IIldIlJ IIl.jj ph01OCOP}... 2% 11 3- 12 .2 WITti % OF OCCURRENCE Isotopes have the same number of protons , La but different numbers of neutrons.
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ALKALI
METALS
ALKALINE
EARTH
METALS
••" - mass number of the most stable isotope for each radioactive element
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REFERENCE : CRC Handb ook of Chem i slry Z
and Physi c s' 81s1 editi o 2000·2 0 0t _ a:
I-=;==:ri.=::-t.t:=~='i~=:-I;:;~~=r~== t:t=:",:::::r;==-I===~=::-CONTENT ADVISOR : Mark Jackson PhD ~W
Chem i s t ry Pr o fessor· Fl o rida At l antic Uni v ersity CJ oo 1-:-:- ,-7 ". +-~""""-::-:~~f.: ,-~-+"'=~-+~ ~ +-~ ~ +~~~=:;~+-:-7-
::-DESIGN I LAYOUT: John Ford CEO <C
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to aUract electrons in a chemical bond
Atomic Radius:
Given in "pm" ; 1 p m = 1 xlO " m
Ionic Radius:
Given in " pm "; 1 pm = lxl0 '· m
Electron Affinity:
Energy released in the formation of an
anion ; given in ' · eV"
1st Ionization Potential:
Energy requir e d to remove one electron,
Trang 3-
-~Ii:d-=- kt.;;>l" ' waW 1 r
D solid - for solid, most stable crystal form
h" Dliquid mom h ga' 0" ' ga' 0.53 85 o gas: g/Iiter (OOe and 1atm) 2 34 2.26 '125 '1.43 '1 70 '.90
"'"
K Ca Sc n V Cr Mn Fe Co NI Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
Ic<; he, he, !xx bee b<X he, foe he, onho mom he, liquid gao 0.B9 ,, 2.99 4.51 6.0 7.15 7.3 7.87 8.86 890 8.96 "4 5.91 5.32 5 72 '.80 3.1 2 ''373
Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe
Ic<; he, he, he, Icc he, ,ot", let", mom he, 1.53 2.64 4.47 6.52 8.57 10.2 11 1 2.1 12.4 12.0 10.5 8,69 Ul 7,26 668 6.24 4 9 2 '5 89
"'"
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb BI Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
he, he, b« !xx he, he, le< liQuid he, I« mom - ga, 1.93 3.62 6.15 13 _ 3 16.4 19.3 20.8 22.6 22.5 215 19,3 13.53 11 8 11.3 9.79 - ' 9.73
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Oy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu 5.0 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu
"'" 'cc I« he, he, he, mom !xx he, he, he, he, he, he, toe he, 6.77 6.77 7.01 7.26 7.52 5.24 7.90 8.23 8.55 8.80 9.07 9.32 690 9.84
0_
'&lra on mono he, he, he, he, he, - - - - 11.7 15.4 19.1 20.2 19.7 13.6 13.5 14.8 - - - - -
cubic =SIMPLE CUBIC; "" bee _ BODY-CENTERED CUBIC ;
""""
K Ca Sc TI V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc TI V Cr Mn Fe Co NI Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
77.5 1500 :lOS 0 429.0 ." 348.' 219.7 3510 382' 371.8 3046 115.5 2540 3340 31.9 95.-48 2996 9.08 759 '484 2836 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927 291:1 256 2 907 ,,204 28:1.1 603", 685 59 -153
Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe
692 1390 393.0 581.6 696.6 594 , 585.0 567.8 -495.-4 393.0 255.1 99.87 226 • 290 67.9 1141 4157 1257 688 1382 3345 4409 4744 4639 4265 41 5 0 3695 2963 2162 767 2 072 2602 1587 988 ' 84 -10 8
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb BI Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
65.8 140.0 , ." , 7531 7991 707.1 6276 563.' 510.5 324.0 59.11 162.1 179.5 151.0 1010 - 18.1 1897 3464 '603 5458 5555 5596 5012 4428 3825 2856 357 147 3 1 74 9 1564 96 2 - ·62
'"
Fr Ra A Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu Fr Ra Ac
- 3198 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Oy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu
3.00 7.9 Solid Liquid 6.Hfus at melting point 50.2 117 0.71 0.44 0.51 0.33 181 1287 tp = triple point 2075 4492tp ·210 -219 2 201p ·2 49
K Ca Sc TI V Cr Mn Fe Co NI Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
2.33 ' 54 14.10 14 15 215 210 12.91 1 38 1 1 2 17 48 13.26 732 5 59 36 94 24.44 '.69 10.57 1.64 64 842 1541 1668 1910 1907 1246 1538 1495 1455 1085 42Q 30 939 81 7 tp 221 ~7 -I S7Ip
Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe
'"
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
209 7.12 8.20 27 2 36 57 5231 60.43 57.85 41.12 22 17 1 2 S5 22 4 14 477 11.3 - - 2.89 28 727 918 2233 3017 3422 3186 3033 24" 1768 106 ~39 304 328 2 71 254 302 ~ 71
- 715 14.2 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Oy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu 27 700 1051 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu
5.4 6 6 89 7.14 77 8.62 9 21 10_0 1 0.15 11.06 17.0 19.9 1684 7.66 220 798 931 1021 1042 1 07 4 822 1313 1356 1 4 12 1 4 1 29 15 819 ' 663
LI Be J/(g K) (at 25°C and 1atm) B C ~ O2 F2 He LI Be W/(cm K) (at 25°C and 1atm, W = watt) B C N2 O2 F2 He
K Ca Sc TI V Cr Mn Fe Co NI Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc n V Cr Mn Fe Co NI Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe Rb Sr V Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 12 Xe
Cs Be La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb BI Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
012 Cs 01 010 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu - - Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu
0.1 9 - 0.20 0.1 8 024 O te 0 11 0 17 017 0.1 6 0 16 0 1 5 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.1 5 0.1 3 0 1 4 0.10 0.11 0.11 0 1 6 0.15 0.17 039 016
4 Iron K Ca Sc n V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga """'" Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Calcium 20900 41500 22 5650 120 102 950 56300 25 84 60 70 1.5 1.8 oos 2.4 <0001
"
90 370 33 165 20 .- 0.00 1 0.00 1 00 1 5 0 0 75 0 1 5 0.25 23 02 0.00 1 0 4 5 .000 1
7 Magnesium Cs Ba La Hf Ta W " Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb BI Po At Rn
0.00 1
8 Potassium 3 425 39 3 2 1.3 <0.001 0.002 0.005 0004 0085 085 0009 <0.00 1 <000' <0001
9 Titanium <0.001 Fr -<DOO Ra I <0Ac 001 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Vb Lu
10 Hydrogen 66.5 92 41 5 < 00 1 7.05 2.0 '2 12 52 t3 35 0.52 3.2 0
Th Pa U
9.' <0.00 1 27 - , , _ .-~ -_ - , -
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:
~ 1.~t ~I4"fil l
M =Generic symbol for element in compound; E =Element raw material form; A =Alloy, blend or mixture; C =Compound; Bold =Most Important Use
=~~s ~c~e ~I~um~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~ ~~~ -~~,,~~ -_iti ~~~~,
_ Li E ~~~~~';ak.r Batteries acids: metal hyd rides H(1-)
: - Atomic clocks , infrared lam s coolant, b a tteries C - Salt , soda, l a ss C - Gla s s & harmaceuticals E - Petroteum desulU rization , ¥ ,a mmonia
110-12 5 % 136 - 7 9 %
0 9% 6 6%
1 8 - 27.3%
111 - 12 8 % 137 - " 2%
11 3- 12 2
WITti % OF OCCURRENCE
Isotopes have the same number of protons , La
but different numbers of neutrons 1 38 - 0.1 %
18 1 · 99 99"'0
• Con t rols nuclea r reac i ors H Mg Ti Ga Zr 113- 4 3% Ce 1 82 - 26 3<¥o
1 - 99.98 % 24 - 79.0 % 46 - 8 0% 69 -60 1 % 90 - 51 5 % 10 - 88.4% 1 3 - 14 3%
14 2- 11 1%
Sn
141 - 1 0 0%
: - V a cuu m tube filaments A - Super m agne ts , welding rods E - Sprin gs , jet en gin es V 73 - 7 7 % Nb 118 -24.2% 187 - 62 6 %
Li 50 - 0.3 % 74 -35.9% 93 - 1 00%
119 - 8 6 % Nd
