Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh học

Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh học Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh họcCẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh học

2 - P h a i bie't \&n d u n g c a c k i c n thifc d a hoc d e t r a c a c c a u h o i , g i t i i b a i l a p , l i i m

thiTc hanh v a iJng d u n g v a o thifc t i e n , d t l i s o n g

3 - P h a i r e n luyC-n c a c l h a o t a c , tu' d u y : P l i a n t i c h diftfc c a c sU k i e n , dff k i e n thCfa,

thie'u h o a c d i i d e g i a i q u y e t d i M c c a c v a n d c c i i t h e X a c d i n h d i W c m o i q u a n h e giiTa c a c

b o p h a n t r o n g t o a n t h e ; c u t h e h o a d m i c nhiTng v a n d e trifu t i f d n g ; n h a n b i e t v i i h i c u difrtc

cac b o p h a n c a u t h a n h ; k e t hOp du'dc n h i c u y c u t o t h a n h m o t t d n g t h e h o a n c h i ' n h ; k h a i

q u a t h o a dUOc nhiTng v a n d c r i e n g I c , c u t h e S u y l u a n tiT nhCtng kie'n thiVc da c 6 d e md

r o n g k i c n thiJc, p h a t t r i e n n a n g liTc n h a n thiJc

H i c n n a y , d e t h i t o t n g h i e p T H P T , t u y e n s i n h v a o c a c trufcing C a o d a n g , D a i h o c

m o n S i n h h o c l a h i n h thifc t h i trac n g h i c m D o la h i n h thiJc k i e m t r a , m a t r o n g d o d c

k i e m Ira thirClng g o m n h i c u c a u h o i M o i c a u n c u r a m o t v a n d e c i i n g v d i n h i f n g t h o n g t i n

c a n thic't, sao c h o t h i s i n h c h i p h a i t r a I d i v a n tat d o i v d i iCmg c a u h o i

D e l a m to't h i n h thiVc t h i trac n g h i e m , n g o a i v i c e o n t a p c 6 k e ' h o a c h , c h u a n h i n o i

d u n g k l t h i h o c s i n h c a n p h a i l a m q u c n v d i h i n h thiJc t h i n a y T u y n h i c n , k h o n g c a n p h a i

l a m t h a t n h i c u , c h i c a n l i i m q u e n v d i m o t so c a u h o i t h e o t i f n g n p i d u n g , ti^ng p h a n h o c

nhif: C d c h c ' d i t r u y e n v i i bic'n d i , D i t r u y e n h o c q u d n t h e , D i I r u y e n h o c ngifdi, d c n a m

du'dc e a c h ra d e t h i , kT t h u a t l i i m b i i i t h i trii'c n g h i c m Q u a n t r o n g nhii't lit p h a i t r a n g b i

k i e n thifc d i i y d u , he t h o n g , p h a i r e n l u y e n t o t ctic t h a o t a c tu" d u y i h i n i d i c d t h e d a t kc't

V e b a i tiip c u n g c d t h e c h i a t h a n h 2 l o a i : B i i i tap t i f l u a n v i i b a i t a p trac n g h i c m C h i i n g

t o i c h u y n h i c u h d n d d i v d i b i i i t a p t i f l u a n V i t i f l u a n toi se trac n g h i c m tot v a q u a t i f l u a n

k i e m soat p h i e n m a v u n g m i i hoa m a n g t h o n g t i n mix h o a cac a x i l a m i n , c 6 the

l i e n l i i c ( d te b a o n h a n sd) h o a c k h o n g h e n l i i c , tti'c l i i x e n k e cac d o a n m a hoa

a x i l a m i n ( c x t ) n ) lit ciic d o a n k h o n g m i i hoa a x i l a m i n ( i n t r o n ) ( d te' b i l o n h a n

i h i f c ) ; v i i n g k e t i h u c n a m d d a u 5' ciia m a c h goc m a n g t i n h i e u ke'l t h i i c p h i e n m a

3 G e n c h i f a t h o n ^ tin di t r u y e n diftJi h i n h thufc m a h o a

Mai d i I r u y e n t r o n g A D N du'dc p h i e n m a sang A R N ' ' ^

Ca'm nang \\J 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng

Iheo nguycn lac bo sung ( A - U , G - X ) K h i gap tin hieu ke'l Ihi'ic ( d vung kc't

thuc) till dtrng p h i c n ma, A R N du'Oc giai phong V i i n g nao phien ma xong thi hai

mach ddn cua gen dong xoan ngay

O te bao nhan scf m A R N dtfrtc diing de dich ma ngay con d te' bao nhiin Ihifc

thi dirdc cat bo intron noi cac cxon lai thanh m A R N iriidng lhanh, m(1i diing de

djch ma

5 D j c h ma

La giai doan ke tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf m A R N (Ban

ma sao) sang chuoi polipeptit Tij" do quy dinh cac tinh Irang

Qua tnnh dich md fidin 2 iiiai doan:

a) Hoat hoa axit amin

Trong to bao chat, nhd cac enzim dac tru'ng va nang lu'dng A T P , mdi axit

amin du'dc hoat hoa va gan v d i l A R N lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc he aa - l A R N

b) Toiig lufp chuoi polipeptit

M o i r i b o x o m gdm 2 lieu phan, binh Ihu'dng nam Uich nhau, k h i c6 mat m A R N

chung lien ke'l v('Ji m A R N l a i codon m 5 dau T r e n r i b o x o m c6 2 v i I r i la P

(peplil) va A (amin) M o i v i I r i tiTdng tfng vdti mot bo ba N h d do r i b o x o m giiJ vai

tro nhu" mot khung del giiJa m A R N v d i a a l A R N va giffa codon - anticodon

N h d C O bo ba doi ma (anticodon) ma aa - l A R N c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng

iJng do mang axit amin den diing v i tri va khdp bd sung vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren

m A R N

Dau tien l A R N mang axit amin met dau la M e t i o n i n ( d te' bao nhan sd la

foocmin M e t i o n i n ) den dung vi tri cua codon m d dau T i e p theo l A R N mang a x i l

amin thu' nhat (aai - t A R N ) den v i i r i codon thiJ nhat L i e n ke'l p e p l i l giffa

M e t i o n i n va a x i l ihii' nhat du'dc lao lhanh (nhd xiic lac ciia enzim), l A R N rdi khoi

r i b d x d m Sau do r i b o x o m bat dau chuyen dich tijfng na'c, m d i nac u'ng v d i mot

codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xay ra lu'dng liT K h i gap codon ke'l thuc thi diifng

phien ma R i b o x o m tach khdi m A R N , chudi polipeptit du'dc giai phong, axit

amin m d dau du'dc cat bd, chudi polipeptit tiep tuc hinh lhanh cac cii'u true bac

cao hdn, I r d lhanh protein hoan chinh

Tren m d i phan tu" m A R N thu'dng c6 mot so'ribdxdm hoiit ddng (poHribdxdm)

Nhtf vay, m d i phan tii' m A R N cd the long hdp liT mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit

cung loai Sau k h i tdng hdp, m A R N du'dc enzim phan giai, con r i b d x d m du'dc sij"

dung qua vai the'he te'bao

6 D i e u hoa boat dong cua gen

La dieu hoa lu'dng san pham cua gen du'dc lao ra 6 sinh vat phan sd, dieu

hoa hoat dong cua gen chu ye'u dien ra d g i a i doan phien ma trong cac opcron 6

sinh vat nhan thifc, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen dien ra qua nhieu g i a i doan nhU:

NST thao xoan, dieu hoa phien ma va sau phien ma, dieu hoa dich ma va sau

dich ma

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

Dieu hoa boat dong ciia gen lai cac operon dien ra nhu' sau: K h i m o i tru'dng noi bao khong c6 chat cam u'ng, gen dieu hoa tdng hdp chat ifc che', gan vao viing van hanh (O) ngiin can phien ma cua nhom gen ca'u true (operon d trang

thai vie che) K h i m o i tru'dng ndi bao c6 chat cam u'ng thi chat cam u'ng lien ke'l

v d i chat (ic che' lam cho no khdng the lien ke'l difdc v d i viing v a n hiinh, nhom

gen ca'u true chuyen sang Irang thai hoat ddng, qua trinh phien ma, dich ma xay ra

7 Sil" bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen

Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa trong gen du'dc bic'u hien lhanh tinh trang cua cd the thong qua c(< che phien ma tif gen sang m A R N r d i dich ma tCr m A R N sang protein va lif protein bieu hien lhanh tinh trang

M d i te bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd cac gen quy dinh ca'u triic tat ca cac loai protein cua cd the Nhifng trong qua trinh phat trien ca the, tuy tifng te'bao trong liYng loai mo, tijy lifng giai doan phat trien ma c h i mdt so' gen trong do boat ddng, life la te'bao chi long hdp loai prdtcin can ihic't vao liic can thiet thdng qua

cd che dieu hoa hoat ddng gen

Sif bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen con chiu sir tifdng lac giiTa cac gen, lu'dng tac giu'a kieu gen v d i m d i tru'dng va con phu thudc vao v i t r i ciia gen nam tren NST thu'dng hay N S T gidi tinh, nam trong nhan hay ngoiii nhan vao sir phan l i ciia gen (phan l i ddc lap, phan l i cung nhau) vao sir lien ke'l cua cac gen (lien ke'l hoan loan, lien ket khdng hoan loan) , ,

' T i n h cha't ciia gen ^

V) CO can tao da phan nen:

- Gen cd tinh da dang va tinh dac thii, do lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap xe'p ciic bo ba trong gen quy dinh

- Gen cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau

- Gen cd khii nang tai ban (qua sir nhan ddi ciia A D N ) cd kha nang phan l i

va i d hdp (qua sir phan li va i d hdp ciia NST) qua do truyen thdng tin d i truyen cho cac the he sau

9 Q u a trinh nhan ddi ciia A D N

Dien ra ngay tru'dc k h i te'bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia

+ O sinh vat nhan sd:

N h d enzim thao xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? A D N dirdc tach

ra tao lhanh chac chCr Y (ddn v i lai biin) M d i mach ciia A D N deu dirdc l a m khudn de long hdp mach A D N m d i V i mach 3' 5' phat trien ihuan v d i chieu

thao xoan (T 5 ' ) nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn 3' 5' du'dc tdng

hdp lien tuc theo chieu 5' 3' tao lhanh phan luT A D N con cd 2 mach chieu ngirdc nhau Con mach mdi long hdp tren mach khudn 5' —)• 3' phai tdng hdp tirng doan ngan (doan Okazaki) ( v i ngu'dc vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac Y ) Sau www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

d m nang tij fin va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Odng

do ciic doan nay diroc no'i lai vcfi nhau (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao thanh phan

tu' ADN con hoan chinh Trong qua trinh nhan doi A D N c6 nhieu cnzim lham

gia, trong do enzim chinh la A D N polimeraza, lam nhicm vu xiic tac siTkien ket

gii?a cac nucleotit tiT do vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khuoii iheo nguyen tiic bd

sung (A - T, G - X) Cudi ciing tuf 1 phan lif A D N sau nhan doi tao thanh 2 phan

tur A D N gio'ng het ADN ban dau Trong moi phan tuf A D N du^dc tao thanh thi mot

mach la mdi dm^c long help con mach kia la cua ADN ban dau (nguycn tac ban

bao ton) Nhu'vay, qua trinh nhan doi ADN da dien ra Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va

ban bao ton vdi sir xiic lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd do da tao ra 2 ADN con

gidng het ADN me, bao dam cho siTdi truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot each

chinh xac

+ O sinh vat nhan thi/c:

' V i CO nhieu nhan lu" ADN kich thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi A D N x;iy ra lai

nhieu diem trong mdi phan lit ADN tao ra nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va

du'dc nhan doi ddng thdi

I I C A U H O I T U L U A N

Ve cdu hoi tu luan chuiii^ toi chia thanh 2 lout:

1 Cau hoi phan tich bai hpc thanh tiTng phan, tiTng y mot each he thong dc

hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16)

2 Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de giiip cac em biet phat trien va van

dung kien thitc (cac cau con lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38)

Cau 1: Gen la gi? Co cac each trii Idi sau:

A Gen la mot doan ciia phan tii' ADN, mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi

polipeptit hay mpl phan lu" ARN

B Gen la mot doan cua phan tu* ADN mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san

pham Xiic dinh

C Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy

dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu

dieu hda, khdi ddng

D Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan tij"

E Gen la mot doan phan tii' axil nucleic, du'dc cau tao tij" cac ddn phan

nucleotit (A, T, G, X )

G Gen la mot doan ciia phan tu" ADN cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat dinh

Hay danh gia (dung luyct doi, dung tUdng doi, sai, Ihieu chinh xac, chifa

dii, ) va du"a ra y kien ciia minh

Dung tu-png doi la dung trong mot dieu kien nhat dinh V i du: Nu'dc sdi d

1(X)"C chi diing tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu kien nhiet dp va ap suat binh thirdng)

Cty TMHH lyJTV DWH Khang Vi^t

HU('/ng ddn

Ta't cii cac cau trcn chi diing trong nhiirng dieu kien nha't dinh V i gen cd cau true mach ddn (mpl sd chiing virut) mach thang, mach vdng Khdng phai gen nao Cling mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac dinh, khdng phai mpi gen deu cd chifc nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal,

- Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan tii"

Dd la mot doan axil nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't dinh, hoac bift hoal,

gay chet,

Cau 2: Cau tao, chiJc nang, tinh chat ciia gen? Giai ihich vi sao gen cd nhffng

tinh chaldd

HUoiigddit

- Gen cd nhieu loai, mdi loai cd cau tao va cMc nang khac nhau SGK chi

trinh bay cau true chung ciia gen cau Iriic

- Gen cd linh da dang, tinh dac thii (do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai biin (VI gen la mot doan ciia ADN, nen khi ADN lai ban gen cijng du'dc lai ban)

cd kha niing phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa trong nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the nen khi chiing phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan l i va id hdp cua gen) Gen cd khii nang dpthien do sifket cap khdng dung trong nhan doi hoac do tac nhan dot bien

Cau 3: Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy ra li'ic nao? Cd siT lham gia ciia cac yeu

id' nao? Vai trd ciia cac yeu id' dd? Qua trinh nhan doi ciia A D N dien ra theo nguyen tac nao? Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu long hdp?

- Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan ciia phan lu" ADN (lir phiii sang trai)

- Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu ciia mdi mach khudn

- Y ngliTa: Tao dieu kien cho nhidm sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va suf truyen 1 each chinh xac cac gen qua cac the'he ADN, the'he tc bao

Cau 4: Hay giai thich vi sao tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach ciia phan tuf ciia

A D N du'dc tdng hdp lien tuc, mach con lai difdc tdng hdp mot each gian doan

Co mot sd each gicii Ihich nhUsau:

a) V i ADN polimeraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3' —> 3' ' h) VI ADN polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH

• • , • • 7 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

c) V i A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- O H d dau mach khuon

T h c o c m tra Uli nhifcac each trcn c(3 dung khong? V I sao? Hay g i a i thich theo

suy nghi cua c m

HU(htg dan

- Ne'u VI A D N polimcraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 5' —> 3' ihi se

khong dung k h i thao xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc

- Ne'u VI A D N polimcraza chi c6 the bo sung nucleotit vao nhom 3' - O H

thi khong giiii thich difdc gi vl mach niio cung c6 nhom 3' - O H

- Neu VI A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - O H nhu'ng thao xoan

bat dau ttjf dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi sao? Co dung nvtii khong? Do do nguyen

nhan chii yeu la each thao xoan

Co the gicii thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng nhusau:

Do thao xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc v d i chieu

xoan ciia phan tii" A D N nen mach A D N m d i , long hcfp til' khuon la mach ma goc

(3' - > 5') se phat trien thuan v d i chieu phat trien ciia chac chu" Y nen du'c.^c long

help lien luc con mach A D N mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo sung v6i mach

ma goc ( 5 ' ^ 3") phiii du'cfc long hdp tifng doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu phat trien cua

chac chi? Y Nhu" vay mc'-fi lao thanh phan tu" A D N mcfi co 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau

Gia sit thao xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc i h i ke't qua se ngu'cfc l a i , nghla la

mach A D N dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' - > 5' phai bi long hdp ngat quang

Do do nguyen nhan la do each thao xoitn va dac d i e m cau lao cua phan lii' A D N

la CO 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau

C a u 5: V I sao ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba Ne'u trong phan tii' A D N c(3 cho 2 hoac

3 loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa du'dc bao nhieu loai axit amin?

Hid'fng dan

V i CO 4 loai nucleotit (A, T, G, X ) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = 4 to

hcfp, neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh 4 ' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20 lo;ii

axit amin

M a hoa bo ba se du'Pc 4 ' = 64 to hdp ihijfa de ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin khong

can phai ma hoa bo bon

Neu trong phan tir c6 3 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa

Neu CO 2 loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = 8 bp ba ma hoa ThiTc te cung co the xay

ra d ciic doan gen, cac doan m A R N , t A R N , r A R N chi co 2 hoac 3 loai nucleotit

C a u 6: T i f ciic dac d i e m cua mii di truycn co the suy ra dieu gi? V i sao ma di

Iruyen co cac diem do?

HU('fng dan

- N e u ma di iruyen goi len nhau thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin

trong chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the" nao?)

- Neu ma di truyen khong cx) tinh dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong?

8

Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

- T a i sao co the xay ra hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa m p l a x i l amin?

Neu so loai axit amin bang hoac Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu nay co the xay

ra khong?

- Tijf ccic dac d i e m ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra: T r i n h tu" siip xep cac bp

ba trong gen khong go'i Icn nhau m d i co the quy dinh Irinh tif sitp xep cac axit

amin trong chuoi polipeplit TiT do m6i co the co tinh dac tru'ng ciia A D N , ciia

protein T i r dac tinh phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong nhcft cua sinh gidi cf miJc phan luT va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64

C a u 7: V i sao A D N co kha nang tai ban va l a i ban m p l each chinh xac

HU(fngddn

- V i A D N CO cau true mach kcp lien ket giifa cac nucicotit Iren hai mach dcfn la lien kc'l hidro (lien ket yeu) Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn l i e n ket vdi nhau theo nguyen lac bo sung Qua trinh lai ban dicn ra theo nguyen lac b d sung

va ban bao ton

C a u 8: l i n g \6\l amin m d dau la M e l i o n i n co may bp ba ma hoa?

Co 2 each trii Idi sau: • > a) Co 1 bp ba ma hoa , b) Co 3 bp ba ma hoa • l • Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting?

Hiidng dan

- Ne'u noi M e l i o n i n co 1 bp ba mii hoa co nghia la trong 64 bp ba ma hoa thi

M e l i o n i n chi co 1 bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co 2 loai la M e l i o n i n

va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, con lai deu co 2 hoac nhieu bp ba ma hoa, nhieu nha't la A e g i m i n co den 6 bp ba ma hoa)

- Neu noi M e l i o n i n co 3 bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng v d i M e l i o n i n Ihi co 3

bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: T A X nam tren A D N , A U G nam Iren m A R N va U A X nam tren l A R N N o i each khac la: M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma goc ( T r i p l e t ) la T A X ,

bp ba ma sao (codon) la A U G va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la U A X • Noi chinh xac thi A irii Idi dung hPn B v i T A X , A U G , U A X deu la m p l trong

- Qua irinh nhan doi A D N d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va

A D N ciia v i r u l (dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd sung va ban bao ton

C a u 10: Phicn mii lii gi? D i c n ra d dau? Co nhiJng yeu i d niio tham gia? ChiJc

niing ciia cac yeu i d do? H i c n lu'png g i xiiy ra k h i k c l ihiic p h i c n mii?

HUifng dan '

+ Phicn m i i l i i sif idng hpp A R N 6 sinh vat nhan thifc, qua trinh long hpp

m A R N dicn ra trong nhan tc biio, cf ki U-ung gian, liic nhicm sac the cf dang dan xoan

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Ca'm nang ti; fin va luy§n thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng

+ Cat- yen lo' tham gia:

- Mach m a goc 3 ' - > 5 ' c i i a gen lam khuon

- Enzim A R N polimcraza xiic tac qua trinh long hctp bang each: Bam

vao VLing dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin, tri/dt doc iheo mach ma goc lit diem khdi

dau den diem kel ihiic cua mach ma goc theo chicu 3 ' - > 5 ' de long hrip nen

m A R N Iheo nguyen lac bo sung (A - U , G - X) iheo chieu 5 ' 3'

+ Sau phien ma:

- Phan lii" m A R N du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, m A R N ra le'bao chal

de l a m khuon dich ma ngay (d le bao nhan sd) hoac cal bo cac intron, no'i cac

exon lai Ihiinh m A R N Iru'dng lhanh mdi roi mdi ra te bao chat lam khuon djch

nifi (te b a o nhan Ihi/c)

Cau 11: O giai doan hoat hoa trong qua trinh dich ma da xay ra nhiJng hicn

Milng nao? Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham gia? Vai tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham

ciia giai doan nay la gi?

Hiidng ddn

+ Co 2 hicn tu'c^ng xay ra la:

- Float hoa axil amin

- Lien ket giiJa tARN vc'li axit amin tU'dng iJng da difdc hoat hoa tao

lhanh phiVc he aa - l A R N

+ Yeu lo' tham gia:

- ATP cung cap niing lifcfng de hoat hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi l A R N

J - Cac enzim tham gia gdm:

Enzim xuc lac lien kel giffa axit amin vdi ATP de lhanh axit amin hoat dong

Enzim xuc lac lien kel giiJa l A R N vCl\t amin tiTdng iJng da du'dc hoat hoa

de tao lhanh phiJc he aa - l A R N

+ San pham ciia giai doan nay la cac axil amin da dUdc hoat hoa va phiJc he

aa - l A R N

Cau 12: O giai doan md dau trong long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhiJng

hien lu'dng nao?

HUdng ddn

Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 3 hien tifdng xay ra:

- Tieu phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien kel vdi m A R N d vi iri dac

hieu, gdm codon m& dau

- Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi eodon md dau

- Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn sang long

hdp chuoi polipeplit (Theo SGK Sinh hoc Idp 1 2 - Chu'dng trinh chuan)

(Thirc ra riboxom g a n vdi codon md dau vii bat dau dich ma lai vi tri P rdi

dich ma lai vi tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil giiJa 2 axil amin du'dc lhanh lap,

lARN (da Uich khoi axil amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen

sang codon liep Iheo de liep Uic dich ma)

1 0

Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang VIM

Cau 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhSng hien lu'dng gi?

HU('iiigddn i: i ^

Dau lien:

- Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l

- Enzim xiic Uic lien kel peptil giCa axil amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin

md dau (Melionin)

- l A R N (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom r Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac iJng vdi mot codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xiiy ra Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia phiJc hdp aa - l A R N khdp

bd sung vdi codon liA^ng irtig, enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, l A R N rdi khdi riboxom)

Cau 14: (5 giai doan kel thiic da xay ra nhifng hien Wdng gi?

Huong ddn : (

- Qua trinh djch ma diJng lai khi riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc

- Axit amin md dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu)

- Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein hoiin chinh

Cau 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the nao? Y nghia ciia no? ?

- RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc 5 0 - IOOA" thi riboxom IhiJ hai gan vao m A R N , liep theo la riboxom ihir 3, thi? 4, (thifdng cd l i i 5 - 2 0 riboxom) chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit mARN

- Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam tang hieu sua't long hdp

Gin chil: De de nhd cac em nen chia ra nhu' sau:

1 Riboxom giin vao m A R N lai codon md da xay ra nhiJng sir kien gi?

Da xiiy ra 3 su' kien:

- Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin ihii' nhal (^(tog ling vdi 2 vi \xi P v;i A)

- Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa 2 axil amin

- l A R N (da tach khdi aa md dau) rdi khdi riboxom

2 Riboxom chuyen dich lifng nac, 1 codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren

3 Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin md dau bi ciil bd va chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn

Cau 16: Qua Irinh djch ma xay ra d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia, vai Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh lhanh? Y nghia ciia qua trinh dich ma?

HUdng ddn

- Xay ra trong t e b a o chat, lai cac riboxom, ngay sau khi phien ma, liic c6 mat m A R N

- Ciic yeu td^ tham gia:

+ m A R N : Lam khuon long hdp protcm ' ' + Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur do i, • • + ATP: Cung cap nang iifdng „

, 1 1

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Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng

+ C a c c n z i m l h a m g i a e n z i m : xiic Uic l a o l h a n h phiJc h d p aa - l A R N ;

c n z i m x i l c Uic l i e n k e l giffa a x i l a m i n vCl'i A T P c n z i m x i i c tac l a o l h a n h l i e n k e t

p e p l i l ; e n z i m x i i c lac q u a I r i n h cat b o a x i l a m i n md dau k h o i c h u o i p o l i p c p l i l

khc'lp b d sung \xfi c o d o n lifting vCng) San p h a m la m a c h p o l i p e p t i l

Y nghTa: M a d i Iruyen diftjc dich lhanh trinh tiTcac a x i l a m i n trong mach p o l i p e p t i l

C a u 17: Mo'i l i e n q u a n giifa g e n v('1i qua I r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a

Hitc'fng dan

- G e n m a n g t h o n g t i n c a u triic p r o t e i n ( t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n ) T h o n g t i n d i

I r u y e n dift.lc m a h o a t r o n g g e n b i i n g m a hoa b o ba

- M a d i I r u y e n t r o n g g e n dUdc p h i e n m a sang m A R N i h e o n g u y e n ta'c b d

sung D o d o l h a n h p h a n , so lu'dng va tral lir sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n

( t r i p l e t ) q u y d i n h l h a n h p h a n , so krong va Irat lu" sap x e p cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N

- K e t i e p sau q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a la qua I r i n h d i c h m a v a m i i d i I r u y e n t r o n g

m A R N du'dc d i c h ra l h a n h p h a n , so lUcing va trat tif sap x e p cac a x i t a m i n t r o n g

c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l D o d o siT gifii m a m A R N c h i n h la g i a i m a g e n Nhu" v a y m d i

l i e n q u a n giifa g e n vc'Ji q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a c h i n h la m d i l i e n q u a n giiJa

gen - m A R N - p r o t e i n m a b a n chat la: T h a n h p h a n , so iu'dng, t r i n h tif sap x e p

cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n q u y d i n h t h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r i n h tif sap x e p

cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N tif d o q u y d j n h l h a n h p h a n , s d lu-dng v i l t r i n h tir sap x e p

H a y p h a n tich x e m cac each Ira Ifli t r e n da thoa m a n v d i y e u c a u ciia c a u h o i

k h o n g ? C o t h e Ira I d i n h i f the niio c h o d a y d i i , c h i n h xac

HU(hig dan

- T h e o each c) life la c a n cu" v a o ca'u t a o da p h a n ciia g e n d e suy ra l i n h da

d a n g ciia g e n

- T h e o a) va b ) li'rc la c a n cir v a o chi?c nang d e k e ra v a i l o a i g e n

C o t h e tra Uii c a n h o i t r e n n h i f sau:

12

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

1 V e c a l l t a o :

- C o g e n p h a n m a n h , g e n k h o n g phan m i i n h ' ' '

- T h a n h p h a n , s d lifting va I r i n h l i f sap x e p cac n u c l c o l i l k h a c n h a u da t a o ra

v 6 so' l o a i g e n M d i l o a i g e n c 6 l h a n h p h a n , sd^ lu'dng v a t r i n h tu" sa'p x e p cac

n u c l e o l i l d a c iru'ng

- C a n true k h o n g gian ciia g e n ciing khac nhau nen c u n g l a o ra n h i e u l o a i g e n khac nhau: nhu" g e n m o t s d c h i i n g v i r u l ( g i d n g ca'u true A R N ) , g e n sinh v a t nhan Ihifc (eo cii'u true x o a n k e p ) , g e n I r o n g nhan (tren N S T ) , g e n n g o a i n h a n ( t r o n g l a p thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u t r i k m a c h x o a n kep, thang hocic v o n g

d i e m k h d i d a u v i i eha'm dift d d i e m k e t i h i i c ciia g e n Ci d a u 3 ' d e u c o m d i I r i n h

liT n u c l e o l i l dac h i e u ( k h o n g dUcIc d i c h m a ) d e r i b o x o m n h a n b i e t v a ga'n v a o Cac m A R N d e u du'ilc ca'u l a o b d i cac r i b o n u c l e o t i l , du'cle p h i e n m a l i f cac n u c l e o l i l

N h U n g d o l h a n h p h a n , s d lu'cing, trat tu" sap x e p cac n u e l e o l i l c o ra't n h i e u each

k h a c n h a u , n e n c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n ca'u true l o n g help r a r a t n h i e u l o a i m A R N

k h a c n h a u

- V e ehii'c n a n g : M o i p h a n tu" m A R N d e u du'cle d u n g l a m k h u o n d e t d n g help

ra pre')tein pre'nein ce'i n h i e u ehii'c n a n g nhu'ng khc^ng t h e ne)i m A R N ce) n h i e u chiJc n a n g

cau 2 0 : So siinh q u a t r i n h n h a n d o i ciia A D N v a p h i e n m a t d n g help ra m A R N e'^

sinh v a t n h a n thufc , , , ^

HUOngddn

1 G i o n g n h a u : ;

- D i e u x a y ra d k i t r u n g g i a n

- C h i e u t d n g help d e u ngifelc c h i c u ve'li c h i e u m a c h k h u o n

- D e u l i e n k e l cac n u c l e o l i l t r o n g mc)i triTdng diTa t r e n cac n u c l e o l i l t r o n g

m a c h khu(')n t h e o n g u y e n lac b d sung

N g u y e n l i e u d e u l a cac n u c l e o l i l t i f do

D e u p h a i C O e n z i m d a c Iru'ng x i i c l a c i j v J , '

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Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng

2 Khac nhaii; Hoc sinh tuphdt trien kien thi'fc theo f^(/i v sau:

- V c nguycn lieu siV dung khac nhau nhu" the' nao?

