GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE 5 - NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH THỰC HÀNH - Roger Gower

Cuốn "Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh" này được biên soạn nhằm mục đích phục vụ việc học tiếng Anh trong các trường Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp đồng thời cũng nhằm đóng góp vào việc học tiếng Anh của học sinh các trường phổ thông, các lớp tại chức và các tự học. Nó có tính chất của một cuốn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh cơ bản và thực hành, nội dung chủ yếu nhằm giới thiệu... - Giới thiệu ngữ pháp trong một bài nghe - Giải thích ngữ pháp rõ ràng, dễ hiểu kèm nhiều ví dụ - Khuyến khích đủ dạng khác nhau của kỳ thi IELTS từ các bài đọc, viết, và nghe mang tính học thuật cho đến phổ quát.

Grammar in Practice 5 is a book for busy people who

want to practise grammar in a quick and fun way

Enjoyable exercises based on real-world situations

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL CORPUS ˆ

The Cambridge International Corpus (CIC)

is a collection of over 700 million words

of real spoken and written English The @)

texts are stored in a database that can be

searched to see how English is used The CIC also

includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a unique

collection of over 50,000 exam papers from Cambridge

ESOL It shows real mistakes students make and

highlights the parts of English which cause problems

Where do you live

Question auxiliary verb subject

word

Was(n’t) your assistant at work ‘yesterday? No, he wasn’t

Did(n’t) you watch TV? Yes, I did

Should(n’t) ] buy some food? Yes, you should

Why are you learning English? For my job

Other question words: Who? What? Which? How “uate mush Hoan een

@Didn’t you go? (Is it true you didn’t go?/surprise)

@*‘Who lives there?’ John does” NOT Wthe-deestive there?

VN Write the words in the correct order to make questions

¿Í 3ì

you/last night/finish work/did/when Whew, PEVEEE work, last Nght >

of music/like/Ton/what sort/does

get/in the new job/you/will/more money

hike/countries/you/to visit/would/which

last night/meet/who/you/did 00.0 0 _ in New York/live/she/doesn’t to your party/came/people/how many ON A oO + C3 NY car/borrow/did/whose/to get to work/you uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt sàNU, we `? [J Make questions with a question word and answer them for you 1 on nn oO ee WH How: có man been, stud YG (you/study) English? Thee years ing Sag (you/usually/do) in the evenings? (you⁄go) on your holidays last year?

„ (be) your favourite coÌOur?

(get up) first in your house?

(cups of coffee/you/have) this week?

(you/go out) for dinner?

(excercise/you/do) each week? f3 Make questions and match them to the answers S an _ How much/this tour/cost? How- much does this tour cost? FT 1 2 Which towns/you/visit on the way?

3 WhicÌi tour/cost less?

4 What/can/see in Oxford?

5 Where/the coach/stop? 6 Who/live/in the castle? 7 children/(not) get/ a reduction? 8 Whose/wallet/be/this?

9 How soon/the coach/leave?

a It’s mine d In about half an hour g Sorry, no they don’

b Outside your hotel e Windsor and Reading =h The Queen, for part

universities in the world.

[EWelmeet now and then

Adverb phrases of frequency

I still meet my old schoolfriends from time to time/every now and again (end position)

She goes to yoga classes twice a week/once in a while

From time to time/every now and again I still meet my old schoolftiends

(front position)

(About) twice a week/Once in a while/Several times a month (frequency + a +

time period) she goes to yoga classes

Compare: I never/rarely/hardly ever/sometimes/quite often take a taxi (mid position)

Other phrases: (every) now and then, once every three weeks, most evenings, every five

minutes /evening, every so often (occasionally), again and again, at times

@Adverb phrases usually go at the end of a sentence Sometimes they begin a sentence

when the adverb is not the main focus of the sentence

F:Ý Tim has been asked to write down his signs of stress Underline

the correct answers

STRESS QUESTIONNAIRE ~ Tim Baker

| from time to time/From time to time_! find it difficult to sleep

Z | quite often bite my nails./] bite quite often my nails

Š | every so often get a headache./| get a headache every so often

4 | about three times a week work very late./] work very late about

three times a week

UC Now and then my mouth feels dry./My mouth now and then feels dry

6 | several times a day get angry./| get angry Several times a day

7 Ì Am late again and again for appointments./] am late for appointments

AGAIN And Again

[=] Write about you Use an adverb phrase of frequency

Igo to bed early from time to time

do some physical exercise ei —

have a relaxing warm bath

ee for tailieu.vn by tamtmt

(EWE ate you talking about?

Prepositions in questions

In spoken English we can use a preposition at the end of some ‘object’ wh-/how questions: What did he spend his money on?

What’s the film about?

Where does the coach leave from?

Which towns does it go through?

Who did you go to the party with?

How many meetings a week do you go to?

@ We can also ask questions with a question word + preposition

‘’m going out’ ‘What for?? (Why?)’The coach leaves at 6 o’clock’ ‘Where from?’

/\ Complete these sentences with a preposition

‘Who are you having lunch wtth, tomorrow?”

2 ‘Look at his picture Which famous person does he remind you ?'

3 ‘I’m going to wait here for another 10 minutes’

A0

4 “Ilove that coatl Where did you getit ?

5 ‘Who did you have lunch yesterday?’

6 ‘This is a great book’

“Wihat S$ ite= = <2’

‘(11 not sure, really The story is very complicated!”

7 ‘I've just got a text message

‘Who ?