W ~~~~~enW04(2-) 7 - 92.5% 28·92.2% Mo 12 - 4.6% 143 - 12 2 % 186 - 1 6 0/ 0
30 - 3.1 % 50 - 4 4% 75 - 100 % 94 - 9 3% 145 - 8.3% 188 - 1 3 3 %
~ ~ ~er=' TV, wekiing electrodes Be
146 - 17 2%
9- 100%
148 - 5.801
121 - 57 4%
76 - 9.4 % 100 - 9 6 %
1\ - Oven filament s, e lectrodes, jewelry E - Radiation source for medical A - Tools , axles, s teel for rail sw i c hes 32 - 95.0 % 80 - 49 6% 1 5 - synthotic 193 · 62.7%
1 25 - 7 1 %
96 - 5.5 %
16 - 99 8 %
86 -17 3% Rh Eu
19 - 1 00 87 -27.8% 1 02 - 1 02% 130- 4.1% 202 - 29.9"",
40 - 96 9% 65 - 30.8% Sr 106 - 2 3 % 132 -26.9% 1 55 - 148 % TI
20 - 90 5 % 42 - 0.7% 86 - 9 9'Y o 108 - 26 5 % 134 - 1 0.4% 156 - 20 , 5% 203 - 29.5%
44- 2 1 % Zn 1 7 - 1 5.7% 205 -70.5 '
204 - 1 4 0 '0
1 3 - 100 %
1 59 - t oo% 208 -5.4% metalloid
r
~13;-==, ;M=e:.:t=a:.iI·~c::;o=m==r.==-;=:;:::;.,.==:.: ====;.::: -:;:l.;;:':";::':;';.,L._ _ _ _ _T"":'-: : :-==_ _ _ _ _ 1B :(;~+.3-1 Oy Bi
tetraborates B4D](2 - ), boranes borides
161 - 1 9~0
E - Solar cel1s, mirrors
1 62 - 2 5% Po
:: - Thennometer filling A - Regulator in nuclear power E - Quartz thermometers E - Window frames, doorknobs,
C - Insecticides, infrared detectors C - Photo cells , transistor s C - Computer memory , tran s istors, lasers E - Cable , foil, fireworks, flashbulb s C - Tennis rackets, r e gulator in nuclear plants heat resist 163 -24.9"1" 209 - 10
~ - H ea rt muscle research C - Blood and lung research C - Laser diodes, used to tocate tumors A - Cars , rockets, planes ant glass , eye disinfectant 1 64 - 28
At
210 - 1 00%
'=:4.; -:-= :.:M::;e::;t::8:.:1.1.· :c:.:o:.:m~;;:'::;';::::":::;':'::"":'==:";=.:.:.:i~:;=::r;~=~~:,L,,, _=== ,=-:-==, ,==.,,, ~C gi~.4-1 carbonate C03(2-1 Ho
222 · 00%
~ - Batteries roof covering s , solders A - Cups, plates, coins, organ pipes E - Infrared prisms, reflector in projectors E - Microchips , solar cel1s C - Tools E - Tire colorant 164- 1 6% Fr
~ - Ammunition C - Gas additives C - Opalescent glass , enamel E - Wide angle lenses A - Dentistry C - Quartz, cement, glass , grease, oils C - Plastics, life
166 - 33 6% 2 3 - 1 00%
1 67 - 23.QGfo
1 0 - 1 9%
A _ Metal for mirrors phosphoric acid H3P04 acid : mlnc HN0 3 nitrou s HN0 2 Tm
A - SoM1er bearings , lead batteries C - Glass lasers E - Fireworks, matche s C - Pesticides E - Cryogen ic surgery , ltquid coo&8 nt , ammonia prodUction 169 -100%
C - Mascara , Infrared detectors C - Light~mmrtlng dJodes = LED C - Fertilizer , detergents , toothpaste C - Rocket fu e l
"' • =L ";;;=.;.;o,",,,=;'==~E:'-'-";";'=-'-"::"';'==-:-TS=-e -:Se=Ie-n-:-IU m -rS= -::-s I ld u-~-S-(2 I- su -Il ate -S-0-4-(-2-I -SU-II-ile-S-0-3-(2 -1 '-O""Ii'"'d-t
231 · 1()()"<,
E - Combustion, sl ee l production 17 3 - 16 1 %
E - light meters, copy ma ch ines, sola r cefts E - Matches, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber E - Water purificat i o n 174 - 3 1.8 %
~A-17 6 - 1 2.7%
235 - 0.7%
238 - 99 3%
acid: HBr Br2 liquid CI ~~~~~':CI(I-) chtorate CI03(1-) CI2 ga ~:~~~~~~:~oxyf1uorides- 175 -97 4% Elements>
C - Bleach, hydrochloric acid , PVC pla s tics, stain removers C - Refrigerator coolant s
E - Light bulbs gas-discharge tubes, lasers E - Neon lights, fog lamps, TV tubes E - Diving bell atmosphere lea k de t ectors
Ra
••-226 - 1 00"1"
; A C - Seldom found in nature
E - Disinfectant, halogen lamps
C - Ink pigments , salt additive
C - Photographic film, tear gas
C - Fire retardants, disinfectant
- Earthquake prediction, health threat in E - UV lamps , sun lamps, electronic E - Auoreacent, flashbulbs