- V c e n / i m xiic tac khac nhau the'nao?

- V e nguyen tac bd sungC khac nhau khong? " ,

f^'H: V e c(l che khac nhau nhu" the niio?

- V e ket qua c6 g i khac nhau?

C a u 21: Hay giiii thich v i sao phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep,

va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den k h i Irifdng thanh lai c6 rau,

ria (Can ci'r vao chifc nang cua gen, d i c u hoa hoal dong gen de tra Icli)

C a u 22: V I sao noi: Giai m i i m A R N cung chinh la giai ma A D N (Can ctJ" vao

moi quan he giifa A D N - m A R N de trii Idi)

C a u 23: V i sao phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao ra m A R N chu'a siJ'dung djch ma

ngay difdc, con m A R N du'Oc tao ra tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma ngay

du'Oc (Can ciV vao viing ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra IfJi)

C a u 24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu chu'a day dii ca 4 loai nuclcotit la A , T, G, X

khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 2 loai nucleolit i h i mii hoa du'c.^c may loai axit amin

Giil sijfmARN chi c6 3 loai ribonuclcotil thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu loai axit amin,

H If (fug dan

- V i gen chi la 1 doan ma cua phiin tii" axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij

ca 4 loai nuclcotit

- Ciin ci? viio cong ihiJc to hdp de t i m ra c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba tijr 2 loai

nuclcotit, tir3 loai nuclcotit, tir4 loiii nuclcotit

C a u 25: Hiiy g i a i thich tai sao m A R N thifdng bi cac e n z i m phan hiiy sau khi

long hdp xong protein ( v i de khuon luon m d i , khong bi hif hong do S I J T dung lau

hay do tac nhiin khac giiy ra)

C a u 26: V i sao gen khong diTdc su' dung liim khuon trifc tie'p tdng hdp protein?

( v i thong t i n di truyen ciTc k i quan trong, du'dc bao quiin to't trong N S T , ti the, ,

du-dc gicr g i n ciin thiin No la ban ma gdc c6 the dilng ban ma sao ( m A R N ) thay

the Bcln sao cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de diim bao ti'nh chinh xac cua

thong t i n di truyen

C a u 27: Co bao nhieu loai A R N Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi khac nhau?

T a i sao?

Hi((fng dan

+ V I deu du'dc tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac loai A R N nhu' m A R N ,

t A R N , r A R N deu c6 cii'u triic mach ddn, deu du'dc cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil

Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu do gen quy dinh

+ Qua trinh tdng hdp cac loai A R N deu theo cd chc tu'dng t i / nhau

+ Chudi ribonucleotit hinh thanh xong se bien ddi ca'u h i n h , hinh thiinh ca'u

true dac tru'ng cua tiTng loai, phu hdp chifc nang cua m o i loai V i vay cau true

cua chilng khiic nhau

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t

- m A R N difdc diing lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6 cii'u tao mach

thang, C O v i t r i dac hieu niim gan codon m d dau de r i b o x o m nhan biet vil Hen ket

vdi m A R N c6 bo ba m d diiu de t A R N nhan bic't va mang axit m d dau den dung

vj trI V i l C O bo ba ket thuc de r i b o x o m nhan biet va difng dich m i i

- t A R N liim n h i c m vu van chuyen axit amin den r i b o x o m vii lam nhiem vii dich m i i nen mot dau ciia no c6 trinh lif nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng itng nhiln biet va lien ket v d i t A R N mot d;tu c6 bo ba d o i m i i (anticodon) de

t A R N nhiln biet va l i e n ket bd sung vdi codon tu'dng iJng

- r A R N lii thiinh phjln chii ye'u ca'u tao ra r i b d x d m nen chung c6 ca'u tao

dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice lien ket v d i protein de tao thanh r i b o x o m + V i giiJ ciic chu'c nang quan trong khac nhau nen d d i song cua cac loai

A R N Cling khac nhau: Sau k h i tdng hdp xong protein, m A R N Ihu'dng du'dc cac

enzim phan hiiy, con t A R N vii cac r A R N difdc sufdung qua v a i the he te bao

C a u 28: Hay suy luan x e m sif nhiin doi cua A D N c6 l i e n quan nhu' the' niio v d i

sV tcii ban ciia gen, v d i sir phan chia te bao, v d i dot bie'n gen, v d i dot bie'n nhiem

sac the?

HU(fngddn

Sir nhan'ddi cua A D N dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir nhiin d d i ciia

A D N tao d i c u k i e n cho nhiem sac the nhan d o i , chuan b i cho su" phan bao Cac tac nhan dot bien tac dong viio qua trinh nhan doi cua A D N c6 the gay dot bie'n gen Dot bien ca'u triic nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can bang gen

C a u 29: K h i tien hanh nhiin ddi A D N trong d'ng nghiem phuc vu cho nghien ciTu

va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan A D N ngiin khoang v a i tram cap nuclcotit H i e n tu'dng niiy du'dc giai thich nhu? the nao?

Hi((fng ddn

Do sir tdng hdp mach A D N Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3' xiiy ra ngat quang tao

ra cac dojin ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng du'dc ndi lai v d i nhau tao thanh mot mach hoan chinh

Cfiu 30: N h d dau enzim A R N polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac chu'c nang cua no

trong phien ma tdng hdp m A R N

HUifng ddn

T r o n g qua trinh phien m t i , enzim m A R N polimeraza c6 cac chu'c nang sau:

- B a m vao viing dieu hoa l i i m gen thao xoan va bat dau p h i e n ma A R N polimeraza t h i r c h i e n chu'c nang nay lit nhd trong viing dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true

C O mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la viing k h d i dong N h d trinh tir nay ma

enzim A R N polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp m A R N tai d i e m khcfi dau

- T d n g hdp phiin tuT m A R N : Sd d l A R N polimeraza thiTc h i e n chu'c nang nay

la nhd nguyen tac b d sung

- Dirng phien ma: N h d vijng ke't thiic cua gen mang t i n hieu ke'l thiic

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dm nang lu 6n Iuy6n thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng

M a h o a b o b a l a each m a h o a , c o n b o ba m a h o a la m o t t o hcfp cija each m a

hoa b o ba tii" nhfJug yc'u t o ' c h o bie't

k h o n g C O l o a i n a o c 6 so' l o a i a x i t a m i n I d n h d n 6 1 ( s u y r a tij" dilc d i e m t i n h p h d

bie'n c u a m a d i t r u y e n ) Ta't ca cac sinh vat, p r o t e i n du'dc c a u t a o t i f 2 0 l o a i a x i t

- M a d i t r u y e n c o t i n h pho' b i e n c 6 t h e s u y ta't ca cac l o a i p r o t i t cua m p i l o a i

sinh v a t d e u c o c h u n g m o t m a d i t r u y e n va suy r a n g u o n go'c t h o n g nha't cua sinh

- D i e m k h d i d a u k h o n g tifdng ifng v d i m a nu'-f d a u v i i d i e m khcii d a u n a m d

v u n g k h d i d p n g t r o n g v i m g d i e u h o a ciia g e n D o la m o t t r i n h tu" n u c l e o t i t dac

h i e u g i i i p en/.im A R N pohmera/.a n h a n bie't v i i h e n k e l d e k h d i d p n g q u a t r i n h

p h i c n m a tii" d i e m k h d i d a u ciia g e n , c o n m a m d d a u n a m d v i t r i d a u l i e n t r o n g

v i m g m a h o a ciia g e n

- D i e m k c l thiic c u n g k h o n g tifcing I'fng v d i m a ke't t h u c , v i n e u q u a t r i n h

p h i c M i m a c h a m diH d m a ke't thuc t h i m A R N se k h o n g c o c o d o n ke't t h u c NhU'

v i i y d i e m k e t i h i i c p h a i la d i e m cud'i c u n g ciia g e n

C a u 36: S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h hoc I d p 12 - N a n g c a o c h o bie't: " r i b o x o m l i e n k c t

v d i m A R N t a i c o d o n m d d a u va q u a I r i n h d i c h m a du'dc bat d a u " Sach g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - C h u a n c h o bie't: " l i e u p h a n b e r i b o x o m g ^ n

v d i m A R N d v i t r i d a c h i e u n ; l m g a n c o d o n m d d a u , t A R N m a n g M c l i o n i n b d sung c h i n h x a c v d i c o d o n m d d a u T i c u d d n v i I d n c i i a r i b o x o m k c t h d p tao

t h a n h r i b o x o m h o a n c h i n h san sang l o n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t " NhU' v a y 2 c u o n sach g i a o k h o a c o sir khac n h a u

H a y p h a n l i c h nhiJng k i e n IhiJc t r e n va c h o bie't y kie'n c i i a m i n h

- G e n cii'u true l i i m o t d o a n ciia p h i i n tiV a x i l n u c l e i c 6 s i n h v a t n h a n thiTc,

g e n c a u true c o m a c h x o i i n k e p di/dc cfui t a o tir 4 l o a i n u c l e o t i t t h e o n g u y c n lite

b d s u n g ( A - T , G - X )

11

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Ca'm nang tu 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy D6'ng

Gen ( A D N ) la vat chat di truyen d cap do phan tu", chiJa thong tin quy dinh

cau true cua protein (thong tin di truyen) thong tin di truyen diTdc ma trong gen

bang ma hoa bo ba , ^ <«,

- Nh5 A D N CO cau true 2 mach ddn va lien ket gii?a'2 mach ddn la lien ket

yeu (lien ket hidro) va cac nucleotit giffa 2 mach ddn lien ke't vdi nhau theo

nguyen tac bo sung, nen A D N c6 kha nang nhan doi

A D N nhan doi theo nguyen tac bo sung va ban bao ton bao dam cho thong tin

di truyen chtfa trong A D N difdc truyen qua cac the' he A D N mot each chinh xac

A D N nhan doi dan tdi su" nhan doi ciia gen Sir nhan doi cua A D N tao dieu

kien cho sir phan bao Nhu* vay thong tin di truyen trong A D N (gen) cua m6i te

bao du'dc truyen cho the he te bao con mot each chinh xac qua cd che nhan doi

cua A D N (gen)

- Thong qua phien ma va dich ma thong tin di truyen chtfa trong A D N diTdc

djch ra thanh: so lu'dng, thanh phan, trat tu" sap xep cua cac axit amin trong chu6i

polipeptit ciia protein va du'dc bieu hien thanh nhifng dac diem ve cii'u tao va

boat dong sinh l i cua te bao, ciia cd the Noi each khac chung bieu hien thanh

tinh trang cija sinh vat

C a u 38: Trong cau true cua A D N c6 cac lien ke't gi?

Hudng ddn

Co lien ke't hidro giifa cac nucleotit gii?a 2 mach ddn, c6 lien ke't hoa tri giiJa

cac nucleotit trong mach ddn (lien ke't phospho dieste) va lien ket hoa tri giifa

dirdng d vi tri C so'5 (5') v6[ axil photphoric trong moi nucleotit

C a u 39: V i sao phan tuf A D N vCra vffng chac vira linh boat?

Hitdng ddn

Phan tur A D N viTng chac la nhd lien ke't phospho dieste giiJa cac nucleotit la

lien ke't rat vffng chac (nen khi 2 mach ddn tach nhau ra, chuoi polinucleotit van

ton tai)

Lien ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u vSng chac thi phan tu" A D N khong the

duoi, xoan tach nhau ra khi can thiet (linh boat) M a t khac so' lu'dng lien ke't

hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho A D N vffng chac

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

Cau 3: A D N CO mach xoan kep gap cf dang sinh vat nao? ,, v

A ) Sinh vat nhsin thiTc B ) Dong vat, thi/c vat C) Virut, vi khuan D ) Dap an A la dung nha't CSu 4: A D N dang mach vong c6 cf:

A ) Mot so v i khuan B ) M o t so virut C) Lap the, t i the D ) Ca A , B, C

CSu 5: Gen la: , ^ ' • Xty

A) Mot doan A N D B ) M o t doan A R N :-m

C) Mot doan axil nucleic D ) Dap an C la dung nha't CSu 6: Co bao nhieu loai gen?

A ) Co 2 loai gen la gen trong nhan va gen ngoai nhan

B) Co 2 loai gen la gen mach kcp va gen mach ddn ~ - ' C) Co 2 loai gen la boat dong va gen bat boat ,> 'u '>

D) Co v6 so'loai gen, tiiy vi tri, cau tao, cbtfc nang,

Cfiu 7: Tin hieu khcfi dong nam d vimg nao cua gen cau true? > " i

A ) Viing dieu boa B ) Viing ke't thiic 1

C) Viing ma boa D ) Viing van hanh '41 •

Cau 8: Viing dieu boa cua gen cau true nam d vi tri nao? • / <'

A ) Dau liiach ma goc B) Dau mach bd sung f>ri 5 C) Cudi mach ma gdc D ) Cudi mach bd sung n "3«:

C&u 9: Vimg dieu hoa ciia gen cau Iriic c6 chiJc nang gi? i * ; :

A ) Dieu hoa boat dong gen B ) Kbdi dong boat dong gen C) Khcli dong va kiem soat phien ma D ) Cham dut phien ma ; s

C a u 10: Viing ma boa cua gen cau true c6 chiJc nang gi? * ' \

A ) M a boa cac axil amin <j f (u \i J " -hi i

B) Quy dinh cac axit amin ' i f

C) Mang thong tin ma boa cac axit amin > ( D) C a A , B v i i C

Cau 11: Viing ke't thiic CO cbtJc nang gi? ' M K

A ) Ket tbue phien ma B ) Ket tbiie dieb ma ' ' , i'

C) Mang tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D ) CbiJa ma ke't thuc ' • >, '

CSu 12: D i e m kbdi dau cua gen nam 5 dau? < i

A ) d ma md dau B) d codon ibiJ nha't

C) D i e m dau lien cua gen D ) (J viing kbdi dong CSu 13: D i e m ket tbue ciia gen nam d dau? • *;

A ) d vimg ke't tbue f B ) 6 sinh vat nhan tbirc C) d diem cudi cung cua gen D ) 6 virut ;v., / , , CSu 14: Gen phan manh c6 d sinh vat nao?

