetabled or programmed
arrangement/ routine
Ex: The sun rises at 5.16 tomorrow
Not use present simple for less formal/ less routine arrangement, use will, be going to, present continuous
Ex: Are you just staying to watch TV tonight or are you coming dancing?
Use present simple in
Time clause with conjunctions: after, as soon as, before, by the time, when, while, until
Ex: I should be finished by the time you get back
In conditional clause with If, unless, provided, in case
Trang 18Ex: I’ll bring some sandwiches in case we don’t find any
where decent to eat
Talk about possible future with: suppose, supposing, what if
Ex: What if the train’s late? Where shall I meet you then?
Use present continuous/ be going to to talk about planed future event to show that we have a firm
intention
Ex: Are you seeing the doctor again next week?
Not use present continuous when
we make/ report predictions about events or activities that we cannot arrange
Ex: I think it’s going to rain soon
we talk about permanent future situations
Ex: People will/ are going to live longer in the future
Avoid use be going to + go/come, use present continuous form of go/come instead
Exercise 13: Use the present simple of one of these verbs to complete the sentences if possible If
not, use will
accept change get give out go lend look after
miss play rain read start stop want
1 We _our exam results on the 20th August
2 Jack _our cats while we're away next week
3 I think I'll take an umbrella in case it _
4 There is a reading list to accompany my lecture, which I _at the end
5 The new drug _on sale in the USA next year
6 The concert _at 7.30, not 7.15 as it says in the programme
7 Provided it raining, we'll go for a walk this afternoon
8 What if I. my plans and decide to stay in Taiwan longer? Will I need to renew my visa?
9 We _Sue when she leaves, but she says she'll keep in touch
10 Unless my parents _me some money, I won't be able to go on holiday thisyear
11 Tonight France _ Germany in a match important for both teams
12 It is unlikely that the government _the court's decision
13 Supposing I _to transfer a file from one computer to another? How do Ido that?
14 By the time you _this letter, I should be in New Zealand
VI Future Continuous:
1 Form
S + will + be V-ing
Examples: -You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight
Trang 192 Usage :
Sth is predicted to start before a particular point of future time and that’s may continue aftter this
point It is the result of a previous decision/ arrangement
Ex : This time next year this part of the garden will be beautiful
A future activity that is a part of a normal course of events or that is one of a repeated, regular series
of events
Ex : Dr Jone will be giving the same talk in room 103 at 10.00 next Monday
Arranged activities / events in the future
Ex : We will be leaving for Istanbul at 7.00 in the evening
Use to indicate that a future activity is pre – arranged Using WILL can indicate willingness,
intention, invitation, etc
Ex : Ann will be helping us to organize the party
When don’t want to indicate the willingness, intention, invitation, etc We prefer to use future
continuous
Ex : ( If guests have stayed longer than you wanted and you don’t know when they are leaving) – Will
you be staying with us again to night ?
Exercise 14: Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with Simple Present or Future Continuous
1 Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait) _ for us when our train arrives I am sure he (stand)
_ on the platform when we pull into the station
Sandra: And then what?
Marcus: We (pick) _ Michele up at work and go out to dinner
2 Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) TV, Sam (make) _
drinks, Beth (dance) _ by herself, and Thad (complain) _ about his day at work
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) _ the same things; they always do the
same things
3 Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) all of those? Jack: I promise I (do) _ them when I get home from work
Florence: Thanks
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling
clean dishes (sit) _ in the cabinets
4 Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) _ at the Hoffman Hotel
Nancy: I (call) you if there are any problems
Trang 20Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids
Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) _ be fine
5 Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie) _ on a tropical beach in Maui
drinking Mai Tais and eating pineapple
Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress) out over this
marketing project How are you going to enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so hard?
Samantha: I 'll manage somehow
Darren: You're terrible Can't you take me with you?