ñ Look at the pictures and complete the questions

1 What us he thinking about 2 (he/think)

Present simple and continuous / Past simple and continuous

We can use the present or past continuous

¢ to show an ongoing event or changing situation: My English was improving all the time

* with always to emphasise how often.something happens: It’s always raining (it’s very

annoying) She was a happy person She was always smiling (typical behaviour)

We usually use simple forms with non-action (state) verbs such as be, feel, have, know, like,

prefer, remember, see, think:

I think you're very intelligent We had a good holiday I want some coffee

However, we can sometimes use some state verbs as action verbs:

You’re being very silly at the moment (for a short period of time)

I’m seeing him later (I have an appointment.)

I’m thinking about the future (considering possibilities)

@like is a state verb:] like you enjoy is not a state verb: ] enjoy parties (in general) I’m

enjoying this party (now) "

@Some verbs can be used as state verbs or action verbs: We have a good life (state verb

= possess) He’s having dinner/a rest (action verb)

V\ Complete the sentences with a/ways + the verbs in the box in the

The coffee.£ always rp 0u

They're friends but they

uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt

|

1

‘lI see/’m seeing your're staying here in the conference centre,

‘Yes, | prefer/’m preferring it to staying in a hotel

‘What do you think/are you thinking of the presentations?’

‘1 enjoy/’m enjoying them a lot

‘This conference becomes/is becoming much more popular’

“Yes, | remember/’m remembering a few years ago there was almost no-one here.’

‘Do you like/Are you liking working in this country?’

‘No, I think/’m thinking of moving to Brazil’

‘Good jobs get/are getting much harder to find in Brazil these days.’

‘I know/’m knowing My work colleagues always tell/are always telling me

to stay where | am’

[™ Complete the email with a verb from the box in the correct form

be not/feel always/geton only/go up have improve

like see start think

DỀNũnatk: s not a big er - although there (1) we more

than 500 islands - and the population of just over 5 million (2)

by less than 0.5% each year I (3) a

it is lovely place to live In general people (4) " a good»

Standard of living, and health-care is excellent, although unemployment

(5) Gone to increase (it’s about 6% at the moment)

As I (6) mee = eae and the country is so flat, in the summer holidays I vs > my bike to explore some lovely fishing village somewhere

My Danish (8) _ slowly but I (9) : confident yet.1 (10) = - teacher this afternoon to

_ Mhile I was sleeping

for/during/while; by/until

for + period of time (It answers the question How long ?)

I lived in China for two years NOT -dutinge-twe-years-

during + noun (It answers the question When ?)

I met her during the summer (at some point in the summer)

The hotels are full during the summer (all through the summer)

while + subject + verb (It answers the question When ?)

"met her while I was living in London (at the same time as)

ty + a point in time

‘They should be here by now (before now)

until + a point in time

I'll be at work until six (continue working then stop at six)

\ Write the correct word in the gap

unttl we call you (until/by)

1 Please wait there

2 Have acoffee _ youre waiting

(during/while)

3 Read a magazine a ffw minutes

(during/for)

4 Atsome time the examination, the

nurse will take a blood sample (during/for)

59 Have you taken any aspirin

6 You'll be finished five o’clock (until/by)

the last week? (while/during)

[=] A patient is talking to a doctor Complete the conversation with

for, during, while, by or until

I’ve had a bad back (1) for years but it got a lot worse (2) the

I was out shopping I had to sit down, and

couldn’t move (4) my husband arrived in the car (5) the time

we got home | was in agony!

Don’t go back to work (6) you feel better, and (7) you are

recovering, get plenty of rest You can take pain killers (8) the next

day or two but then stop With a bit of luck, you should be able to move

normally (9)

but (10)

uploa@ed for tailieu.vn by tamtmt

the end of next week If so, you can go back to work,

cò YOuTE there don’t try and lift anything heavy! Sf

_ | Lused to live alone

used to

We can use used fo for habits/states which are no longer true

I (often) used to go out on Friday nights (but I don’t now) (habit/action)

I don’t go out every Friday night now but I used to

I used to live in Athens (state)

@ Question: Did you (sometimes/ever) use to ? Negative: 1 didn’t (often) use to

would

We can use would for habits (not states) which are no longer true

When I was younger, I would (always) go out on a Friday night (habit/action) NOT -bveuldivein Athens: (state)

:\ Read this extract from a book about

childhood memories Where possible, change the words in italics to would + verb

If not possible, write X

Family holidays are my happiest memories of childhood

My father used to be (1) 0X a GP and ran his practice in our family home so we used to share

@) =; would share the house with around 200 strangers every week Also, the telephone never used to stop

@) rimging It was good to get away

We used to leave (4) before dawn and get

ahead of the traffic | remember we used to have (5) a dog called

Ross, who came with us We usually went (6) tO Scotland and I used

foul MO (7) cavemen walking on the sandy beaches On wet days

We used to play (8) cards and read novels

When I stam (9) - «13 the Mediterranean for the first

từìne Ï ¡24s (10) sou Surprised how warn it was!

uliected

Vince Powell and Greg Watis

1 Tused to/would have a close relationship Wit my brother when 1 was younger,

2 1 used to/would live _, but now |

5 ¬ đidn?t use to/wouldn?t be

4 l1 dontlike now but I would/used to when

3 When | was at college I would/used to often

7

all + plural and uncountable nouns

All (of) my children go to school (I have three or miore children)

‘All (of) the money is in the bank

each/every + singular noun

Each (one) (of them) goes to a different school (There are two or more children.)

Every child/Every one of the children is happy (There are three or more children.)

