.All living things: are made of cells; obtain food to make energy; grow and develop, reproduce, respond and adapt to their environment.. Cells: • lack a rigid cell wall present in plant
Trang 1Wh t I Life science, also called biology, IS the study of living things
a s .The term biology comes from the Greek words bios (life) and logos (knowledge).
Li"e Science? All living things: are made of cells; obtain food to make energy; grow and develop, reproduce, respond and adapt to
their environment
Cells:
• are the basic unit of structure for all
• create, modify, and utilize proteins
which direct all cellular activity
• compose and manage nearly every
aspect of living organisms
• carry messages that control how
organisms move, eat, and react
• can be eukaryotic (contain a
membrane-bound nucleus) or
prokaryotic (do not contain a
membrane-bound nucleus)
• are microscopic meaning they can
Organisms:
• can be unicellular or consist of a
• can be multicellular or consist of
people)
AnI Cells:
• lack a rigid cell wall (present in plant cells); therefore, animal cells:
ism
-can change
- can sometimes
surround and engulf other cells or
(organisms only visible through
- can transport substances
themselves rela
tivelyeasily
• most animal cells:
lysosome
- are surrounded by a cell membrane
- are centered around a nucleus
cell membrane : • encloses the cell : • is semi-permeable, allowi1.lg
, some substances to move m and out of the cell
: fills the cell
endoplasmic ! • transports proteins to other
G?~~omplex! • s~?r.e.s p.~?~~.i~~
dangerous substances mitochondrion • converts food particles and
oxygen into energy
: that happens in the cell
direct most cellular activity
Plant Cells:
- are mostly square or rectangular in shape
- are easily distinguished from animal cells
HOW IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER Organelle:
cell membrane
! Primary Function{s):
• encloses the cell
• is semi-permeable, allowing some substances to move in and out of the cell
I Cellular Digestion, Respiration,
I Growth & Division
DIGESTION:
- obtain oxygen through the respiratory system
• plant cells:
- obtain food through photosynthesis
upright
into energy
rough
complex
with necessary
new cells and organisms
Trang 2Cells (continued)
GROWTH & DIVISION: DNA, Genes C o are passed from parent to offs
GENES: o usually occur within the nucleus as matching pairs
same number of chromosomes
through meiosis - the nucleus divides in
ti ns for how cells should act
ofONA
o If all of the DNA from a single human being wen~
lined up end to end, it would stretch to the moon
Classification System
rest of the plant
energy sources
parts of the plant
duction
roots by osmosis
leaves
the sun
Photosynthesis
Flowering Plant Reproduction
POLLINATION:
o
Trang 3
-Animals
• Animals are multicellular organisms, where each cell has a true nucleus
• Animals obtain the energy they need by eating other organisms
• Some animals eat only plants (herbivores); some eat only animals (carnivores); and
some eat both animals and plants (omnivores)
• Biologists divide the animal kingdom into two major groups: invertebrates (without
a backbone) and vertebrates (with a backbone)
• Invertebrates make up about 98% of all as an organizational pattern:
animal species on Earth - bilateral (mirror-image) symmetry: an
• With such an immense variety of life, the imaginary line divides animals into equal
only shared trait is the lack of a backbone and similar halves
• Some have specialized internal organs - radial symmetry: animals are equally
and systems; others have no specialized and similarly divided by rays from a
organs at all central point
• Invertebrates have a very basic nervous
system and usually act according to
instinct
Phyla: ; Characteristics: Examples:
-
Annelids : • have segmented bodies : segmented worm
: • have elongated, cylindrical bodies : earthworm, leec
~ • are bilaterally symm
Arthropods • have segmented bodies ~ insects (dragonfly, bee,
• have jointed limbs : ant), arachnids (spider,
• have a hard exoskeleton ! scorpion), crustaceans
• most belong to major groups: ~ (crab, lobster, krill),
- insects (have 6 gs) : centipede, millipede
- arachnids (have 8 legs)
- crustaceans (have 10 or more legs)
• form the largest group of invertebrates
Echinodenns • have star-shaped bodies and live in ~ starfish, sea urchin
Mollusks • have soft, muscular bodies : snail, clam, octopus
• most have a shell inside or outside
their bodies
• Vertebrates make up about 2% of all animal isms with many specialized organs and
species on Earth interconnected systems:
• Vertebrates belong to only one of 30 phyla - systems include: circulatory, digestive,
in the animal kingdom endocrine, immune & lymphatic, integu
• They are characterized by a spinal column mentary, muscular, nervous, reproduc
composed of boney vertebrae tive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary
• The spinal column provides structural support - vertebrates have a highly-developed
to the body and protects the spinal cord nervous system
Type: Characteristics: : E.'.'~~ ,I ~~:
Amphibians : • can live in water (have gills) or on land (have lungs) : frog, toa
: • have smooth, moist ski
: • lay e
• are cold-blooded (cannot regulate their b
temperature)
Fish • live in water : goldfish, shark,
• breathe through gills ! ray
• use fins to swim
• have bodies covered with scales
• are cold-blooded
Reptiles ; • have bodies covered with s ales : zard, snake
: • breathe with lungs :
~ • lay leathery-shelled eggs on dry lan