Samantha: No But I (send) _ you a postcard of a beautiful, white sand beach Darren: Great, that (make) me feel much better
Trang 21CHAPTER 2: PARTS OF SPEECH TABLE
Verb action or state (to) be, have, do, like,
work, sing, can, must
I’m a student
I like music
She works at an office
Noun thing or person pen, dog, work, music,
town, London, teacher, John
This is my dog He lives in myhouse We live in London
Adjective describes a noun a/an, the, 2, some,
good, big, red, well, interesting
I have two dogs My dogs are big I like big dogs
Preposition links a noun to
another word
to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday
Conjunction joins clauses or
sentences or words
and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats I like
cats and dogs I like dogs but I don't like
cats
Interjection short exclamation,
sometimes inserted into a sentence
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well,
ADJECTIVES
Trang 22What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun or a pronoun An adjective describes
or limits the use of a noun
An adjective answers three questions
1) What kind of? I saw a big dog
2) How many? I’d like six ice cream cones, please
3) Which one? I’ll take that pair of jeans
ADVERBS
What is an adverb? An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb An adverb tells us:
1) How The pig danced terribly
2) Where The pig danced here
3) When The pig danced yesterday
PRONOUNS
What is a pronoun? A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun Almost anything a noun can do, a pronoun
can do, too Pronouns are handy little words because when you use them, you don’t have to keep repeating nouns
all the time
PREPOSITIONS
What is a preposition? A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of one word in a sentence to another
word A preposition tells four things:
1) Location- The pig is outside its cage
2) Direction- The pig ran to its cage
3) Time- I’ll wait until noon, and then I’ll leave
4) Relationship- I went to the party with my friend
ARTICLES (a, an, the)
These are special words called articles They are noun signals They can often tip you off that there’s a noun is
coming up in a sentence
CONUNCTIONS
What is a conjunction? A conjunction is a word that joins other words or parts of sentences together It is a
“bridge” word
David and Jennifer are brother and sister
It will rain or snow today
I ran as fast as I could However I still missed the train
I’ll call the Health Department if you don’t clean up your yard
INTERJECTIONS
What is an interjection? Interjections are special words that show strong feelings or emotions like excitement,
happiness, horror, sadness, disgust, pain, anger Interjections usually come at the beginning of a sentence You use
them to add energy to your sentence Don’t use them too much, or they’ll loose their power Sometimes
interjections are just shouts or sounds
Exercise 1: Parts of Speech- Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words
1 You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something
2 We left for the mountain just before six in the morning
3 We first went to the store to buy a few things
4 We had a breakfast at a café near the rail station
5 My friend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack
Trang 236 I helped him carry it
7 The weather was very cold
8 My friend said, "Oh! What a cold weather!"
9 We didn't spend the night there
10 We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately We were very hungry
1 NOUNS
A noun is a word used to name something: a person, an animal, a place, a thing, or an idea
For example, all of the following are nouns
Leah, Ignacio, Lan, Marek
Japan, Venezuela, Atlanta, Kroger, the Gap
pencil, store, music, air
biology, theory of Relativity, Pythagorean theory
Nouns are classified in several ways…
1 Nouns can be singular or plural
Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea
One apple, a pencil, the book
Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas Most singular nouns (Not ALL) are made plural
by adding –s For example, (pencil is a singular noun The word pencils is a plural noun.)
Exception #1: If a noun ends with the –s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then they are made
plural by adding –es (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes)
Exception #2:There are also irregular nouns that do not follow any rules For example, the plural form of the word
child is children
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the plural forms of the verbs in brackets:
1 (baby) are cute, aren´t they?
2 In Autumn (leaf) fall from (tree)
3 She loves (puppy)
4 I have got a pair of (jeans)
5 Superman and Spiderman are my (hero)
6 Let´s put these toys inside these (box)
Exercise 3: Read the sentences Rewrite them from singular to plural
1 That watch is in his pocket.
2 This radio is on the desk. _
3 You are my sister _
4 That isn´t a table, it is a chair _
5 The child is five _
6 The bus isn´t late _
7 That peach is delicious
2 Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns
a) Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas A person's name (Leah Graham) is a proper
noun, for example Other examples are names of places (Atlanta, Georgia) and names of things (the Navy) They are always capitalized!
Trang 24People’s names and titles- King Henry, Mrs Smith Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Catholicism, Christians
Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, Polish-American, Black,
Titles of publications and written documents
b) Common nouns are all other nouns For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc They are not capitalized unless they
are the first word in the sentence
3 Nouns can also be collective
Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place,
thing, or idea in its meaning Words like team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team,
couple, band, herd, quartet, and society
Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit The committee is
going to make a decision
4 Nouns can also be either count or non-count
Countable and uncountable nouns
You use nouns to name things
Countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
You can count these
There are singular and plural forms
one cat , two cats
one student, ten students
You can’t count these
There is only one form
rice, milk, water, sugar, furniture, weather, information
You use single and plural verbs
The lesson starts at 9.30
The lessons start at 9.30
You always use a singular verb
There is no furniture in there
You can use a or an in front of them
an envelope, a letter
You cannot use a or an in front of them
There is too much furniture in here Let’s move the table into the next room
We need potatoes, oil, apples, tea and
sugar
Trang 25You can use not many and a few in front of them
There are a few people waiting for the bus
There aren’t many people here today
You can use not much and a little in front of them
There is a little sugar left
There is not much flour left
B) Fill in the gaps with “some” or “any”