Each child goes Each goes Every child goes NOT -Bvery-goeser

{(aithe/my) whole + singular countable noun

The/My whole family wene to the park

I've lived here my whole life (= all my’ life)

the whole of (the/my) + singular countable noun

I've lived here the whole of my life

We do not usually use all with a/an:We were there a whole day NOT-ale-day-

E) Write the correct word in the gap

COLLEGE HANDBOOK

AlL mobile phones should be switched off during lectures (all/every)

student taking part in sporting activities must wear appropriate games kit (all/every)

3 personal property should be clearly marked with your name

(alljeach)

4 Ifyou lose a book which is part of a set, you might be asked to replace

set (every/the whole)

5 day of sickness must be reported 10 your personal tutor (each/all)

6 student is expected to help keep the college tidy (all the/every)

7 You are expected to be on time for lectures (all of your/every)

i Complete the gaps with all, whole, each, every

1 Nearly al the students live near the college

2 There are two libraries In you will find an outstanding selection of

teaching materials,

3 The college is closed during public holidays

4 Not students can afford to have their own laptop

3 There is a day of staff training before college begins

6 Nearly member of staff has worked here for several years

Alter (+ past simple/-ing)

Before (+ past simple!-ing)

I watched TV before I went/going to bed

[\ Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb

1 Aftcr eavitg university, I had to find a job (leave)

3 J applied for a job in a museum after an advert in the paper (see)

5 After somewhere to live, | decided to buy a car (find)

6 Thad to pass my driving test before Ï drive the car (can) Join the two sentences using the word(s) in brackets Use the past simple or -ing (1 = first action; 2 = second action)

[)He’s quite nice —

Adverbs of degree: really/very; rather/fairly; a bit; quite

‘To make adjectives/adverbs stronger: really /very (a really/a very)

Ic was very/really good It was a very/really good film

To make adjectives or adverbs weaker: rahe fiy quite

He walks rather/faisly/quite slowly

We usually use ater for ideas we think are negative: The film was rather boring

@He' a rather/a fairly shy person He’ rather a/quite a shy person, NOT Hele

-quite-shy-person- NOT Hei fairly -shy person

@We can sometimes use:

+ quite before extreme adjectives like exhansted, brilliant, amazing or absolute adjectives

like trie, wrong to mean ‘completely’ I was quite exhausted He was quite wrong,

+a bit (~ a litte) with negative adjectives 'm a bit tired NOT He's-«-bit-tired-persone

NOT Heabienice

EY Complete the sentences with the

correct adverb

1 Buses run gééte-_ frequently from here

to the city centre (a bit/quite)

2 The Forbidden City is

You must go there (quite/fairly) magnificent,

3 Its far to walk to the Summer

Palace 1 suggest you take a taxi (a bit/a fairly)

4 The China World is

(fairly an/rather an)

5 The Zhu Bao Silk Market is

(a quite/quite a)

expensive hotel This hotel is much cheaper

small market and not very touristy

6 Its cold day outside You'll need a coat (a rather/a bit)

[i Complete the sentences with a word from the box and the word in

brackets Use a/an if necessary

cheap busy interesting old -beautifsl

1 On Ist May Beijing is very beautiful — the city is decorated with flowers (very)

4 The Quanjude is Peking Duck restaurant Ít was opened in 1864

(DWe use the past perfect to talk about events/actions before a past time

‘When/By the time we got to the airport, the plane had already left

plane left got to airport now

However if the order of events is clear we often prefer the past simple

‘The plane left before we got to the airport

We use already, yr, ever/never to emphasise the event which happened firs

The plane had already lef Had they ever met? I had never been there

LE) Write the past perfect of these verbs in the positive (+) or

negative (-)

[ Match the two halves of the sentences

When I'd paid for the tickets fea so we were glad we went

'b because I hadn't booked good seats

¢ but the show had already started,

‘We didn't want anything to eat One

nan had forgotten his ticket

d because we'd had a big pizza

We hadn't heard her live before € so T nearly fell asleep

We eventually found our seats £ because the singer had been

on TV alot

& and they wouldn't let him in

We couldn't see very well

U hadn't been to bed for ages fh we joined the queue to get in

Complete the sentences about Nina Simone (born Eunice

Wayman 1933) Use the past perfect in the positive or negative

and add already in Questions 1-6

* started work + recorded her

assinger-panist 24st aum

1983 « changed her ‘let USA and

soavefirst nameto Nina 1958 ved in Uber,

Piano rectal simone ‘got married and Europe

+ studied dasscal « made frst had fist Top» died In France

music in New record Twenty hit

1 By the time she arrived in NewYork, she hadalready give piano

recitals

2 When she started work as a singer-pianist, she casical

music in New York

7 When she left America, she

8 By the time she died, she

her first Top Twenty hit record,

terview between a journalist and a friend of

2 ‘When she gave her first recital, (already/change) her name?”

3° (already/ ce) her first record by the time she got married?

“How many albums (record) by the time she left America?”

6 ‘How many years (live) abroad by the time she died?"