Birds • have wings with feathers parrot, ostrich,
• have beaks
• lay eggs with hard shells
• are warm-blooded (can regulate their body
temperature)
.,
Mammals • have bodies covered with hair or fur : whale, dog,
• give birth to fully-developed young that grow : kangaroo,
inside mother's body : human
• are fed with mother's milk
• are warm-blooded
Monera, Protists, ~ ngi
Monera are bacteria, or single-celled organisms without a true nucleus
• Bacteria reproduce through fission; cocci spirilla
othe
- through this genetic transforma-antibodies/
• All bacteria require carbon to grow and reproduce
• Bacteria can be classified according to shape, oxygen requirements for survival, and source of carbon
-shape:
o exist as rods (bacilli) spheres (cocci) and spira
o aerobic bacteria - need oxygen for survival
o anaerobic bacteria - do not need oxygen and may die in its pres
o autotrophic bacteria (autotrophs) - obtain carbon from carbon dioxide:
> some contain chlorophyll and photosynthesize food and energy
> autotrophs depend on energy from inorganic sources
o heterotrophic bacteria (heterotrophs) - obtain carbon from their
environment:
> most bacteria are heterotrophs
> heterotrophs depend on energy from organic sources
> contain enzymes on their cell surfaces that break down organic
matter
> possess enzymes capable of breaking down cell walls in plants
> convert solid matter into compounds, which are then absorbed
> break down these compounds into carbohydrates, sugars, and acids
Protists are mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms
• Some protists are multicellular
• Protists are classified according to ty e: anima plant-like, and fungus-like
o have complex life cycles
o active ly move through their environment
o may consume other organisms
o examples include amoeba and paramecium
amoeb a
- plant-like:
o us
energy
o form integral part of food web in watery e
o produce spores to reproduce and
o can surround and ingest food
o can move through their environment
o examples include some molds
• Protists can reproduce sexually (spores) and asexually (binary fission)
Fungi are mostly multicellular organisms
• Some fungi are single-celled
• Fungi are heterotrophs - they do not make their own food:
- some secrete enzymes to break down food into smaller substances and components
- some are parasites that feed off other plants and animals
- some are symbionts that live together with other organisms to mutual benefit
• Fungi have no means of independent transportation - they cannot move
on their own
• Examples include mushrooms, molds and yeast
Trang 4-
-What Is Ecolog!
• much of the land remains frozen year-round daylight hours Taiga • located in the northern hemisphere ! •
Ecological OrganIzatIon BlOME: • bordered on the north by tundra and on the i •
• contains approximately one-third of all
• is an organism belonging to a particular • climate determines the types of
• is identified by its flora (plants) ! ~ ~e~ ~:
• is a group of organisms of the same spe and fauna (animals) - coniferous forests (contain mostly cone- • long, cld winters
,
• is the total count of individuals within a biomes
- deciduous forests (contain mostly trees • mild temperature group
that seasonally shed their leaves) , • abundant rainfall
of evergreen trees that receive a large , temperature
• is made up of populations of different • is the living part of the planet
amount of rainfall) : • 80 or more inchesofrain
species living together in the same area • extends from just above to just
• • • • • u • • u • • • • • • • per~
• these organisms usually interact and below Earth's surface
Grasslands i •mostly flat with some rolling areas • semiarid (dry, but not as
depend on each other
dry as a desert)
• is a system in which biotic (living) organ 250,000,000 trees could be left
Desert i •little or no vegetation : • hot and dry
• abiotic environments include things such
Mountain : high altitude ' • can vary depending on
saves enough enerh'Y to run a
television for three hours
• is a relationship between organisms of two secures its required food and energy by living on or in species in which one organism (g est) lives on or in
receive'some benefit • is usually beneficial to the parasite and harmful to the • is beneficial to the guest organism
Food Chain & Web • Producers:
- can use nonliving matter to produce food
FOOD CHAIN: • is a series of organisms ~ - are usually plants that use the sun's energy to photo- • Decomposers:
- must eat other organisms for nourishment (nutri
ents and energy):
o herbivores eat only plants
o carnivores eat only animals
• energy passes from the
or-o or-omnivor-ores eat bor-oth plants and animals
- are classified by their place in the food chain:
o primary consumers eat producers
• food chains illustrate one possible series of links o tertiary consumers eat secondary (and primary) • illustrates multiple food chains and a possible
series of links consumers
• is the continuous movement of water o water drop cloud formation between Earth and the atmosphere lets in clouds
• is the process by
snow
o water changes from a liquid to a Earth
are exchanged
runoff gas (water vapor)
and anim
between plants
o water vapor is released into the fall as rain
o water vapor enters the atmosphere, bodies of
- plants use c rbon
is cooled, and converts to a liquid water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers
dioxide and
o clouds form when water vapor produce oxygen (photosynthesis)
condenses in the atmosphere
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