A ) 6 sinh vat nhan sd B ) 6 sinh vat nhan thirc

C ) 6 v i k b u a n D ) 6 virut

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C S u 15: Ma di iruyen la gi?

A ) La bo ba ma hoa B) La ma hoa bo ba

C ) La thong tin di Iruyen du'dc ma hoa D) Ca A, B, C

C a u 16: V i sao thong tin di truycn phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba?

A ) V i CO 4 loai nuclcotit

C ) V I ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai axil amin

C ) Giong nhau vi dcu la each ma hoa

D) Khac nhau vi ma hoa bo ba la each ma hoa con bo ba ma hoa la mot to

hdp cua cac ma hoa bp ba

C a u 18: O viing dicu hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen khong?

A ) Khong chiJa vi khong ma hoa axit amin

B) Khong chila vi mang tin hieu khdi dpng va kiem soat qua trinh phien ma

C ) Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong chu'a axit amin

D) C a A v a B

C a u 19: Vung ke't thiic c6 chu'a ma di truyen khong? '

A ) Khong chu'a vi khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin

B) Khong chu'a vi khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin

C ) Khong chu'a vi mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma

D) Co chu'a ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin

C a u 20: Ma ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6 chiJc nang gi?

A ) DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma

C ) Mang tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) Mang tin hieu diifng dich ma

C a u 21: Ma md dau c6 chtfc nang?

A ) Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma

B) Mang tin hieu md dau dich ma

C ) Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin thu" nhat

D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau

C a u 22: Ma di truyen trong A D N du'cic phien ma sang m A R N nhd cd che'nao?

A ) Nhd cd che phien ma B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp m A R N

C ) Nhd cd che djch ma D) Nhd cd che tong hdp A R N

C S u 23: M a di truyen trong A D N du'cic giai ma nhd cd che' nao?

A ) Nhd cd che dich ma B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp protein

C ) Nhd t A R N van ehuyen D) Ca A, B deu dung

20

Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang ViSt

C S u 24: V i sao dau 5' c6 mot trinh tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma?

A ) V i khong chufa thong tin di truyen

B) V i dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien trong viing

A) Liic phien ma B) Lilc bat dau dich ma

C ) Sau phien ma D) Liic dich ma

C S u 26: Qua trinh phien ma xay ra theo chieu nao?

A) Chieu 3' -> 5' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 5" 3' ciia mach ma gdc

C ) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach bd sung

A) Chieu 5' 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma gdc

C ) Chieu 5' -> 3' ciia mach ma sao D) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma sao

C a u 28: V i sao can c6 giai doan hoat hoa ciia axit amin:

A ) V i axit amin tiT do khong 5 Irang thai hoat dpng

^ B) V i axit amin tU do chu'a lien ket vdi tARN tUdng u'ng

C ) V i can tao ra phiJc he aa - tARN de van chuyen axit amin den vi tri tu'dng

m u'ng tren m A R N

1 D) V i cii A, B, C

Cfiu 29: Riboxom c6 chiJc nang gi:

A ) Ndi dich ma

B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa m A R N - aa - l A R N va giiJa

• codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma

• C ) Chuyen dich tren m A R N de t A R N dich ma

P D ) C a A, B, C

C a u 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT dau? K c l thiic d dau?

A ) Bat dau d diem khdi dau va cham dirt d diem ket thiic

B) Bat dau tiTcodon md dau va kcl thiic khi riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic

C ) Ba't dau d vimg khdi dpng, ket thiic d viing ke't thiic

D) Ca A v a C d e u d i i n g

Cfiu 31: Qua trinh dich ma diTng lai khi: :/; ; s ' h

A) Dot bien lam xuiit hien ma kcl thuc , „ -i " i :

B) Khi riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic

C ) K h i riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba U A A hoac U A G hoac U G A

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-Ca'm nang tg fln va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng

C a u 32: Trong qua trinh dich ma, dau lien riboxom gan v6i m A R N d vung nao?

A ) O vi Iri dac hieu nam gan codon md dau

D ) d vung dicu hoa i ' T, „

C a u 33: V i sao A D N du-dc goi la cd sd vat chat di truycn: )

A ) V i chi?a thong tin di truycn

B ) V i CO tinh dac trifng cho moi ca the, moi loai sinh vat va on dinh qua cac

the he i7^l"r>vi: (i, • " •

C ) V i A D N CO kha nang lai sinh, phan l i , to hap, kha nang bicn di va truycn

thong tin di truyen qua cac the' he ,

D) V i c a A, B , C

C a u 34: A D N co d vi tri niio sau day?

A) Trong nhan tc' bao B) Trong ti the, hip the

C ) Trong phan loi cua mot so virut D) Ca A, B, C

C a u 35: Hai mach cua A D N c6 chieu nhif sau:

A) Ca 2 mach c6 chieu gio'ng nhau

B) Mach ma goc c6 chieu 3' -> S' Mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' -> 3'

C ) Ca 2 mach xoan deu quanh mot true thco chieu tiif Inii sang phai

D) C a B , C d c u d u n g

C a u 36: A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap d dang sinh vat nao?

A ) T h e a n k h u a n B) Virut

C ) Dong vat nguycn sinh D) Ca A va B

C a u 37: Mach danh dau chieu 5' -> 3' nghia la:

A ) Lien ket hoa tri ba't dau tiT cacbon so 5' ciia nucleotil Ihu- nha't, k c l Ihiic d

cacbon so 3' trong nucleotit cuoi cijng ciia mach do

B) Lien ket hoa tri bat dau tir cacbon so' 3' ciia nucleotit thi? nha't, k c l Ihiic d

cacbon so 5' trong nucleotit cuoi cung ciia mach do

C ) Ca A , B deu ,sai

D) Ca A, B deu dung '*

C a u 38: Nguyen lac bd sung c6 tam quan trong vt'li crt che di truyen:

1 Nhan doi A N D 2 Hinh thanh mach ddn

3 Phien ma , • 4 Dich ma

Cau trii Icli dung la:

A) 1 , 2 , 3 B) 1 , 3 , 4 ' C ) 1 , 2 , 3 D) 1 , 2 , 4

C a u 39: TCr nguycn tic bd sung c6 the suy ra dicu gi:

A) A + G = T + X B) A + X = so nucleotil ciia mot mach

Cty TNHH'MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

C S u 40: A D N c6 tinh on dinh qua cac the' he la nhd

B ) dich ma -:<•, , • \ ^^ ^ V

C ) nhan doi A D N theo nguycn lac bd sung va ban bao ton

D ) nguycn phan

Cfiu 41: Qua trinh nhan doi A D N xiiy ra tao thanh phan nao ciia te bao?

A ) Nhiem sac the B) T i the, lap the j ^

O P l a s m i t D ) C a A , B , C d e u d u n g '\

C a u 42: A D N con duWc tao ra theo nguycn lac ban bao ton nghla la: j ; ) u j

A ) Trong hai A D N co mot A D N cii va mot A D N mdi

B) M o i mach ciia A D N con co 1/2 nguycn lieu cii, 1/2 nguycn lieu mdi

C ) M o t mach cua A D N la mach khuon cua A D N me, mach kia du^dc tao bdi cac nucleotit tif do

D ) M o t nii-a nguycn lieu cii, mot nufa nguycn lieu mdi

cau 43: Nguyen tac bd sung trong cd che lai ban A D N dan den:

A) Lam cho tinh dac ihii cua A D N duMc on djnh ) V

B) L a m cho A D N con co can true gidng hct A D N me , , ;^

C ) Gop phan dn dinh tinh Irang ciia loai qua cac the he ; D) Ca A , B , C d e u d u n g

C a u 44: Cau nao sai khi noi ve chieu lac dong ciia cn/.im?

A) A D N polimcra/a chi Uic dong theo chieu 3' 5' cvia mach khuon

B) A D N polimcraza tac dong thco nhieu ndi nhu^ng van theo chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach khuon

D) Cii A va B deu sai "

C a u 45: Khi noi de'n doan okazaki dieu nao sau day la sai? ''•

A ) DuWc tdng hdp difa vao mach khuon 3' -> 5' ./i ^ K('!/i>l i

B) Dirdc tdng hdp ngiWc chieu vi'ii mach khuon

C ) Dufdc tdng hdp tiVng doan ngiin difa vao nhieu diem ciia mot mach ddn

D) DiTdc tdng h d p difa vao mach khuon 5' -> 3'

C a u 46: C d che tai sinh ciia A D N co y nghia gi?

B) Dam bao cho A D N difdc 6n dinh ve cau true ham liTdng qua cac the he te bao

C ) Gop phan dn dinh ciic tinh trang qua cac the he cua kxii ,, .;,

D) C i i A, B, C deu dung , ' '

C a u 47: Tinh dac ihu ciia A D N bieu hicn ct:

A) So lifdng, thanh phan, trinh tif sap xcp cac nucleotil

B) Ham lifdng A D N

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Ca'm nang tij On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng

O T H c A ± l

G + X

D ) Ca A , B, C

C a u 48: N h d diic d i e m nho A D N c6 tinh cha't viTa vi?ng chac vi/a Hnh hoat, c6

the dong xoan, thao xoa'n, tach nhaii la Ichi can Ihict?

A ) So lien k c t h i d i o la lien ket yen va nhicu

B ) Hai mach lien ket vc'Ji nhau theo ngiiycn tiic bo sung

C ) L i e n ket hoa trj rat ben

D ) Ca A , B, C dung

C a u 49: NhCl dac d i e m nao A D N c6 linh da dang vii tinh dac thii?

A) Nhil cau lao da phan li) Nh(i nguyen trie bd sung

C ) Nhf< A D N la dai phan liV D ) Nhcl lien ket hidro rat k'Jn

C a u 50: Nhct dac tinh nao c6 sir lien quan giiTa A D N va gen?

A) T i n h da dang, tinh dac thu

B ) T i n h dilc trifng, on dinh qua cac the he

C ) Co kha nang tai sinh, phiin l i , to hdp, dot bien

D ) Ca A B, C

C a u 5 1 : K h i noi ve ma di truyen cau noi nao sau day khong dung?

A ) Ban chat ma di truyen la 1 bo ba ma hoa mot axit amin

B ) Ban chat ma di truyen la thong tin quy dinh ciic tinh trang ciia cO the

C ) Ban cha't ma di truyen lii trinh lir ciia bo ba trong A D N quy dinh trinh tif

cac axit amin trong phan ti'f protein

D ) T h o n g tin di truyen du'dc ma hoa trong A D N bang ma hoa bp ba

C a u 52: C h i c6 khoang l,5V( so nucleotil trong he gen ngircli tham gia vao vice

ma hoa cac chuoi polipeptit, so con lai c6 the giff vai tro gi?

A ) K h o n g giu" vai tro gi ca (bat hoat)

B ) T h a m gia ca'u tao cac inlron, cau tao tarn dong, dau m i l l nhiem sac the,

trinh tif ciic nucleotil dac hieu dc giup r i b o x o m nhan biet cho lien ke'l v d i

m A R N , giup A R N polimera/a nhiin bie'l tin hieu khdi dong, tin hieu diTng

p h i c n ma, giiip cha't vie c h e b a m vao de dieu hoa hoat dong gen

C ) Ca A , B d e u d u n g

D ) C h i C O B dung

C a u 53: K h i noi den chifc nang ciia enzim A D N - polimera/a Irong qua trinh

nhan doi A D N , cau niio sau day la dung nhfi'l?

A ) La enzim long hdp mach A D N mc'^i

B ) L i i enzim lap rap cac nucleotil liTdo lhanh mach A D N m6i

24

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t

C ) La enzim xiic tac sif lien ke'l giffa nucleotil tu* do vt'ti nucleotil ciia mach

khuon de tao lhanh mach A D N mdi, theo nguyen tSc bo sung A - T, G - X

D ) La enzim khong phiii lam nhiem v i i long hdp mach md^i ma chi xiic lac

phiin i^ng tao lhanh mach A D N mt'li

C 3 u 54: NhSng dac diem nao cua ma di truyen the hicn linh thong nhat va da

dang sinh gic'ti'.'

A ) M a di i r u y c n c6 tinh phd bien B ) M a di truyen khong gdi len nhau

C ) Ma di truyen c6 linh dac hieu D ) Ca A va B

C a u 55: A R N C O mat ('<:

A) Nhan le bao B ) Te bao chat

C ) M o t so v i r u l D ) Cil A , B va C

C a u 56: SiTkhac biet trong ca'u tao hoa hpc ciia nucleotil so vc'fi ribonucleotit la:

A) V i tri lien ket giffa axit, bazd vii difiJng. -'i^ '

B ) Baz(t nitric vii difclng C^

C ) Goc - O H trong phiin lii-dirdng C5 ' •

D ) Ca A vii B dijng ; Cslu 57: H i i m lu'dng A R N trong l e b i i o thay ddi phii ihupc viio:

A ) Te biio con non hay da g i i i

B ) Loai mo chiVa te biio do

C ) T c b i i o dang phat trien hay dang phan biio

D ) Cii A , B vii C deu dung

C a u 58: D i e m khac biet cd biin giiJa n i A R N , l A R N ve cau lao l i i :

A ) Chung khiic ve so lu'dng ddn phan

B ) m A R N khong c6 ca'u true xoan vii nguyen tiic bd sung, con l A R N ihi ngu'cfc lai

C ) l A R N C O lien ke'l hidro con m A R N thi khong

D ) Cii A , B vii C deu dung

C a u 59: N o i den chu'c nilng cua A R N , cau niio sau diiy sai? ' '

| ! A ) m A R N lii ban mil sao luf mach 3' -> 5' ciia gen du^dc d u n g k h u o n long

hPp p r o l e i n , ' ' l '

| B ) r A R N CO vai i r d long hdp chudi polipeptit dac biet, tao thiinh r i b o x o m

| C ) l A R N CO chi'rc niing viin chuycn axil amin den riboxom vii trifc ticp dich ma

D ) r A R N C O vai tro tdng hdp eo ihif cap ciia NST

Cfiu 60: A D N vii A R N gidng nhau d diem niio? : ' A) Deu C O 4 loai ddn phan

B ) M d i ddn phiin deu c6 axit, dirdng vii bazct nitric • • '• " •' '

C ) L i e n ket hoa tri giiTa difdng vii axil c6 vi tri gid'ng nhau

D ) Cii A , B , C deu dung

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Ca'm nang ti; fln luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phiing Duy Dting

C a u 61: NhiTng diem khac nhau ci1 ban ve cau iriic giffa A D N va A R N :

A ) So lUWng mach vii so luWng ddn phan r s ' ; ? <

-B ) Trong A D N c6 T, khong c6 U, con trong A R N ihi ngiWc lai, trong A D N co

diTfJng C , H | o 0 4 , trong A R N co du-dng C ^ H H I O ,

C ) A D N la khuon, con A R N la stin pham du'dc tdng hdp lu" khuon A D N

D ) Ca A , B, C dcu diing

Cflu 62: V I dac diem nao trong cd che sao ma mil cau true A R N khac vdi doan

A D N da tdng hdp ra no: : ; ,1; - • • ' • ) • / :

A ) V I A R N chi diiilc tdng hdp lit mol mach dcJn cua A D N

B ) V i nguyen lieu ciia qua trinh sao ma (phien ma) la ribonucleotit

C ) V i tdng hdp theo nguyen tac bd sung A - U, G - X

D ) Ca A , B, C deu dung

C a u 63: Diem giong nhau giiTa ed che tdng hdp A R N (sao ma, phien ma) va cd

che tu" nhan doi ci'ia A D N (tir sao ma, ti/ tai ban):

A ) Deu diTa vao A D N lam khuon

B ) Deu tdng hdp theo nguyen lac bd sung

C ) Deu CO siTxiic tiic ci'ia en/im polimera/a va mach mdi deu du'dc tdng hdp

theo chieu ngu'dc lai vdi mach khuon

D ) Ca A , B, C deu dung

C a u 64: Diem khac hiet giiTa cd che nhan ddi A D N vil c(t che phien ma:

A ) Khtic nhau ve khuon (hai mach, mot mach)

B ) Khac nhau ve nguyen lieu do moi Irirdng cung cap (loai ddn phan, so

,, A ) Giong nhau d nhom amin, nhom cacboxyl khac nhau d go'c R

B ) Giong nhau d axil, difdng, khac nhau ("t nhom amin

C ) Ca A va B deu dung , ,

C a u 66: Noi dung nao sau day khong dung?