£ Circle the correct form

1 How long the meeting will/will the meeting list?

2 She every few minutes phones her friends/phones her friends every few minutes

3 Who with did you go out last night/did you go out with last night?

4 I hate my car ~ it always breaks/is always breaking down!

5 I'll wait by/antil you're ready

6 He used to be/would be very thin

7 Nearly every/all apartment is occupied

8 After playing/play tennis I have a shower

5 write questions The words underlined are the answers

1 She works ina bank

2 I got the book from the library

3 Yes, 1 should be more carefil

4 Tom invited me to the party

5 The plane leaves from Kennedy Airpo!

6 Yos, I had already paid for the tickets

7 My car was stolen last night

8 The book was about a young politicia

9 We've been living here for six months

10 Sarah told me the news

Write the words in the correct order

1 visit/my father/I/most afternoons

2 reads/a newspaper/rarely/she

3 all/we/from time to time/get lost

5 work late/have to/we/twice a week

E] Write the verbs in the correct form

11 (have) dinner when you phoned last night

2 We (already/ leave)

3 He's so bad-tempered He (always/get)

4:1 (think) about the problem right now

5 I (usually/prefer) coffee to tea

by the time Brian arrived

angry with people

6 Before (go)

7 1 (never/be)

8 '(gou/enjoy)

9 Ac the moment the traffic (get) worse,

10 Before I (go) out, I phoned my daughter

to bed, I always read a book

to Peru before last year

the meal?"*Yes, it’s delicious

Rewrite the sentences with the expression in brackets

Every night 1 went for a run (would)

We had two beautiful cats (used to)

1

2

3 Did you live in Argentina? (used to)

4 They met every Sunday (would)

5 1 didn't have a computer (used to)

the correct word

[fl Complete the gaps

1 of my friends live in Mexico (all/every)

2 Wes a cold day (fairly/quite)

3 We stayed there the evening, (whole /all)

4

s

of the two bedrooms has a bathroom (every/each)

That's 4 strange thing to say! (very/rather)

& Correct the mistakes

1 ‘Who did ting you?’ John did’

2.1 worked in the bank during two years

3 There is still alla month before my birthday

4 There is a quite a lot of food in the fridge

5 Your parents should have got here until now

“1E lEft 10 minutes ago

Present perfect or past simple? » Verb forms page 65

We use the past simple to talk about actions that began and finished in the past

T met her yesterday I worked in a bank when I was younger

We use the present perfect to talk about actions/situations that:

« bogatt and finished in the (recent) past but affect the present

Look! The aircraf’s Gust) landed They'll be with us soon

+ continue from the past until now

ve been 2 teacher all my life

ve seen hin: today ((is sill oday) 1 saw him this morning (Ic is now afternoon evening.)

We usually use a definite time expression (lastnight, tov weeks ago) with the past simple

to talk about completed actions at a specific time in the past

We use yer/still/aready + present perfect to talk about things that have happened (or nnot happened) up to now Have you read the book yet? He still hasn't rung me She’

already seen the film

We use How long? for/since + present perfect/present perfect continuous to talk about situations/actions that started in the past and are continuing now I've worked/been working here for 10 years

1 Llike Hakan 1 first, #@é_ (meeQ hìm at

university and we Beremaiied (remain) friends ever since

2 Where is Agnes now? I (not/see) her for ages We (go) out together once after we first (meet) but the evening, (not/be) a great success

3 Apparently, Tomas (leave) home at half-past-six but he

(Gtill/not/arrive) Do you know where he is?

4 Monika (play) clarinet for the local orchestra for about two years now She (first/take up) the instrument when her sister

(buy) her one for her birthday

5 Its late 'm going home to bed By the way,

6 Hurry up! The concert (already/star)

(you/not/get) a taxi yer?

[J Write about you Use the past simple or present perfect

3 Te often

X7-šW6d better sĩt down

‘should/ought to/had better/If | were you

` were you, Id eave now

‘You should (definitely) read it ~ its a great book (recommendation)

You (certainly) shouldn’t go to work today — you really don't look well (advice)

es cold You'd (really) better wear a coat (Ic a yood thing to do now ~ stronger than

should/ought to Ha beer refers to the present or the fare, not the past)

DShould, ought 1, had better are modals He should/ought to NOT He-shouldeLoughtsto

@Should is more common than ought fo We do not usually use: ought to in negatives:

ought to/had berter in questions

LE This woman's son is having problems

sleeping Rewrite the sentences, using the

word in brackets in the positive or negative

1 It'.a good idea for your son to get more regular

cerceel Gia)

Your sow should get more regular exercise

2 It not a good idea for him to eat a large meal_ before bedtime (should)

a large meal before bedtime

3 It might be a good idea to buy him a different mattress (if)

a different mattress

4/1 don't think he should watch so much TV in the evenings (better)

so much TV in the evenings

5 It’s a good idea for hàm to go to bed earlier (ought)

to bed earlier,

i Complete this email with the words in the box in the positive or

negative and any other words you need

better/carry beter/chmb get leave ought/wear _should/go

TA) L were, fo Du, Td get 2 weather forecast first ~ conditions can

your feet will get very sore otherwise It's very easy to get lost, so you

the details of your planned route with a friend As It's your first walk in these

<7.ïĐ8ÿØtfthink you could

Requests Will you/Would you/Can you (informal) Could you please

Do you think you could

I wonder/was wondering if you could

I don't suppose you could

‘Would it be possible for you to

Do/Would you mind

I wonder/I was wondering if you'd mind

\We all nor for the negatives Would you not touch/Would you mind not touching, that vase?

We aul possibly to make an expression more polite: Do you think you could possibly ?

@'Do you mind / Would you mind ?“Of course not?/"Not at all’ (= yes) When we cannot say ‘yes’ to a request we usually apologise and give a reason:

‘Can you make some coffee? ‘I'm sorry, | can’t, I've gọt to go”

carry my suitcase for me?

‘carrying my suitcase for me?

[J Write the verb in the correct form

1 ‘Idon't suppose you could help (help) ,Ä

5 ‘1 was wondering if you (mind/look after) my suitcase for a

few minutes?’ *No, of course not!