1 Have you got brothers or sisters?
2 We don’t need milk
3 There are pens on the table
4 I want eggs
5 Is there water in the fridge?
6 Are there problems
C) Fill in the gaps with “some” or “many”
1 How money do you have?
2 I don’t have close friends
3 There isn’t petrol left in the car
4 How information have you got?
5 There are glasses of water on the table
6 Don’t give him money - just a few euros
D) Fill in the gaps with “a lot of / a few / a little / much”
1 I don’t have experience
2 There are people waiting to buy tickets About three or four
3 Hurry up! I don´t have time
4 There is money left over, but not much
5 I need students to help me Two or three will be enough
6 We should go now because there is only traffic at this time of the morning
7 I only need time to finish this Wait a second
8 I invited friends for dinner but we can still all fit at the table
Exercise 5: Say if the nouns are countable (C), uncountable (U) o both (B)
Trang 265 Nouns can be abstract or concrete
A noun can be abstract or concrete
Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch They are people, places, and some things Words like person,
court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held For example, things like air, justice, safety,
Democracy, faith, religion, etc
6 Nouns can be Gerunds
A gerund is the –ing form of the verb and is used as a noun (functioning as a subject, complement of verb be, and
an object of a preposition)
For example:
Running is good for you
Her favorite sport is swimming
Thank you for helping me with my homework
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using GERUNDS
Ex It is easy to learn English Learning English is easy
1 It was great to see my uncle again _
2 It will be fun to go to the picnic next week _
3 It takes me 45 min to get to work every day
4 It is difficult for me to understand her
5 It was horrible to see that happened to him
6 It has been great to learn English
PARTS OF SPEECH- NOUNS- HOMEWORK:
Exercise 7 Write the words in the correct form:
1 There are three _ (apple) on the plate
2 I’d like to taste these _ (cookie)
3 Would you like these _ (orange)?
4 This (cheese) is too salty
5 How much _ (water) is theHe fougMy father
DoHe’s sitting coI’d like to knowIt rained heavy / heavily
and there were some accidents because of the heavy/
heavily rain
This (meat) isn’t fresh
10 There are many _ (tomato) in this salad
11 I don’t eat _ (butter) at all
12 This _ (coffee) is awful
13 How many _ (banana) would you like?
14 All her _ (dress) are beautiful
15 Put some _ (salt) into your soup
16 This _ (sugar) isn’t sweet
17 There is some _ (bread) on the table
Exercise 8 Correct the mistakes:
1 These carrot are sweet
2 I don’t like teas at all
3 I’d like to cut some pear for this salad
4 There is much waters in this jar
5 How many sandwich have you bought?
6 You can take four potato from the basket
7 Do you eat meats?
8 There is much rices in this dish
9 Where is breads?
10 These berry are very sweet
11 There are four chair round the table
12 These vegetable are green
13 Where are the onion?
14 I bought some cherry in the afternoon
15 I adore pear
16 Don’t put more salts in this dish
17 Cut these cucumber, please
Trang 272 VERBS
Verbs generally express action or a state of being There are several classifications for verbs- action verbs,/linking verbs, main verbs/auxiliary verbs, transitive/intransitive and phrasal verbs
A Action verbs and Linking verbs
1 Action verbs show action
He runs He plays They study
2 Linking Verbs link the subject to an adjective
Ricky Martin is beautiful
The linking verb is links the adjective beautiful with the subject Ricky Martin
Exercise 9: Circle the verb in each sentence Write A if it is an action verb Write L if it is a linking verb
1 The girl feels nervous _
2 Today is her wedding day _
3 She sits in a fancy chair _
4 Footmen carry the chair on their shoulders
5 Her parents arranged the marriage
6 She is only sixteen years old
7 She sees her husband for the first time
8 He looks handsome and kind
9 She appears happy and content _
10 The family hopes for a happy marriage _
B Main verbs and Auxiliary verbs
1 Main verbs can stand alone
For example: I go to school every day
2 Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, serve as support to the main verb
The most common auxiliary verbs are:
Have, has, had
Do, does, did
Be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been
For example: I have been to Paris once
3 Modal verbs: are considered auxiliary verbs
should, could, will, would, might, can, may, must, shall, ought (to)
For example: She can swim fast
Trang 28MODAL
FORMATION ( AFFIRMATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, NEGATIVE) CAN
possibility, ability and permission in the present or future
neg - logical impossibility
I can speak many languages
Can I go to the party?
She can’t be at home, I saw her 10 minutes ago
COULD
ability, possibility and permission in the past or in polite requests
He could swim when he was only four
Could you help me, please?