A ) Lien ket peplil la lien ket giiTa cac axil amin

B ) Thi/c chat ciia H C M I ket peplil \h lien ket hoa Iri

C ) LiC-n ket peptit difdc thifc hien giiTa nhom - COOH ciia axil amin nay vdi

nhom - NH2 ciia axil amin ben canh (loai irCr mot phan liV H.O)

D ) So lien kel peptit bang sd^ axil amin ciia chudi polipeptil

26

C S u 67: Y e u to nao sau day chi phdi Idn nhal den tinh dac ihil ciia protein?

A ) So lu-dng axil amin trong phan tii" protein do

B ) Thiinh phan axil amin trong phan tiir protein do ? 1 ,

C) Trinh tu" sap xep cac axil amin trong phan tuT protein do

D ) Cau triic khong gian cua phan liV protein do ,A

C a u 68: Qua trinh tdng hdp prdlein qua cac giai doan nao sau day? •

A ) Phien ma idng hdp ra m A R N rdi djch ma thanh chudi polipeptil :;

B ) Hoat hoa axit amin va tdng hdp chudi polipeptil '

C ) Nhan doi A D N (liT sao) tdng hdp m A R N (sao ma) va tdng hdp chuoi polipeptil (dich mii hay giai ma). ^ j i ? ! • ; ; ) , ? ; ;f , ' 4 , d 4 >

D ) Ca A va B deu dung , ^^ 'uh^'-'fua u •

C a u 69: Protein co tinh dac trifng va dn dinh la nhd: , > ^

A ) A D N ed tinh dac tru'ng va dn dinh ,

B ) A D N nhan ddi theo nguyen life bd sung va ban bao ton

C ) Trinh tir cac bo ba trong mach gde (Triplet) quy dinh trinh tif cac codon trong m A R N (qua cd che phien ma), trinh tu" cac codon trong m A R N quy dinh trinh tiTcac axit amin trong chudi polipeptil (qua cd che dich mil)

D ) Nhd cii ba diJ kien tren,

A ) Cac riboxdm chuyen dich trcn m A R N theo chieu 5 ' - > 3 ' tiTng bd ba, liTdng i?ng vdi 10,2 A "

B ) Cac anticodon eiia l A R N dich ma sao tren m A R N theo nguyen tiic bd sung vdi tifng codon ihco liTng bifdc chuyen dich ciia riboxdm

C ) M i l ket thiie khong du'dc l A R N dich ma

D ) Cd bao nhieu ribdxdm tham gia giiii ma se cd bii'y nhieu phan tuf protein

du'dc tdng hdp r- ,^

C S u 71: Y e u i d niio giu" vai tro dicu hoa tdng hdp protein? ,

A ) Gen dieu hoa s;in xual ra prdlein lYc che ,

B ) Viing khdi ddng de A R N polimera/.a bam viio de phien ma

C ) Viing viin hilnh do protein u'e che bam vao ngan can phien ma

D ) C c i 3 yeu i d A , B vii C , , '[ , ^

C S u 72: Cau niio sau day khong diing?

A ) M i l md dau co chiJc nang khdi dau dich ma

B ) Bo ba md diiu co chuTc niing ma hoa axil amin md d;1u

C ) B d ba md dau co chiJc niing khdi ditu phien mii

D ) Dich ma bill diiu iCr bo ba md ditu tren m A R N

C a u 73: Cau niio sau day khong dung? ,'' '

A ) M a ket thiic quy djnh tin hicu ket thuc dich ma

B ) M i i ket thuc la cac bo ba: UAA, U A G , UGA

2 7 ,

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Ca'm nang ti/ fin va luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy D6'ng

C) M a kct thuc quy djnh tin hieu ket thi'ic phicn ma

D ) M a kc'l thiic nam d vung kct thuc ciia gen cau true , - ,

C a u 74: V i t r i ciia bo ba mc'f dau nam ("J vung

A ) khc'-fi dgng ciia gen B ) dieu hoa ciia gen

C) ma hoa D ) Ca A, B va C dcu dung

C a u 75: Cau nao sau day dung? •»*''' ••'<• •

A) D i e m k h d i dau nam d bo ba mc( diiu

B ) D i e m k h d i dau nam cf vj t r i dac hieu d dau gen

C) D i e m khdi dau nhw c! dau bo ba met dau

D ) Ca A , B va C dcu dung

C a u 76: Cau niio sau day dung?

A ) D i e m ket thuc nam d bo ba ket thuc

B ) D i e m k c t thijc ntlm d dau bo ba ket thiic

C) D i e m ket ihiic nhm (':f v i tri dac hieu (1 cuo'i gen

Logi 1: T i m so to hdp ciia cac loai nucleotil

1 T i r cac v i dii cu the hay khai quat va cho b i e l :

Co 4 loai nucleotit, neu to hdp bo 1, bo 2, bo 3, , bo n thl se tao ra bao nhicu

to help

2 Neu chi c6 3 loai nucleotit A , X , G to hdp bo ma, se ma hoa di/dc bao

nhieu axit amin D i e u nay trong thifc te CO xiiy ra khong?

3 Se CO bao nhieu id hdp cac bi) ba c6 chii'a it nha't 1 ribonucleotit loai A

(DS: 37)

4 So to hdp cac bo ba chiVa 2A va 1U (DS: 8)

5 Co bao nhieu cac to hdp bo ba khong chiJa X (DS: 27)

Gdi y trii Icfi: L a p biing to hc.Jp de tim hoac suy ra iCl' cong thu'c to hdp

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t

Lo^i 2: Xac dinh ca'u Iriic ciia phan tuf i

TiT mo'i quan he giiTa cac qua trinh phien ma va giai ma c6 the xac dinh cau true ciia gen, ciia m A R N , ciia chudi polipcptit do gen do tdng hdp L o a i nay c6 rat nhieu bai, chiing toi chi difa ra mot loai, chifa lha'y gap trong cac sach bai tap

V i d i i : M o t gen rat ngiin du'dc tdng h(<p trong phong thi nghiem c6 Irinh tu"

nucleotit nhir sau:

M a c h 1: T T T T A X A G T A T X A T T T X A A X T A A T T T X T A G X A T G T A

M a c h 2: A A A A T G T X A T A G T A A A G T T G A T T A A A G A T X G T A X A T Cho bie't gen nay dich ma cho chudi polipcptit c6 6 axit amin Hay xac djnh:

a) M a c h nao la mach khuon de tdng hdp m A R N va viet cac dfiu 3' va 5' vao ciic dau ciia gen G i i i i thich tai sao?

b) T r i n h liT cac codon trong m A R N '"

c) T r i n h tifcac axit amin trong chudi polipcptit

d) T r i n h t i / c a c nucleotit dac hieu de khdi dong, dieu tiet difng phien ma, dich

ma la nhUng nucleotit nao? Chung nam d viing nao ciia gen tren

- Can cd viio chu'c nang ciia viing dieu hoa, vung ket thiic de xac dinh

Logi 3: Tim so' lu'dng cac d(<n phan

a) Can ci? vao cau tao cua A D N ta c6:

- So lien ket hidro - 2 A + 3G = 2T + 3G - 2 A + 3X = 2T + 3 X

- So lien ket hoa tri trong 1 mach dcJn = N - 1 va trong phan tii" A D N = 2 N - 2 (giiira axil va diTcJng) ' i v ^ j

- So lien ke't hoa trj giffa cac nucleotit trong A D N = N - 2. j , ^ , , ,

- So nucleotit trong mot vong xoan = 20 nucleotit

b) Can cii" vao m d i l i e n he giffa khdi lifclng phan tvf ( M ) , sd' Ming nucleotit

(N), so lu'dng ribonucledtit (Nn,) so lu'dng axit amin (aa) va chieu dai ( D ) ciia cac phan tOr c6 the dien la m d i l i e n he do qua sd do sau:

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Cam nang ttj 6n luygn thi Sinh lioc - I'liung Duy D6ng

Nhan 3,4

Chia 3,4

Theo s d do tren khi dau bai cho bie't ba't ki mot yeu to niio Irong bang ta c6

the suy ra ta't ca cac yeu to khac trong bang

c) Can cu" vao mo'i quan he giiJa gen va mARN

Loai 4: Tim so l i f d n g moi loai ddn phan

- Co 4 loai nucleotil nhu'ng vi A = T, G = X nen ta chi can tim so" lu'dng cua

2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung vdi nhau se bie't du'dc so lu'dng cua 4 loai

- Nhu" vay nhflng bai toiin ihuoc loai nay c6 2 an so, buoc de phiii c6 2 dieu kien

- Can cH vao moi dieu kien trong de bai ta lap mot phu'dng trinh bac nha't

mot an so' Giai he phu'dng trinh bac nhii't 2 an so ta se tim ngay ra dap an

Vidu 1: Bie't chicu dai cua gen la 0,51|jm gen co so'nucleotit loai A - 600 Tim

so'nucleotit moi loai cua gen do

HU('mg ddn

- Theo de bai ta CO ngay phuTdng trinh 1 la: A = 600

- Bie't A = 600 T = 600 Nhu- vay an so thiJ hai phai tim la so loai

nucleotil khong bo sung vdi A Do la G hoac X

- Dieu kien thi? hai trong de bai khong noi ro so' nucleotit nhu'ng can cu" vao

mo'i lien he giffa chicu dai gen (L gen) vdi so nucleotit ciia gen (N gen) trong

bang he thong d muc 2 ta bie't ngay so'nucleotit cua gen la:

0,51x10^ A 3,4 = 1500x2

Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi?t

Hoac s o ' n u c l e o t i t c u a m o t m a c h la 1500. C Suy r a : A + X = 1500 ( p h U d n g t r i n h thi? h a i ) i

A + X = 1500l A = 600=T >

- Giai h e p h u ' d n g t r i n h

A=600 J X=900 = G

yidu 2: Tim so' nucle6tit cua gen bie't so' lien kct hidro ciia g e n do la 3900 Va

s6' lien ke't hoa trj giiJa cac nucleotit trong mot mach ddn lii 1499

Loai 5: Tim so' % moi loai ddn phan

Cach giai nhu'ng bai toan thuoc loai nay cung tiTdng t i ; nhiT each giai toan loai

4 da de cap tren ' ' >•

Can luu y:

+ De bai khong can cho biet 2 dieu kien nhiT d dang toan loai 4 ma chi can

cho bie't mot dieu kien la du, vi mot dieu kien tat yeu da bie't la tong so % cac loai

nucleotit bang 100% ^ A % + X % = A % +G % = T % + G = T % + X % = 50%

(c6 nghia la to'ng % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau bang 50%)

- Vi du: Bai loan cho bie't A = 20% ta c6 ngay he phu'dng t r i n h :

A + X=50%1 A = T = 20%

A = 2 0 % J ^ X = G = 3 0 % Dieu kien cho bie't c6 the la mot trong 9 yeu to Irong bang he tho'ng (2) da trinh bay d tren Tijr dieu kien do co suy dieu kien la can

+ Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian khi tim so' lifdng moi loai nucleotit vdi so % m6i loai khi cho bie't so lieu trong moi mach ddn

A =3001 ' i

Vidu: ' = > A = A , + A , - 3 0 0 + 200=500

• A 2 = 2 0 0 j ' ^

A | = i O % l _ A | % + A 2 % 10+30 Nhu'ng ^=>A%=—! ^ = — - — = 2 0 % >'

^ A 2 = 3 0 % j 2 2 ChiJ khong phai A % = 10% + 30% = 40% (vi so vdi so Idn gap doi thi so %' giam21an)

Loai 6: Toan ve c d che nhan doi cua A D N \

Muo'n giai loai loan nay can nam vilng:

1 Mot vongxoan dai 34A" CO 10 cap nucleotil ,

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Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy DO'ng

2 Phan tu" ADN c6 2 mach ngiMc chieu nhau, mach ma goc c6 chicii 3' —> 5'

va mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' 3' Mach 5' ^ 3' la mach c6 lien ke'l hoa lri bill

dau liY C so 5 (5') ciia nucleolil ihi? nha'l va kel ihi'ic c'J C so 3 (3') ciia nucleolil

cuo'i Cling

3 Ci? moi nucleolil c6 mol lien kel hoa lri giiJa diftJng c) vi tri C so'5 vdi axit

pholphoric ciia nucleolil do (5' - P)

4 Ciic nucleolil ke liep nhau trong moi mach ddn lien ket vcli nhau bhng lien

kel hoa tri (con goi la lien ke'l phosphodiesle) gii^a C so 3 (3' - OH) cua

nucleolil nay vd\l ciia nucleolil ben canh

5 Ciic nucleolil giiJa 2 mach dOn lien kel vcfi nhau bang lien kel hidro iheo

nguyen utc bo sung Do do:

- So lien kel hoa tri giffa cac nucleotit trong ADN biing N - 2 (N: long so

nucleolil trong ADN)

- So lien ket hoa lri giiJa axil pholphoric va difc^ng deoxiribozd Irong ca

phan liVla 2N - 2

- So lien ket hidro trong A D N la: 2A + 3G = 2A + 3X = 2T + 3G = 2T + 3X

- Sau moi Ian tai sinh so lien ket hidro bi pha hi'iy bang 1/2 so hen ket hidro

du'dc tai lap, so lien kel hoa tri du"* lhanh lap bang so lien ket hoa lri cua ADN me

- Sau n Ian Uii sinh lien tiep ciia mot phan tiJ ADN se lao thanh 2" phan tuf

A D N nhiTng nguyen lieu chi can cung cap cho 2" - 1 phan ti;'!" ADN difc/c lao

lhanh (suy tii" nguyen tile bitn bao ton)

Logi 7: Toiin ve dich mil

1 So niiich polipeplit diMc tiio ihiinh phu Ihuoc so'Ian sao mil (so mARN) va

so riboxom irirdt Iren mot philn tu" mARN

2 Xiic dinh thcfi gian long hrip chuoi polipeplit:

Th(ti gian long hilp 1 chuoi polipeplit bang Mli gian litp riip moi axil amin

nhan vdi so axil amin du^dc lap rap Hoac bang do dai phan tu" mARN chia cho

van toe cua riboxom

3 Xac dinh van toe riboxom: Viin toe cua riboxom bang do dai phan HJ"

mARN chia cho thcii gian riboxom Iru'Ot Iron mARN

4 Xiic dinh chieu diii cua mARN, ciia gen bang lich Viin toe ciia riboxom vdi

thdi gian tr^dt ciia no Iren mARN,

B A I T A P VAN D V N G

Bai 1: Mot gen eo chieu dai (),51|jm Co A = 28% so' nucleotit cua gen Gen

nhan doi 5 liin lien tiep Ifio ra cac gen con Moi gen sao mii 3 liin, moi m;~i sao

cho 5 riboxom Iru'dl qua khong Ird h i

a) Tinh so lu'dng moi loiii nucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p cho gen nhan doi?

b) Trong qua Irinh nhan doi do gen can phii vd bao nhieu lien kel hidro, hinh

thanh them bao nhieu lien ke'l hoa trj givta ciic nucleolil?

c) Tong so'ribonucleolil moi lru"cfng ciin cung cap cho cttc gen con sao ma?