[5 Make these requests more polite

Fill in this form!*Would you mind fling in this forme „

“Do me a favour! ‘I wonder

“Don't make so much noise!"*Do you think

4 ‘Give me a lift into tow

5 ‘Lend me some mone

6 Don't drop litter in the street!""Would you mind

before/after/as soon as/while

Main clause Future time clause (verb in the present)

Close the window before ‘you go out

We'll alk about it after get back

Let me know

soon as You can borrow my car while you hear any news T'm in Scotland

We usually use a comma if the time clause comes first:

Before you leave, come and see me

LE) Complete the sentences with before, after, as soon as or while

1 I'll have a word with the manager before I decide what to do

get the results

3 Can you hold this

4 THlook for a job soon

5 Get to the exhibition at least two hours

very much

1 put the rubbish outside?

I graduate

Ít closes or you won't see

6 Would you give her the message she phones?

B correct the mistakes in the messages

' li: Don't forget to clean|

your friends will leave

— Tall the kids to go to

a

AS soon as the bed as som asthe — | 6 Can you wash the dihes

@ ring?

¬

Reflexive pronouns; own; each other/one another

We ase reflexives pronouns

«when the object of the verb is the same as the subject He made himself an omelette (be made an omelette for himsel)

swith some verbs when there is no direct object behave/enjoy yoursel {ro stress a noun The job itself wasn't difficult, but I had to work long hours, {with by co mean ‘alone’, She went to the cinema by herself,

We use oun co micans*without help’ (He euts his own hair) ‘alone’ (She went on her own) ‘belonging co no other person’ (This is my own room.)

We use euch other/one another when one or more person docs something to or for the

‘oder person(s) They talked to each other/one another They wrote down each other's/one another's address

L\ Underline the correct answer to complete the college rules

COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL

1 We live as a community ~ don't just think about yourself/your own/each other

2 Help you/one another/your own at all times

3 Don't walk around the grounds yourself/yourselves/on your own at nights

4 We don’t have cleaners — you will need to do yourselves/your own/by yourself cleaning

5 You will all need photos of yourself/yourselves/one another/each other for your ID cards

6 The residence is open at the weekends but the college by itself/on its own/itself is closed

7 Students must not be in each other/each other’s/one another rooms after midnight

COLLEGE

[Bl Complete the sentences

1 Te bought a book and I'm teaching Wy/self to play the quitar

4 Sometimes ny friends meet in the Common Room and we help with our projects

6 Tm really enjeyirg = the course is great, and the people are very kind

Pe

KI-XSWEƒfiữfØff 4 coat to keep warm

Clauses of purpose: in order that/so that; in order to/so as to/to; in case

‘We use clauses of purpose to answer the question What for? or Why?

+ present tense (for the future)/

past tense (for the past)

+ nounl-ing

I hurried so as not to miss the bus | hurried in order not to iiss the bus hurriec

0 (that) I wouldn’t miss the bus NOT Hrttried- net-te-missthe-bus

NOT Fake your mobile phone if need-ro-speskte-you:

EY Underline the correct answers in these

extracts from a biography about the TV

natural historian, Sir David

Attenborough

1 Sir David Attenborough travels round

the world t0/so that film wild life programmes

for TV

2 He takes classical music CDs with him in case/so

that he gets bored on flights

3 The film crew spend many months preparing in

order to/for make sure they get good pictures

4 They use special equipment for/in order to filming at night

5 He works with the world’ best scientists so that/so as to he understands as

much as possible about his subjects

6 He whispers when filming so as not to/not to disturb the animals and to/for

nake us feel we are really there

[Xl Complete the sentences

1 Sir David Attenborough uses a personal style of story telling É2

3 In one programme he went into the water in listen to whale songs for himself

4 He doesn't like going into dark caves the only animals he hates!

5, He travelled 260,000 miles

there are rats there ~ they are his programme on birds

Complete these extracts from an environmental website In some

5 We sometimes use non-violent protest (achieve) our aims,

6 Campaign against whaling (we/protect) the whales

D Complete these sentences Use to, so as (net) to, so that, for, in order to, in case

1 What are you studying English for?

Tivorder to get a good job when I leave college

2 Why do people make lists before they go shopping?

3 Do you exercise regularly? What for?

4 Why do some people take travellers cheques when they travel abroad?

5 Have you got a laptop computer? What for?

© Why shouldn’e we drink too much coffee in a day?

prefer + nounl-ing

tea to coffee (novn)/swimming to jogging (-iny)

T (much) prefer 1 sJeep/sleeping late than to get up/getting up eaty (in gen!)

‘d prefer + toinfntive

to go out (ater) than (to) stay at home Come on, let’ go

ese not to go out Let's stay at home (particular situation)

'd rather/d sooner + bare infinitive

Td sooner

1d (much/far) rathe (not) go by car (particular situation)

(A) prefer you to 1(d) prefer it it you I'd rather you I'd sooner you

1 prefer you to cook./TM prefer it if you cooked/didn’t cook (uow or in the frre)

Id rather/“d sooner you cooked (didn’t cook) (now or in the future)

1d rather/sooner he'd (hadn't) come (in che pst)

EJ Two hotel guests are talking in their rooms

1 Tả nther not Ca ÌÊWe Wentinto town tonight

2 Tả sooner you b NewYork hotels to London hotels,

3 much prefer ¢ eat in the dining room Let's ask for room service

4 Vd prefer it d_we had booked somewhere quieter This is too noisy:

3 Td rather went down to complain rather than me,

EX Write answers using the word in brackets

"Letš watch TV?*NG, Tử rather goto the cinema *

“Do you want to be a teacher?" ‘No, I'd prefer

“Can I borrow your bike? ‘No, 1'd prefer it

‘Would you like an aspirin?’ ‘No, I'd rather not pills?