I couldn’t understand him
BE ABLE TO
ability and opportunity in the past, present or future (specific occasion)
I am able to get all the work done
Were you able to stop the car in time?
They won’t be able to stop it
MAY
possible and probable actions in the future; permissions and possible conditions
You may telephone from here
May I take a photo?
He may not go to the party He’s sick
MIGHT
possible actions in the future or improbable events or situations
I might be working late tomorrow
He might not be at home
What might happen?
MUST
obligation, necessity, deduction; in the negative form - prohibition
You must take your medication regularly
My glasses must be here somewhere
He mustn’t tell anyone what I said
HAVE TO
Do you have to get your passport?
She doesn’t have to go to the dentist
WILL
facts in the future, predictions, invitations, characteristic behaviour
I’ll wait for you if you like
Will you have a cup of tea?
She’s on diet She won’t eat at all
WOULD past prediction, prediction about a
possible situation; politeness; past of
You should accept the job
Should we tell him the news?
She shouldn’t be so shy
OUGHT TO
saying what is the right thing to do She ought to be working
You oughtn’t to forget your obligations
Trang 29Exercise 10: Complete the sentences with appropriate modal verbs
1 you to get up early?
2 They’re having a baby They have to buy a bigger house
3 I’m sorry I help you with your homework
4 we go out tonight?
5 Why don’t you apply for that job? You get it
6 I think we do something to stop pollution
7 I borrow this book?
8 My wife is waiting for me I not be late
Exercise 11: Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first Use the words in brackets
1 Perhaps Mary is doing overtime (may)
C Transitive or Intransitive verbs
1 Transitive Verbs require a direct object in order to make sense
For Example: Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches
Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence Yolanda takes has no meaning without its direct object aspirin
2 Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful
For Example: Julio swims
The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object
Caution: A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context
For Example: The cars race
Here, race is intransitive It does not need an object
My father races horses
Here, races is transitive It requires the object horses in order to make sense
Exercise 12:
ENCIRCLE THE VERB USED IN EACH OF THESE SENTENCES AND THEN WRITE ‘transitive’ or
‘intransitive’ IN THE SPACE PROVIDED FOR MATCH THE SENTENCES TO THE PICTURES
1 The magician performed new magic tricks [ ]
2 The farmer works happily in his farm [ ]
3 Chona is carrying a lot of books [ ]
4 Henry waited patiently in the park [ ]
Trang 305 The fireman observes proper discipline [ ]
6 Isabel missed her flight to California [ _ ]
7 The radio announcer talks clearly [ _ ]
8 The pianist played romantic songs last night [ _ ]
9 Lily decorated her scrapbook last Friday [ _ ]
10 Chona saw the result of the test in the bulletin board.[ _]
11 Vernie plays happily near the beach [ ]
12 Her mom likes black forest cake [ ]
D Phrasal verbs
1 Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than
it would have by itself For example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in
the dictionary)
Some more examples:
call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up
Exercise 13: Rewrite each sentence replacing the underlined words by a Phrasal Verb:
get on get over head for join in live up to run out of put forward put up
put up with stand for
1 There isn´t any juice left. _
2 What´s the meaning of UE?
3 The window in my bedroom needs to be fixed. _
4 My brother was seriously ill, but he has recovered now.
5 The show wasn´t as good as we expected. _
6 What exactly are they suggesting? _
7 When the party began everyone took part
8 The plane is going in the direction of Lisbon _
9 We can´t tolerate such heat. _ _
Exercise 14: Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the Phrasal Verbs in the box
1 The sun isn´t always shinning, but life must
2 I a blue skirt and a green shirt yesterday
3 Guests must by 6.00 p.m
4 I´m seeing Mary and John again, aren´t you?
5 All passengers tried to at the same time
6 My mother isn´t here Can you later?
7 I´m going to travel before and starting a new job
8 The plant growth by the lack of rain
9 Before I began writing my book, I my ideas
10 Where have you been? I`ve been _ you everywhere
check out go on call back have on look for settle down slow down look forward to
write down check in
Trang 31Exercise 15- Complete each sentences with a suitable form of the
Phrasal verbs in the box
1 I know things seem bad, but life must _
2 I _ a pair of jeans and a green t-shirt yesterday
3 Guests must _ by 12:00 p.m
4 I’m _ seeing John and Janet again, aren’t you?
5 All passengers tried to _ at the same time
6 I’m afraid Mr Thompson isn’t here Can you _ later?
7 I’m going to travel to America before _ and starting a family
8 The tree growth _ by the lack of rain
9 Before I began writing, I _ my ideas
10 Where have you been? We’ve been _ for you everywhere