32

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

d) Co bao nhieu lu'dl lARN du'dc dieu den de giai ma cho mARN?

e) Co bao nhieu axil amin duTdc lien ket vao cac phan luT protein de thifc hien

Hiidng dan

- Tir chieu dai cua gen la 0,51 jam c6 the tinh diTdc so nucleotit cua gen la:

^ : ^ x 2 = 3000 ' • 3,4

- So lien ket hidro bj pha v3: (2' - 1)[( 840 x 2) + (660 x 3)] = 113460

- So' lien ket hoa tri diTdc hinh thanh (phan tu" A D N dau lien khong phai hinh thanh): (2' - 1)(3000 - 2) = 92938

- So lu-dng mARN du'dc long hdp tir cac gen con: 2^x3 = 96 mARN ^^^^^^^

- Tong so'ribonucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p: 96x1500 = 144000

- So' lu'dt lARN can du'dc dieu de to'ng hdp mot chuoi polipeplit la:

• i ^ - 1 = 4 9 9 liTdt (VI ma ket thuc khong can tARN) '*

Bai 2: Mot gen c6 chieu dai 0,408|jm Hieu so nucleotit loai A vdi loai nucleotit

khac la 240 Khi gen nhan doi, thdi gian tiep nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai A mat 15 giay

a) Tinh thdi gian can thiet de gen tif nhan doi mot Ian, biet rang thdi gian

tiep nhan va lap rap moi nucleotit deu nhu' nhau

b) Ne'u thdi gian hoan thanh long hdp 1 mARN tren gen mat 30 giay, tinh van to'c sao ma (theo ribonucleotil/giay)

c) Ne'u tren moi mARN c6 6 riboxom trUdt qua thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin tna:'t 0,2 giay Khoang each thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom ke tiep nhau 1,4 giay Cac riboxom chuyen dpng deu va each deu nhau ^ i v

- Tim van to'c cua riboxom?

Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng

Thdi gian ticp nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai G (hay X) vao mach mdi bang:

1200

— ^ X 0,2 giay = 8 giay

- Van toe trifdt cua riboxom: (1200 x 3,4 A") : 80 giay = 51 A"/giay

- Thdi gian tiep xuc cham cua riboxom tren mARN: 1,4 giay x 5 = 7 giay

- Thdi gian ca qua trinh tdng hdp protein: 80 giay + 7 giay = 87 giay

Bai 3: Ba doan gen deu c6 600 nucleotit:

, A + T 1

Doan 1 CO ti le =—

G + X 2

A + T , Doan gen 2: =1

Doan gen 3:

G + X

A + T 2

G + X 3 Cho biet trong 3 doan gen do thi moi doan c6 bao nhieu Hen ke't hidro

Dap so':

Doan gen 1: 800 lien ke't hidro

' Doan ge.n 2: 750 lien ket hidro

Bai 4: Neu 2 gen c6 cung so lien ket hidro la 1300, gen c6 ti le = 1, con G + X

gen 2 CO ti le — c h o bie't gen nao c6 so liTdng nucleotit nhieu hdn va

- Sdlufdng nucleotit cua gen 1: 1040

- So liTdng nucleotit cua gen 2: 1000

- So liTdng nucleotit gen 1 nhieu hdn gen 2 la 40

Bai 5: Mot gen c6 chicu dai 0,255|jm, c6 hieu sdgiiJa T vdi loai nucleotit khong

bd sung bang 30% so nucleotit cua gen: mARN diTdc tdng hdp tijf gen do c6 U =

60% so ribonucleotit tren mot mach ddn cua gen c6 G = 14% so nucleotit cua

mach va A b^ng 450 nucleotit

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

1 So'lUdng nucleotit cua gen va cua tijrng mach ddn cua gen

2 SdlUdng va ti le % tijfng loai ribonucleotit ^ •*

3 So' lu'dng axit amin can cung cap cho qua trinh tdng hdp protein Ne'u gen sao ma 4 Ian, trung binh moi mARN c6 8 riboxom trufdt khong lap lai

4 Tinh khoang each deu giiJa cac riboxom (theo A") Ne'u bie't thdi gian de

Dap so: i ,„.:v, „^:''^';-v.i „ t-

- Sdnucleotit cua gen: 1500

- So liTdng nucleotit tiifng loai: A = T = 600 G = X = 150

- So liTdng ribonucleotit tren mARN:

G(m) = 45 X(m) = 150 U(m) = 450 A(m) = 150

- So'axit amin cung cap: 7968

- Khoang each giffa cac riboxom: 81,6 A"

Bai 6: Khi cho tdng hdp mot phan tijT mARN gen pha di?t 3600 lien ket hidro

Moi tru'dng te'bao cung cap 155G va 445X Gen do sao ma khong vu'dt qua 4 Ian

da can tdi 1500 ribonucleotit loai U Sau do do nhu cau can tdng hdp them, protein gen lai tiep luc sao ma (tdng hdp mARN) va tao nen cac mARN mdi lai cantdi2625U

1 Chieu dai cua gen v^ so lu'dng nucleotit cua gen

2 So' lu'dng tiJCng loai ribonucleotit tren moi phan tuC mARN

3 Vdi gia thie't neu tren ma so ma sao tao ra td'i da, moi ma sao (mARN) cho

5 riboxom tnfdt mot Ian thi moi tnldng npi bao phai cung cap cho bao nhieu axit amin

Co bao nhieu lU'dt tARN mang axit amin tdi giai ma?

Dap so':

- Chieu dai gen: 5 lOOA"

- So liTdng nucleotit moi loai: A = T = 900 G = X = 600 ; '

- G„, = 155, Xn, = 445, A„ = 525, = 375 , , ^ ^JM^Q^

- So axit amin cung ca'p: 27445 ' s"'

Bai 7: Mot gen c6 hieu so % nucleotit loai G vdi nucleotit khong bd sung vdi no

b^ng 20% va G = 1050 nucleotit Tren mach ddn thii'nha't cua gen c6 A, + Gi = 600

1 Tinh khdi liTdng phan til cua gen?

2 Chieu dai gen?

-3 So Irfdng va ti le % moi loai ribonucleotit cua mARN '

4 Tdng so axit amin diTdc lien ke't tren cac phan tuT protein de thifc hi6n chtfc iiang sinh hoc

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ca'm nang t\) 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - PhCing Duy flB'ng

5 Thdi gian cua qua trinh tong hOp protein va khoang each deu ve do dai

giu"a cac riboxom tren mARN? ,

Bie't rang thdi gian tong hdp protein deu ma't 1 phiit 40 giay Khoang each ve

thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom la 1,4 giay

Dap so':

- Kho'i lu'dng phan tuf cua gen 9.10'dvc •

- Chieu dai gen: 0,51 |Lim ;

Bai 8: Mot gen khi tong hdp 1 phan tij" mARN da lam dut 3450 hen ket hidro

Trong gen hieu so' % loai A vdi loai khong bo sung vdi no bang 20% tong so

nucleotit cua gen Tren mARN so'ribonucleotit loai 0 = 300, loai A = 600

1 Tinh so'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai cua gen?

2 Chieu dai gen va kho'i lu'dng phan tu" cua gen?

3 So lu'dng ribonucleotit moi loai tren mARN?

4 Neu gen noi tren nhan doi lien ticp 5 ddt thi moi tru'dng noi bao da cung

cap them moi loai nucleotit la bao nhieu? Trong qua trinh do c6 bao nhieu lien

ket hidro bi pha huy? Bao nhieu lien ket hoa tri difdc hinh thanh giiJa cac nucleotit?

5 Ne'u moi gen con tao ra sao ma 3 Ian, moi ma sao (mARN) cho 5 riboxom

tru'dt qua khong trd lai thi moi tru'dng da cung cap bao nhieu axit amin? Trong so'

do CO bao nhieu axit amin du'dc lien ket vao cac phan tuf protein Khi chung thi/c

hien cac chut nang sinh hoc Ne'u cho biet moi phan ttJf protein la mot chuoi polipeptit

Dap so':

- A = T = 1050; G = X = 450

- 5100 A" 9x10'dvC

- Gm = 300; X „ = 150; An, = 600; U „ = 450

- A = T = 32550 G = X = 13950; 106950 hen ket hidro, 92938 hen ket hoa tri

- So axit amin cung cap: 239520, so' lu'dng axit amin lien ke't thiTc hien chiJc

nang: 239040

V B A I T A P T R A C N G H I E M

Bai 1: Gen c6 so' nucleotit loai Timin bang 13,7% to'ng so' nucleotit, ti le phan

tram tijfng loai nucleotit ciia gen tren la:

A) A = T = 13,7% G = X = 8,73% B) A = T = 13,7% G = X = 36,3%

C ) A = T = G = X = 13,7% D ) A = T = G = X = 36,3%

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi?t

>A=T-13,7%; G - X = 3 6 , 3 %

Bai todn nay c6 2 each ^idi:

Cdch nidi tM nhcit: Can ciJ vao dieu kien cua bai loan ta lap he phUdng trinh

bac nha't CO 2 an so':

T + X = 5 0 % '

T = 13,7%

Cdch fiidi tM hai: Khong can giai ma loai bo cac dap an khong dung vdi dieu

kien cua bai toan:

Bai toan tim ti le phan tram ti^ng loai nucleotit bao gid cung phai phii hdp vdi dieu kien: < ^

A % + X % = A % + G %) = T % + X % = T % + G % = = 50%)

2

Ta tha'y ngay cac dap an A , C, D deu khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien nay Do

do dap an phai la B

Bai 2: Gen dai 3005,6A", C6 hieu giffa nucleotit loai T vdi loai nucleotit khac la

272 So'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai ciia gen tren la:

A) A = T = 289;G = X 1 5 3 B) A = T = 153; G = X =: 289 C) A = T = : 5 7 8 ; G = X = 306 D) A = T = 306; G = X = 578

-HUdng ddn

V i A = T va G = X nen chi can tim 2 loai nucleotit khong bo' sung nhau, nghla

la bai toan chi c6 2 an so' Do do can giai he phu'dng trinh bac nha't c6 2 an so'

Phu'dng trinh thiJ nha't c6 the tha'y ngay la T - X = 272 con phu'dng trinh thiJ hai

khong CO trong de bai toan De chi cho biet chieu dai gen la 3005,6 A " vay thi

phu'dng trinh thiJ hai chac chan phai suy ra tCf dieu kien nay That vay, chieu dai cua gen la 3005,6 A " ma moi nucleotit dai 3,4 A " Nen so' nucleotit moi mach

ddn la: ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ = 884 nucleotit So' nucleotit trong mach bang tong so'

nucleotit cua gen Do do: T + X = 884

T - X = 272l A - T = 578 • Giai he phi/dne trinh:

• ' ^ T + X = 884j G = X = 306 ^ - ; Vdi bai toan nay chi can can ciJ vao dieu kien hieu giifa T vdi loai nucleotit khac la 272 (T - X = 272) ta tha'y ngay dap so' la C vi tat ca cac dap so khac deu khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien cua de bai

Bai 3: Mot gen c6 tich giiJa 2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung bang 6%, ti le tifng

loai nucleotit cua gen la:

A) A = T = 30% G = X = 20% B) A = T = 35% G = X = 15%

C) A = T = 40% G = X = 15% D) A = T = 15% G = X = 40%

37 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Cam nang tg 6n va luyen Ihi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng

Hudng ddn

Vi tdng so % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau phai bang 50% nen chi

CO 2 dap an A va B la phu hOp (loai dtfOc 2 dap an) tie'p tuc xet den dieu kien

tich giffa 2 loai khong bd sung bang 6% ta loai them dtfOc dap an B Vay con lai

Yi bai toan tim ti le % moi loai nucleotit chi can biet mot dieu kien la du, vi

tdng ti le % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung bao gid cQng bang 50% NhiT vay

ta thay ngay dap an B la dung

Can ci? vao dieu kien de bai phai c6 ^^-5^1=1 Tu" dieu kien nay ta biet them

G + X 7 dap an A ciing dung

Tir dap an A ta CO the suy ra ngay dap an C ciing dung Nhu" vay c6 3 dap an diing

Bai 5: Mot gen c6 tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90% Ti le phan tram tifng loai

nucleotit cua gen tren la:

A) A = T = 45%; G = X = 5% B) A = T = 5%; G = X = 45%

C) A = T = 40%; G = X = 50% D) A va B diing

HUdng ddn

Ddi chieu vdi dieu kien cua bai toan la tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90% thi dap

an D va C la sai, 2 dap an con lai A, B deu diing

Khi xet den dieu kien tat ye'u phai c6 la tdng so % 2 loai nucleotit khong bd

sung vcti nhau la 50% (dieu kien nay khong can c6 trong de bai) thi dap an D va

C cung sai, con dap an A va B deu dung Tai sao nhu^ vay? Vi dieu kien de bai

cho biet tdng 2 loai nucleotit chicm 90% thi c6 the xay ra 2 tru^dng hc^p A + T = 90%

hoac G + X = 90%

Do do bai toan c6 2 dap so: tog v6i tru-dng hdp A + T = 90% thi c6 dap so la A

Lfng vdi tru-dng hop G + X = 90% thi c6 dap an B

Bai 6: Gen c6 T > X va T ' + X' = 0,065 Gia tri nao la diing?