‘Let's play tennis?’ ‘No, I'd sooner we -

“Did you like New York?" ‘No, I'd rather we

(EMH PHoning her at home

Verb + -ing and/or to-it + with a change of meanin Please remember to post (0ì the fucurc) I remember posting (in the past) Don'e forget to post (ir the future) ll never forget meeting (in the past)

| regret to have to tell you (I'm telling you now) I regret telling you (in che past)

‘Try changing the (experiment) I tried to phone (nads an effort) She stopped to talk (stopped and changed activity) She stopped talking (no longer do)

We went on to explain (ioved to the next thing) He went on making noise (continued)

| didn’t mean to hurt (intend) I'll mean working hard (iivolve) + with lite change of meaning: hate/like love prefer; begin /start/continue, It began to rain/raining

Verbs of perception (fel, hea listen to, look, se, smell, taste, watch) can be followed by + object + ing: I heard him singing (activity in progress)

+ object + infinitive (+o): heard him sing (the complete event)

@Some verbs can only be followed by -ing (keep on) or to- infiisive (manage, plan)

1 a I remember getting/to get the Em =

tickets but I can‘ find them anywhere

b T must remember watching/to watch +

that DVD Pethaps I will this evening

2 a Don't forget meeting/to meet me outside at 6 o'clock O|

b Ul never forget seeing/to see my first James Bond film It was great

3 a I tried buying/to buy my favourite early Chaplin film but I couldn't find a

b Let’ stop having/to have a cup of coffee before we go to the cinema

@ The young couple went on talking/to talk after the film had started

b After le ảng the cinema we went on meeting/to meet our friends for dinner

© The film starts at 7 o'clock That means leaving/to leave now: | want to get

b Sorry 1 didn’ tell you about the film I meant phoning/to phone you last hight but I forgot

4 T saw him parking/park the car and cross the road

» We listened to them playing/to play outside the cinema

© Complete the sentences

1

( Write the verbs in the correct form in

‘The James Bond adventure Die Another Day tells

the story of billionaire Gustav Graves, who plans

different locations (Cuba, London, Iceland and

North Korea) as Bond, and American agent

Jinx, played by Halle Berry, try (6) š

(stop) the evil Graves

D Complete these sentences for you

AAs I walked in, one of the characters in the film was chasing Harry Potter

As | walked in, I saw one of the characters in the film _Chasiig Harry Power

Something quickly touched my arm in the dark

my arm in the dark, The person next to me dropped something on the floor

I felt something quickly

heard the person next to me something on the floor

‘Tania thought something was burning

Tania thought she could smell something

‘As we left the cinema a lot of people were queuing to get in

As we left the cinema we saw a lot people to get in

this film review

VOY (destroy) the world At the

(Gaffer) in prison but he is

(G0) free after his boss

LÄW8đ been working all day

Past perfect continuous

he/she

Had ñwe/ — been phying? youthey

(The past perfect continuous focuses on the activity, not the completed event

LY write the verbs in the past perfect continuous

1 Before you got here, (I/talk) 7 “4⁄4 beer talkiieg to my sister for about an hour

2 (ưnin)

3 My eyes were red when you got here because (U/cry) all morning so we decided to cancel our picnic,

5 1 sounded strange when you called because (I/sleep) [5 Write the verbs in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous

When the police stopped me I

(1) Aad been driving (drive) over the

speed limit for several kilometres The

reason was that a couple of hours before

hat, the hospital (2) (phone) to say that my wife was going to

have a baby later that evening I was very

(look forward to) this moment for so long, I didn’t realise how

fast I was driving Luckily, the police were sympathetic I told them I (3)

(only/try) to get to the hospital to be with my wife, and they sive me a warning, Unfortunately, though, I (6) (forget) the

\way to the hospital and by the time I got there our baby (7) (already/be) born,

ÍIWefieedn't have hurried

need (to)

I need to do some shopping You need to see a doctor (I think: it necessary)

You don’t need to/needn’t wash those dishes They're clean (think: it not necessary’)

@ Question: Does he need t0 2 or Need he

@Compare:You meedn’t send me an email (Ics not necessary) You mustn’t send me an

email (Don't send me an email les the wrong thing to do)

didn't need to/needn't have

‘There were plenty of seats of the train We didn’t need to stand (Ie wasn't necessary.)

There were plenty of seats of the train We needn’t have stood (It wasn't necessary but

wwe did stand)

E\ Complete the sentences with the

words in the box and need(n’t)

ask be de cat_ organize wear

1 You dot need to do an 1T training

course for this job, but it helps

2 You in the office by 8.55 am We start work promptly at 9.00

3 You your time carefully Its easy to spend the day doing

nothing

4 You a suit on Fridays We're allowed to be casual,

6 You in the canteen There’ a very good restaurant next door

EJ Rewrite the sentences with didn’t need to or needn't have

1 arrived early for the interview but it wasn’t necessary

1 needa have arrived.early for the interview

2 Ie wasn't necessary to spend the whole afternoon with the company so I didn’

31 was worried, but it wasn't necessary The interviewers were very friendly

4 They said it wasn't necessary to take any certificates, so [ left them at home

They said 1 any certificates, so I left them at home

5 I gave them the names of three referees but they only wanted two

wanted two

Test 2 (Units 11-20)

