child and adolescent counseling chapter 14

Chapter ObjectivesAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to: •Outline the development of transactional analysis and Eric Berne •Explain the theory of transactional analysis •

Chapter 14

Transactional

Analysis

Transactional analysis

We do not grow absolutely, chronologically We grow sometimes in one dimension, and not in another, unevenly We grow partially We are relative We are mature in one realm, childish

in another The past, present, and future

mingle and pull us backward, forward, or fix us

in the present We are made up of layers,

cells, constellations.

Anạs Nin

Chapter Objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:       

•Outline the development of transactional analysis and Eric

Berne

•Explain the theory of transactional analysis

•Discuss the counseling relationship and goals in transactional

analysis

•Describe assessment, process, and techniques

•Demonstrate some therapeutic techniques

•Clarify the effectiveness of transactional analysis

Eric Berne(stein)

• Born May 10, 1910 in Montreal, Canada

• Graduated from McGill University 1935 with

medical degree

• Became U.S citizen and served in armed forces

• 1964 published Games People Play

• He attributed the book’s success to the recognition factor

TA Development

• Core of transactional analysis (TA) in 1954

• Berne was involved in the psychoanalysis when the patient suddenly said, “I’m not a lawyer, I’m just a little boy,”

• Sparked the idea that each of us contains a child ego state accompanied by parent and adult ego states

• After listening to his patients relating “games” for some 30 years, Berne decided to gather some of these into a

catalog

• Led to Games People Play (1964)

TA Development

• Three years after its publication, Games People Play

(1964) had been on the nonfiction best seller list for 111 weeks—longer than any other book that decade

• Berne attributed the book’s success to the recognition

factor—

o some of us recognize ourselves in it,

o whereas some of us recognize other people in the

descriptions of winners and losers

• The everyday language and categories he used came from his preferences

The Nature of People and The Theory of Counseling

• TA theory is a statement about human personality

• Derives from four types of analysis

personality

to each other

play out

leading to payoff

Structural Analysis

• Each person has three ego states

Parent

(nurturing or critical)

Mimics our own parents

Adult

(rational thinking)

Reality based

Child

(natural or adaptive )

Free, spontaneous passive

• The well adjusted person can choose which one is active

The Picture

P

FC

A

Critical Parent

“You shouldn’t” Pointing finger

Free Child

“I want”

Excited

Nurturing Parent

“Let me help you”

Extends hand

Adaptive Child

“I did my job” Expectant

Adult

“The facts are” Attentive

Transactional Analysis

• A transaction is a unit of human communication

ego state to which it was addressed

ego state not addressed

each person involved - dishonest

Transaction Types

P

A

P

C

A

A

A

C

C

C C

C

Where are the keys?

In the drawer.

Where are the keys?

Why is it always my fault?

You should go to college.

You’re not smart enough.

Script Analysis

• Your life script – usually learned from your parents child

o Examples: martyr, procrastinator, success, failure, blamer, distracter

• Three basic types: winner, loser, non-winner

• Five Components

o Directions from parents

o Corresponding personality development

o Confirming childhood decision on life

o Penchant for success or failure

o Pattern of behavior

Game Analysis

• There are three basic roles

o Persecutor

o Victim

• People turn their life scripts into games

• Games are a pattern of ulterior transactions

• Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis

• Counseling goal is to move to complimentary transactions, not games

Life Positions

I

YOU

OK Mature independence Battered child, criminal

NOT OK Normal child, dependent depend on parentsAs a child couldn’t

Games Clients Play

Why don’t you; yes but Most common client game

I’m only trying to help Counselor’s response to above

Courtroom Counselor roped into being judge

of two people Kick me and

NIGYYSOB

Always the victim Double Bind

there Wooden leg Try to get counselor to give up on

you

If it weren’t for you Avoids responsibility

Red cross Persecutor gets victim in trouble

then rescues Make someone sad Get attention by making other

jealous

The Pursuit of Strokes

• Structuring time in pursuit of strokes

o Withdrawing: avoid any strokes

o Rituals: socially determined – safe

o Pastimes: baseball shopping – minimal

o Activities: career – reality – more interaction

o Games: stroking is manipulated

o Intimacy: unconditional positive – game free

• Rackets

o Collect bad stamps to be cashed in later for free bad behavior

Conditional Unconditional

Positive I like you when

_

I like you

Negative I don’t like you

when _

I don’t like you

Counseling method

• The counselor as teacher

o Teach the concepts of TA and guide the client in how to apply them

• Teach

o Definition and explanation of ego states

o Analysis of transactions between ego states

o Positive and negative stroking

(“warm fuzzies” and “cold pricklies”)

o I’m OK you’re OK as a goal

o Scripts

Cross Cultural Applications

• Eric Berne believed everyone worked in these three ego states

• Appeals to groups or cultures that prefer a cognitive approach

• The same approach is used regardless of culture or age of client