EY Circle the correct form

1 I still didn’t see/haven’t seen that film Is it still showing?

2 You ought to go/ought go to bed carly tonight

3 Do you think you possibly give/could possibly give me a hand?

4 I'll come as soon as | finish/will finish work

5 She went on holiday by herself/her own

6 Take an umbrella so that/in case it rains

7 I'd prefer you phone/it if you phoned when you arrive tomorrow

8 Sorry! I didn't mean interrupt/to interrupt/interrupting you

9 1 was very tired because I've been working/'d been working hard all day

10 I needn’t have caught/didn’t need to catch the bus because Tom gave me a lift

© write the verbs in the correct form

there since

2 ‘How long (you/decorate) your house now?"‘For about two months.)

4 Before you (eave) London next week, you (should/go) to a show

5 1d prefer

to a restaurant (cat) at home tonight than (go) out

6 I remember (lend) you 20 dollars Can you give it back?

7 1 wish I could stop (snceze)!

81 (work) in Tokyo for six months when I decided I needed

Complete the gaps with one word

1 ‘Do you mind clodng the door?* atall?

2 Look after yourself we're away on holiday!

3 Remind me to give you my address you leave, or 1 might forget

that 1 can study in Britain,

5 I'm going out buy some bread,

6 My brother and I don't speak to

myself!

8 Sometimes | like to go to the theatre my own

9 ‘Oh, dear! Have you hurt ?'*No, it’ all right I'm OK?

10 They enjoy another's company enormously

4 I'm learning English

other very much

7 Don't leave me here

BD) Complete the gaps with one of the alternatives in brackets

1 If you've got a headache, why don't you try

2 Can you smell something —? (cook/to cook/cooking)

5 He said hello and then went on why he had come (say/to say/saying)

G Rewrite the sentences with the word(s) in brackets

1 You shouldn't stay up too late (better)

2 She should buy some new clothes (ought)

3 Turn off the light! (think/could)

4 Don't drive so fast! (would/mind)

5 Call a taxi (wondering/could)

6 I won't go out because he might call (in case)

7 Weil prefer to stay at home (rather)

8 Td sooner you left now (prefer/if)

9 Ie isn't necessary for us to stand (need)

10 Make an effort to be calm (try)

Gd Correct the mistakes

1 Shakespeare has written at least 35 plays

2 I went to Italy for to learn Italian

3 Please don’t forget watering the plants when we're away

4 The fridge was empty Our guests had been eating everything

5 You mustn't pay to get into the museum, It'S free

1/ When you press this switch,

We use the first conditional (or e

+ present the TV comes on

nts/situations that may or may not happen

If + present + modal (wil, may etc), going to, imperative

If it’s cold tonighe, TT light a Bre./ ’m going to stay in./don’t go out!

We can also use as long as, provided that, even if unles, only if whether or not to introduce conditions

T'll cook dinner as long as/provided that/only if you do the washing up

He won' go to the party even if/whether or not he's invited

Unless I/IF I don’t wear glasses, I cant see a thing

We can use this conditional for promises, predictions, permission and warnings

EY Underline the correct answers

1 In Saudi Arabia, even if/provided that it’s very hot, men should wear a full business suit

2 Americans might say ‘Let's do lunch’, but don't expect an invitation if/unless they say when!

3 In China, if/even if you are the guest of honour ata dinner, no one will leave before you

4 In India, if/unless you are offered tea or a soft drink, it’s impolite to refuse

5 In the UK, iffas long as you're invited to a colleague's home, don’t talk about business if/anless your host starts the conversation

6 Even if/Provided that you only know a few words, Russians welcome any attempt to speak thei language

7 In Japan, don't be surprised iff provided that there are periods of silence during meetings

8 As long as/When you get into a lift in Germany, you should say ‘hello’ to the other people in it

EÄ Write the verbs in the correct form

1 lfyou É/4€É _ (touch) another person,

you should apologise (apologise)

immediately

will be late

3 Provided that it

1 If someone invites me to dinner, J is take a gift (take a gift/be late)

2 Unless I know someone very well,

(use first names/touch)

3 Even if | know someone quite well,

(kiss/ask personal questions)

(be late/dress casually)

D) Continue these sentences using the words in brackets

1 It would be much quicker if we flee direct to Luxor (y/direct/Luxor)

a visa (not/travel; you/have)

a Nile cruise (have/more time)

4 We by 6.00p.m as long as the plane

delayed (be/there; not/be)

Ombo for the day (get)

1 *m (net) sed to the noise/getting up early (= (not) accustomed

British food/working late (= becoming she SE set accustomed to)

EX Underline the correct form

1 He got used to wear/wearing 2 T used to be/being 3 She didn’t use to spend/spending 4 They aren't used to eat/eating § We can't get used to work/working 6 Did you use to swim/swimming?

[] What things do you have to get used to? Complete the sentences

in any way you I

When you get married you have to get used to sharing your life with someone

If you suddenly become famous you have to

When you retire you have to When you first leave home you have to

When you have a baby you have to

@ Use the correct form of used to to complete this letter

lan to 0) get used to have) my

summer in December! Luckily, Fm meeting lots of

all the time Travelling here is easy - the roads are great ~ but it's taking me

and stay for a few weeks?

[Mike film’s about to finish

Future forms

To talk about planned or fixed events we use

«going Tim going to get a new job I'm tired of this one (already devided/an itv

+ present contintious: Pm seeing the doctor tomorrow: (personal arrangement already made)

+ present simple: My French classes finish next week (public timetable/progsanniie)

+ be fo: The Queen is to visit Canada next year (formal official arrangements)

+ be due to: The shop is due to open at 9.00 (expected to happen at a particular time)

To talk about unplanned events we use will/hal!

Wait PH help you (spontaneous decision: offers, promises, requests, refusals)

‘To talk about predictions we use

+ going to: She's going to have a baby (we can see now thar itis certain vo happen)

+ will/shall: Tom will fail his driving test (personal opinion based on our experience)

To talk about events that are close to happening we use about to:

(Our visitors are Gust) about to leave (soon, but not a specific time)

To talk about how sure we are about something (probability) we use

+ be (ujlitely o:The country’s likely to get richer next year

+ thik expos, be sure, modils:1 think/expect/"m sure we'll be late, We might be late

EY Replace the words in italics with one of the phrases in brackets in

the correct form

The directors are expected to

to/be due to)

‘The manager will soon

make an announcement shortly (be about

buy some new players (be about to/be likely to) The team will probably do very well this year (be to/be likely to)

‘The manager is expected t0 talk to the press later (be due to/be likely to)

He will make an important announcement (be to/be about to)

Underline the correct form

U'm free on Saturday 1 won’t work/’m_not working

I've decided to go to the match I'll get/’m going to get a ticket later

Do you want to come with me? | take/’m taking the car

Don’t worry about buying a ticket I'm going to get/"ll get one for you at the

same time

5 We can leave about 12 We'll be/"re going to be there by 2.00

6 That’ plenty of time The match isn’t starting/doesn’t start until 3.00

1 Theat you 72 ee (1) (go) to the beach later this morning

C¥s, we (2) (meet) some friends there (Recording to the forecast, the weather (@) (be) lovely today

OTe (6) (take) Harika to the race on Saturday Do you want to come?

—— (9) (fly) to New York on business in a few (10) (about to/leave) for the airport I'd like to

You'd better hurry The roads (11) (be) very crowded at this ` time of night

OK Bye I (12) (see) you tomorrow

D) What would you say in these situations? Use a future form

You're talking about when you retire aw going to take up photography

‘The phone rings You offer to answer it You want to know the time of the last train : You say what you've decided to buy your father for his birthday = You're talking about the President’s next visit to the ƯK — —

You're talking about your diary for next week

Ies very cold and the sky has suddenly gone dark You're predicting the result of the next match, You're talking about life in a 100 years time

AHVeune

Z⁄ãTWefeãren''t nearly as many

Countable nouns e.g people, bags,

cars etc

50 manyllew, far moreffewer, many more;

(not) (nearly) as many

‘There were so many/so few people there

It was awful

There were far more/far fewer people

there than lst year

‘There were many more people there than

sas year

There aren’t (nearly) as many cars as,

there were yesterdiy

In the negative we can also say not so much/m

LE) Underline the correct answer

Uncountable nouns e.g bread,

luggage, time ete

$0 muchllitle; far morefless; much more;

(not) (nearly) as much

‘There was so much/so little time (hat)

‘we didn’t know what to do

‘There was far more/far less time than wwe had expected

‘There was much more time than we had expected

T haven't got (nearly) as mach luggage as

Í thought

iY but not as is more common

1 We've had so much/so many/as many rain this year Everything's soaked

2 think we've had so many/as much/so much snow as last year, if not more

3 There have been so little/so few/as many sunny days 1 hope the weather

improves,

4 I don't agree There have been far more/far less/nearly as much fine days

than last year

There has been much more/far fewer/so many sunshine

6 We haven't had so much/far less/as many storms

Ej Complete the sentences

1 There arent 4/0/07 good bands

as there were last year

2 I've seen so

vs wonderful happy faces

3 Why are there far police

car? There should be more

4 There’ so good music to

enjoy Everyone has a good time

There's far

exotic food for sale than 1 expected I'm a bit disappointed

It didn't cost me nearly money to get here this year came by coach

5

6

7 There aren't nearly wonderfill costumes as I was expecting,

8 There’ so excitement here | love it,

where/whatlwholhowhwhenlwhy + else?

some(-one), any(-one), no(-one), every(-one) + else some(-one/-body/-thing/-where)

any(-one/-body/-thing/-where) no-one/-body/-thing/-where) every(-one/-body/-thing/-where)

‘We haven't got anywhere else to go (= any other place) Everybody else is out

Dele has a possessive form: That's somebody else's jacket

@There is no plural form some other people NOT seme-people-ebe-

@We cannot say:AWhich-elsen? Whose elem?

che

+ eke

E\ Complete the interview with a detective Use a question word, or

a some-, any-, no-, every- word, with else

1 The woman in the flat above was at home but

everyone else was ou

R5 had a front door key?"‘No-one?

3 ‘Did you leave the wallet by mistake?"*No, nowhere I'm sure I didn’t!

Only me?

s¢ did they take?"*Nothing Just the money”

6 did you go last night?" Nowhere, Just the cinema

7 There was car parked outside when I left 1 don't know whose

it was It didn’t belong to anyone here

8 ‘Have you gọt to say? “No, nothing”

i Complete the sentences with e/se and any other words you need

1+ Who else had a key?" ‘Tanya did’

2 broke the window It wasn't me,

‘She also said that she was going

3 did the woman upstairs say away for the weekend.’

4 [haven't looked in the car but I've looked Ặ

5 could the robber have got in? Through the window?

6 [went to the cinema because I had to do

about the robber;