d^p an B, C, D deu sai Vay con lai dap an A la dung De khang dinh A la dung

ta thay ke't qua phii hdp vdi nguyen tac bd sung: A + G = T + X = 50%

Bai 7: Gen c6 96 chu ki xoan va ti le giiJa cac loai nucleotit la A = - G So

Wdng ti^ng loai nucleotit cua gen la:

cua de bai la gen c6 96 chu ki xoan Vay B la dap an cua bai toan

Bai 8: Gen dai 4080A", so lien ket hidro trong doan tiT (2700 - 3000) va c6 tich giii-a 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung la 5,25% Ti le phan tram va so lien ket hidrd cua gen la:

Gen dai 4080A" ^ A + X = 1200 (1)

Theo de bai lai c6: A x X = 5,25% (2) ^ So lien ket hidro la 2760

Nhu" vay dap an A va D dung (vi deu c6 lien ket hidrd 2760) nhifng giai PhiTdng trinh cho thay A > X Do do chi D dung

BAITAP VANDVNG

Mgt mach ddn cua gen c6 1799 lien ket hoa tri giffa axit vd dUifng vd gen c6

2030 lien kit hidro

Hay suf dung cac di?kien tren tra Idi cac bai trac nghiem so 9, 10

fiai 9: Gen c6 khdi lu-dng:

A) 540300 dvC B) 1080600 dvC C) 540000 dvc D) 1080000 dvC

: 39

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ca'm nang ti; 6n va luyjn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy D6ng

Bai 10: So' li/dng tiifng loai nucleotit cua gen la:

Tdng so'lien ket hidro cua gen vdi lien ket hoa tri trong niQt mach dcfn cua

gen Id 5549 Trong do lien ket hoa tri trong mgt match dm it hm so lien ket

hidro cua gen la 2551

Surdung cac di^kien tren, tra 151 cac bai tap 13, 14

Bai 13: So lien ket hidro va lien ke'l hoa tri giffa axit va diTdng trong gen tren la:

A) 4050 va 2998 B) 4050 va 5998 C ) 5998 va 4050 D ) 4050 va 5998

Bai 14: T i le % tiTng loai nucleotit cua gen la:

A) A = T = 3 0 % ; G = X = 20% B) A = T = 2 0 % ; G = X = 15%

C) A = T = 15%; G = X = 35% D) A = T = 3 5 % ; G = X = 15%

Mot gen CO 120 chu ki xoan Hieu so % nucleotit loai A v6i nucleotit khong

bo sung v&i no bang 20% Tren phdn tv[ mARN tdng hcfp tU gen do c6 X,„ = 120

ribonucledtit

Hay su-dung cac dffkien tren tra Idi cac bai so 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

Bai 15: T i le % moi loai nucleotit cua gen la:

-D ) A i = 400; T, = 300; G, = 200; X, = 300 " • " '

Mgt gen c6 khdi lU0ig phdn tiC 9.10^ dvC, trong d6A = 1050 nucleotit

Hay surdung di^kien tren tra Idi cac bai so 20, 2 1 , 22, 23 , ,

Bai 20: So lU'dng m o i loai nucleotit cua gen:

A ) A = T = 1050; G = X = 450 B) A = T = 1050; G = X = 500 C) A = T = 1050; G = X = 480 D ) A = T - 1050; G = X = 405

Bai 21: Chieu dai cua gen la:

SuT dung cac du" kien tren de l a m bai so" 26, 27, 28

Bai 26: T i le % tufng loai nucleotit A, T, G, X tren mach dcfn thtf nhat Ian liTdt la:

A > A = T = 3 0 % = 4 3 2 v a G = X = 20% = 288

B) A = T = 2 0 % = 288 va G = X = 30% = 432 C) A = T = 1 2 , 5 % = 1 8 0 v a G = X = 37,5% = 540 ,,

D ) A = T = G = X = 2 5 % = 360

41 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

dm nang ti; fln va luygn thi Sinh hpc - PhCing Duy D6ng

Bai 29: Goi n la so"Ian tai ban cua gen A ' , T', G', X ' la cac loai nucleotit tiTdo

m6i tru-dng noi b^o can cung cap, N ' la tong so nucleotit tu" do moi triTdng can

cung cap , ,

Noi dung nao sau day sai?

I So' gen con dtfdc sinh ra la 2"

I I Cau trijc gen con hoan toan giong vdi gen me ban dau

I I I Te" bao nguyen phan bao nhieu Ian thi gen trong nhan te bao se tai ban

bay nhieu Ian va ngu'ctc lai

IV A ' = T ' = (2" - 1)A = (2" - 1)T

G ' = X ' = ( 2 " - 1 ) G = ( 2 " - 1 ) X

N ' = ( 2 " - 1 ) N

V Sau bat k i Ian tai ban nao cua mot gen, ket qua cung xuat hien 2 gen con

C O nguyen lieu khong hoan toan mdi (moi gen c6 1 mach cu va 1 mach mdi)

V I Trong qua trinh tai ban cua A D N c6 su" pha huy cac lien ke't hidro, lien

ke't hoa tri va sir thanh lap mdi cac loai lien ke't nay

Cau C O noi dung sai la:

A) I I I B) I V C) V I D) Khong cau nao sai

Bai 30: Cho biet: H la so' lien ket hidro trong gen, Y la so lien ke't hoa tri giffa

cac nucleotit trong gen

Noi dung nao dtfdi day sai?

I So'lien ke't hidro tai lap luon gap doi so'lien ke't hidro bi pha huy trMdc do

I I Tai Ian tai sinh thiJ n, so Hen ke't hidro bi pha huy la 2^"' H va so lien ke't

hidro du-dc thanh lap la 2" H

I I I Trong qua trinh tai sinh A D N , so lien ke't hoa tri bi pha huy bang 1/2 so

lien ke't hoa tri hinh thanh

IV Qua n Ian tai sinh

+ Tong so lien ke't hidro bi huy (2" - 1 )H

+ Tong so lien ke't hidro du-dc tai lap (2" - 1)2H

+ Tong so lien ke't hoa tri bi pha huy: Khong c6

+ Tong so lien ke't hoa tri du-dc thanh lap: (2" - 1)Y

Cau diTdc chon la:

A) I I B ) I I I C ) I , I I D) I I I , I V

Gen dai SIOOA" C6 SO lien ket hidro giita Aval bang so lien ket hidro giSa

G va X Gen tai sinh lien tiep 4 dart

Su'dung cac diTkien tren tra Idi bai 31, 32, 33

Bai 31: So lien ke't hidro bi pha huy va diTdc tai lap trong Ian tif sao cuoi cung la:

A) 28800 va 57600 B) 54000 va 108000

C) 57600 va 28800 D) 28800 va 108000

42

Cty TNHH MTV D W H Khang Vi^t

pai 32: So' lien ket hoa tri du-dc thanh lap tai Ian thiJ 4 va ca qua trinh Ian Itfdt la:

A) 11992 va 44970 B) 23984 va 23984

C) 23984 va 44970 D) 23984 va 47968 •

Bai 33: Tong so lien ket hidro bi pha huy qua ca qua trinh:

A) 58500 B) 62400 C) 57600 D) 54000

Bai 34: Goi V: Van toe triTdl cua riboxom tren mARN ( A ' V giay)

Ti : Thdi gian tong hdp 1 phan tuT protein (giay)

L : Chieu dai mARN (A") :

V : Van toe giai ma cua riboxom (so' axit amin du'dc giai ma trong 1 giay)

5 : Thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin cua riboxom (giay)

d : Khoang each chieu dai giQ-a 2 riboxom ke tiep nhau tren mARN ( A " )

t : Khoang each thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom ke tiep (giay) , Moi quan he nao sau day la dung? <

A i , T , , G i , X i : cac loai nucleotit trong mach 1 cua gen r

Aa, T2, G2, X2: cac loai nucleotit trong mach 2 cua gen

A(m), T(n,), G(n,), Xf^,: SO ribonucleotit moi loai trong mARN

Nn,: so ribonucleotit trong mot phan tuT mARN ' *

Cac tiTdng quan nao sau day sai (moi mach ddn tinh 100%)

ca'm nang t[f On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Bdng

B a i 36: N o i dung nao sau day sai?

I Chieu dai m A R N bang chieu dai gen long hcJp no nhiTng so ddn phan chi

bang 1/2 so'ddn phan cua gen

I I Chieu dai m A R N bang chieu dai A D N long hdp no

I I I K h o i lu-dng so ddn phan cung nhu" so l i e n ket hoa tri cua gen gap doi so

v d i A R N do gen long hdp

, I V T i i y nhu cau tong hdp protein, tijT mot gen c6 the tong hdp nhieu phan tu

A R N C O cau true giong nhau

V Trong qua trinh sao ma c6 su" pha huy eac Hen ket hidro va l i e n ket hoa tri

cua gen

A ) I I va I I I B ) I I , I I I , V C ) I I va V D ) V

B a i 37: N h u cau ve mot loai protein nao do trong cd the tang C d the dieu khien

n h i r t h e n a o ?

A ) Chat cam tfng l i e n ket v d i chat tfc che khong cho chat iJc che bam vao

phan van hanh

B ) Gen d i c u hoa (R) khong tong hdp chat vie che

C ) Gen tong hdp ra protein do sao ma nhieu Ian va tren m o i m A R N c6 nhieu

1 K h a i niem ve nhiSm sac the

+ N h i e m sac the ( N S T ) la vat chat d i truyen d cap do te bao mang gen cua

te bao V a t chat d i truyen d mot so loai virut chi la mot phan tuT A R N Cf sinh vat

nhan sd, N S T thu-dng chi c6 mot phan tu" A D N , mach kep dang vdng, chiTa

cd cau true n h i e m sac the dien hinh 6 sinh vat nhan thu"c, N S T la mot chuoi

nucleoxom du-dc cau tao tiT chat nhiem sac bao gom chu yeu la A D N va protein histon

+ d phan Idn cac loai, N S T trong te bao xoma ton tai thanh t t a g cap tu^dng

dong, giong nhau ve hinh thai, kich thudc va trinh tu" cac gen

+ D a i da so cac l o a i c6 nhieu cap nhiem sac the thu-dng (quy dinh cac tinh

trang thudng) va mot cap cac n h i e m s^c the g i d i tinh (quy dinh g i d i tinh va cac

tinh trang lien ket v d i g i d i tinh) 6 mot so loai chi c6 mot chiec n h i e m sac the

g i d i tinh (chau chau d u t , rep cai, ) v:« > ; W K ;

m

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt + B p n h i e m sac the cua loai c6 so' liTdng, hinh dang, cau true dac trUng va on

dinh qua cac the he N h i e m sac the cd kha nang t^i sinh {tvt nhan d o i ) , phan l i , to

hdp, C O kha nang dot bie'n qua do vat chat d i truyen difdc truyen qua cac the he

+ N h i e m sac the c6 chiJc nang lun giu", bao quan, truyen thong tin d i truyen,

va giup te bao phan chia deu vat cha'l di truyen cho cac te'bao con

2 Hinh thai N S T

+ N S T c i a cac l o a i c6 nhieu hinh dang khac nhau: H i n h hat, hinh que, hinh

chi? X , chff V , hinh moc, i • •

+ M o i N S T d i e n hinh deu chiJa cac trinh tif nucleotit dac biet nhtf:

- T r i n h tif nucleotit d eo thu" nhat du-dc goi la tam dong ( v i t r i l i e n ket v d i

thoi v6 sac)

M o t sd N S T con cd eo thiJ hai (la ndi tong hdp va tich tu r A R N ) i t

- T r i n h tU" nucleotit d hai dau cung cua N S T dufdc g o i la dau mut (c6 tac

dung bao ve va l a m cho cac N S T khong dinh vao nhau)

- T r i n h tif cac nucleotit d d i e m k h d i dau nhan d o i

+ T i i y theo v i t r i cua tam dong ma hinh thai N S T khac nhau, va tiiy theo mtfc do xoan ma h i n h thai n h i e m sac the bien d o i qua cac k i cua chu k i phan

bao K h i N S T x o ^ n ciTc dai, chung cd hinh dang, k i c h thtfdc dac tritog cho loai

+ Sau k h i nhan d o i N S T g o m 2 cromatit dinh nhau d tam dong ( N S T kep)

M o i NST kep tach nhau d tam dong se tao thanh 2 N S T ddn

3 C S u true hien vi c u a N S T

+ d sinh vat nhan thiTc, NST diTdc cau tao bdi cac nucleoxom

+ M o i n u c l e o x o m g o m 8 phan tuT histon diTdc quan quanh b d i 1 - vong xoan

A D N (khoang 146 cap nucleotit) GiiJa hai nucleoxom ke tiep nhau la 1 doan

A D N va mot phan tuf histon

+ Chuoi n u c l e o x o m x o ^ n bac 1 tao thanh sdi cd ban cd chieu ngang l l n m

sdi cd ban xoan l a i (bac 2) tao thanh sdi N S T cd chieu ngang 30nm Sdi nhiSm

s^c xoan l a i (bac 3) va xep cuon tao nen sdi (dang dng rong - sdi solenoi) cd

<3irdc rut ngan 15000 - 20000 Ian so v d i chieu dai cua A D N , thuan I d i cho suT

phSn l i va to hdp cua N S T trong qua trinh phan bao

4 Sii nhan doi, tiSp h^p, trao doi do^n, phan li va to hdp cua N S T

+ Sir nhan d o i cua A D N tao dieu k i e n cho N S T nhan doi dan idi sir phan

chia tc bao

['^^••y: • / 45

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Ca'm nang tu 6n va luygn Ihi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy Ddng

+ Sir phan U va to hdp cua NST d i n tdi sir phan H va to hdp cua cac cSp alen:

- Neu moi cSp alen nam tren moi cap NST khac nhau thi chung phan li

, doc lap, to hdp tu"do a

- Neu cac cap alen deu nam tren mot cap NST thi cic gen khong alen

tren mot NST phan l i va to hdp cung nhau

+ Trong nguyen phan:

- d k i trung gian NST nhan doi tao thanh NST kep

- d k i sau moi NST kep tach nhau d tam dong tao thanh 2 NST ddn va

dtfdc phan li dong deu ve hai te bao con

+ Trong giam phan:

- 6 k i dau cua giam phan I co suT tiep hdp cua cap NST kep tiTdng dong

va CO the xay ra sir trao doan dan tdi hoan vi gen Neii trao doi doan khong can

dan tdi lap doan

- d k i sau cua giam phan I c6 sir phan l i dong deu cua c3p NST kep

tuTdng dong ve 2 te'bao con nen moi te'bao con chi chiJa mot nhiem sac kep hoac

cua bo'hoac me

- O k i sau cua giam phan I I , m6i NST kep lai tach nhau d tam dong

thanh 2 NST ddn va dufdc phan l i dong deu ve 2 te bao con (nhu" nguyen phan)

nen moi te'bao con chi chtfa mot NST cua cap NST tiTdng dong '"-'^ ^

Ket qua lit mot te bao me lirdng boi (2n) qua giam phan da tao thanh 4 te' bao

con ddn boi (n)

+ Trong thu tinh c6 sir ke't hdp 2 bo ddn boi (n) cua bo' va me tao thanh bo

NST lu'dng boi (2n) cua con

5 Cd che di t r u y i n d cap dp te bao

+ NST la cd scl vat chat di truyen chiJa bo gen cua te'bao

+ NST CO kha nang tir nhan doi dan tdi bo gen cua te bao diTdc nhan doi mot

cich chinh xac (neu khong bi tac nhan dot bien tic dong)

+ NST CO kha nang phan li, to hdp, qua do thong tin di truyen chtfa trong bo

gen dirdc truyen qua cac the he mot each chinh xac (neu khong c6 tac nhan dot

bie'n tac dong)

- O loai sinh san v6 tinh bo gen duTdc truyen qua cac the' he nhd cd che

nhan doi va phan l i dong deu cua cac nhiem s^c the trong nguyen phan

- d loai sinh san hiTu tinh bo gen cua bo me du^dc truyen cho con nhcf sU"

ke't hdp 3 cd che nguyen phan, giam phan va thu tinh

+ NST CO kha nang dot bie'n bSi cac tac nhan dot bien Cac tac nhan nay tac

dong vao luc NST nhan doi, tiep hdp trao doi doan, phan li, gay ra dot bien NST

Cac dot bie'n nay lai diTdc di truyen cho the he sau qua trinh phan l i va to hdp

cua cic cap NST tirdng dong

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t

II C A U H O I T i ; L U A N

(Hoc sinh can "tu luan " de hieu bai roi mcH xem trd Idi cac cdu hoi)

c a u 1: 6 sinh vat nhan thiJc, ti the, lap the c6 chtfa vat cha't di truyen d cap do te'

bao khong?

Hiidngddn ' '

Co, v i chiing la nhiTng bao quan, chtfa gen

Cfiu 2: Cac loai virut c6 vat cha't di truyen d cap do te bao khong? <

HUdng ddn %^

Kh6ng, v i chung khong c6 ca'u tao te'bao

CSu 3: CJ sinh vat nhan sd, c6 vat cha't di truyen 5 cap do te bao khong?

Hiidngddn

Co, v i du A D N d vung nhan, plasmit cua vi khuan

c a u 4: Nhiem sac the la gi? - M S J / M ? ( ' «i

C6 cic each tra Idi sau: • n\ <

a) Nhidm sac the la vat chat di truyen d trong nhan te'bao

b) N h i e m sac the la mot chuoi nuclcxom, xoan cuon theo nhieu miJc do khac nhau

c) Nhiem sac the la mot bo phan cua te bao cd chiJc nang giff, bao quan

va truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the he

d) Nhiem sac the la vat chat di truyen d ca'p do te bao mang tinh dac tri/ng cho moi loai sinh vat

Em hay phan tich cac dinh nghia tren va cho biet y kien cua minh li f

Hitdngddn ' '

Ca 4 each tra Idi deu dung, nhu-ng chu-a khai quat du-dc cac khai niem ve

nhiem s^c the i;;/

a) Dinh nghla ve vat cha't di truyen b) Dinh nghia ve ca'u tao

c) Dinh nghia ve chtfc nang d) Dinh nghia ve dac tinh i Cau tra Idi can bao quat diTdc moi khai niem cd ban ve nhidm sac the j

Co the tra IdinhiTsau:

Nhiem s^c the la vat chat di truyen d cap do te bao cua sinh vat nhan thiTc, diTdc ca'u tao bdi cac nucleoxom; cd hinh dang kich thiTdc va trinh ti/ cac gen dac trirng cho moi loai sinh vat cd chtfc nang liru giff, bao quan va truyen thong tin

di truyen qua cac the' he

Cfiu 5: 6 sinh vat nhan thirc, nhiem s^c the ton tai nhiTthcnao trong te'bao?

- Trong te'bao xoma, nhiem sac the thufdng thi ton tai thanh tiTng cap tiTdng dong con nhiem s^c the gidi tinh d cac loai sinh vat cd kieu X X va X Y thi 2 chie'c nay cd the tiTdng dong hoac khong tirdng dong tuy theo gidi tinh cua

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ca'm nang tu 6n vi luygn ihi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Ddng

Vi du: 6 ngirdi, dong vat c6 vu, ruoi giam, mot so thifc vat (gai, chua

Metionin, ) thi gidi cai gom 2 chiec tifcfng dong, gidi dye thi khong tu'Ong ddng

Trai lai d cic loai, chim, ech, nhai, bo sat, bufdm, dau tay, thi ngil'dc lai O cac

loai CO kieu XX va XO thi chi cd mot gidi gom 2 chiec tiiong dong con gidi kia

chi cd mot chiec Vi du: O bo xit, chau cha'u, rep: con cai la XX va con difc la

XO, d bo nhay con dUc la XX, con cai la XO

- Trong giao tuf, tfug vdi moi cap nhiem sac the chi cd mot chiec hoac ciia

bo', hoSc cua me Rieng nhiem sac the gidi tinh cd dang XO thi giao tuf cd the

khong cd chiec nhiem sac the gidi tinh nao hoac cd mot chiec

CSu 6: Tai sao ndi, bo nhiem sac the cd tinh dac triTng va on dinh? Cd che nao

dam bao cho nhiem sac the dac trUng dd

HUdng ddn

+ Vi moi loai sinh vat cd mot bo nhiem s^c the khac nhau ve so lu'dng, hinh

dang, kich thudc va trinh i\S sap xep cua cac gen tren moi nhiem sac the va dUdc

duy tri on dinh qua cac the'he

+ Cd che'bao dam cho bo nhiem sac the cua loai cd tinh dac truing va o'n

dinh la:

- O loai sinh san v6 tinh: Bo nhiem sac the cd tinh chat dac tru'ng va

on dinh la nhd cd che' nhan doi va phan li dong deu cua cac nhiem sac the

trong nguyen phan

- O cac loai sinh san hifu tinh, bo nhiem sac the cua loai cd tinh chat

dSc trufng va o'n dinh va nhd sU phoi hdp cua 3 cd che: nguyen phan, giam

phan va thu tinh

Cfiu 7: Vi sao nhiem s^c the dU'dc xem la cd che vat chat cua tinh di truyen d

cap do te bao? ' vf*

Hadngddn

Nhiem s^c the la vat chat di truyen d cap do te bao vi;

+ Nhiem s3c the la mot thanh phan (khong phai la phan tuf) cua te bao mang

gen va bao quan gen, quy dinh cac tinh trang cua sinh vat

+ Bo nhiem sac the cua loai cd tinh chat dac tru'ng va on dinh qua cac the' he

+ Nhiem sac the cd kha nang tif nhan doi, phan li va to hdp, qua do truyen

thong tin di truyen qua cdc the'he

+ Nhiem sac the cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac dot bien dd cho cac

the he sau

Cau 8: Cac gen tren nhiem sac the du"dc bao quan nhU the' nao?

HUcing ddn

Cac gen tren nhiem s^c the difdc bao quan bang each lien ket vdi protein

(histon), bkng each cupn xoan va bang cac trinh tu" nucleotit dac hieu d cac dau

mut nhiem sac the

4X

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t

CSu 9: Nhd dau nhiem sac the cd kha nang nhan doi, phan H va to hdp?

HUdng ddn • ^•::S,Atrnil .):y^:K^S,

+ Nhd NST cd trinh tuf nucleotit dac hieu d diem khdi dau nhan doi va nhd /VDN cd kha nang nhan doi nen nhiem sac the cd kha nang nhan doi

+ Nhiem sac the cd kha nang phan li la nhd cac trinh tu" nucleotit dac hie'j d

eo thiJ nhat tao ra tam dong la vi tri nhiem sac the lien ket vdi thoi phan bao va

di chuyen ve cac cUc cua te'bao nhd nhidm sac the kep cd kha nang tach nhau d tam dong tao thanh 2 nhiem sac the ddn, moi nhiem sac the ddn phan li ve mot

cxic cua te' bao va nhd nhiem sac the cd cau true xoan cuon thuan Idi cho sir

phan li va to hdp cac nhiem sac the trong phan bao

+ Nhiem sac the cd kha nang to hdp la do sU phan li dong deu ciia cac cap alen trong phan bao va do su" ket hdp cua cac giao tuf difc va cai trong thu tinh

CSu 10: Vi sao nhiem sac the cd kha nang dot bien?

Cfiu 12: Cau triic cuon xoan theo nhicu miJc kh^c nhau cua nhiem s^c the cd y

nghia nhU the nao ve mat di truyen

Hudng ddn

Cau true cuon xoan cd tac dung bao ve gen tren nhiem sac the Cau true cu6n xoan theo mtJc khac nhau giiip nhi^m sac the de dang thao xoan de thiTc hien cac chiJc nang di truyen nhu" phien ma, dich ma cua cac gen tren nhiem sac the de dang xoan lai theo tiifng miJc de thuan Idi cho su" phan li va t6 hdp cua nhiem sac the hoac xoan chat thanh the barr bat hoat, tham gia

^ieu hoa hoat dong gen

Cfiu 13: Hinh thai nhiem s^c the khac nhau la do cac ye'u to' nao?

HUdng ddn

Hinh thai nhiem s^c the khac nhau la do:

+ Loai khac nhau + Vi tri tam dong khac nhau ' + Mu"c dp cuon xoan khac nhau K •:

Cfiu 14: Trong cong nghe sinh hpc, ngiTdi ta da tao diTdc cac nhiem sac the nhan

'?0- Theo em can lap rap cac trinh tiT nucleotit nao de tao nen mot nhiem sac the th^ng sao cho no cd the hoat dong nhu" nhiem s^c the binh thudng trong nhan te ''^o nhan thuc

AQ

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Cam rang tyl 6n va luy^n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Bdng

Httdng ddn

M u o n cho nhiem sac the nhan tao hoat dong nhiT nhiem sac the binh thiTcfng

can 13p rap:

+ M o t trinh tif dac hicu d diem khdi dau nhan doi gtup enzim c6 the nhan

i ict va khdi dau qua trinh tiT nhan doi

+ M o t trinh t y nucleotit dac hieu lam nhiem vu cua tam dong

+ Cac tnnh tif nucleotit d hai dau mut nhiem sac the de bao ve nhiSm s^c

the va de cac nhidm sac the khong dinh vao nhau

I I I C A U H O I T R A C N G H I E M

C a u 1: Nhiem sac the c6 (5 dau? ;

A ) O trong nhan te bao

B) 6 trong nhan te bao cua sinh vat nhan thifc

C) CJ sinh vat nhan thiTc

D ) CJ sinh vat nhan sd

C f i u 2: Nhffng sinh vat chtfa cc) nhan, thi vat chat di truyen d cap do phan tu*

CO 3 dau?

A ) K h 6 n g c 6 c r d a u c a B) Co trong te bao cha't

' C ) Co trong cac bao quang D ) Co tren mang sinh chat

Cfiu 3: T i the, lap the c6 phai la vat chat di truyen cl cap do te bao khong?

A ) Khong phai, v i khong chufa nhi6m sac the

B) Khong phai v i ti the va lap the khong d cap do te bao, chi la cap do phan tuf

C) T i the, lap the la mot bo phan cua te bao (cap do phan tuf) chuTa gen quy dinh

cac tinh trang nen chung cung la vat chat di truyen 5 cap do phan tuf te bao

D ) Khong cau nao dung ca

CSu 4: M o t nhiem sac the bi dot bien maft cac trinh tiT nucleotit d dau mut c6

hoat dong diTdc binh thiTdng khong?

A) Hoat dong binh thu'dng vi mat doan nho khong anh hudng den stfc song

B) Khong hoat dong du^dc binh thiTdng v i nhiem sac the khong diTdc bao ve,

CO the bi dinh nhau trong hoat dong

C) B d u n g , 4 „

D ) A dung

Cfiu 5: Cac trinh tif nucleotit dac hieu c6 d dau tren nhiSm sac the?

A ) Co d 2 dau mut nhiem sac the B) Co d tam dong nhiem sac the

C) Co d diem khdi dau nhan doi D ) Ca A , B va C

;, Cfiu 6: Cdc trinh tiT nucleotit dac hieu c6 tham gia ma hoa axit amin khong?

A) Khong tham gia ma hoa axit amin

B) Cac trinh tiT nucleotit khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin nhiTng co

tham gia vao qua trinh ma hoa axit amin, v i khong c6 chiing thi qua trinh

ma hoa khong the xay ra

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' C ) B dung

D) A dung ,;• Cfiu 7: V i sao nhidm sac the dtfdc xem la vat chat di truyen?

A ) V i nhiem sjlc the thiTc hien cac chtfc nang di truyen nhi^ chtfa thong tin d i truyen, bao quan thong tin di truyen va truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the he

B) V i bo n h i e m sac the c6 tinh cha't dac truing cho loai va on dinh qua cac the'he

C) V i nhidm sac the c6 kha nang tai sinh, phan l i , to hdp, c6 kha nang dot bien va di truyen dot bien cho cac the he sau

D) V i ca A , B va C

Cfiu 8: NhiBm sac the truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the he bang each nao?

A ) Bang cac cd che tiT nhan doi, phan l i va to hdp cua nhiem s^c the

B) Bang cd che nguyen phan hoac ket hdp 3 cd che: nguyen phan, giam phan, Ihu tinh

C) B a n g c d che tiT n h a n d o i , p h a n l i va to hdp trong p h a n bao va trong thii t i n h

D ) Ca A , B va C deu dung

Cfiu 9: Nhiem sac the thiTdng va nhiem sic the gidi tinh khac nhau nhuTthenao?

A) So lufdng nhiem sac the gidi tinh i t hdn nhiem sac the thi/dng (chi cd 2 nhiem sac the hoac 1 nhiem sac the), con nhiem sac the thiTdng c6 nhieu cap

B) N h i e m sac the gidi tinh trong te bao xoma k h i thi tiTdng dong, k h i thi

khong tu'dng dong tuy gidi tinh cua nhdm loai, con nhiem s i c the thU'dfig

luon ton tai thanh tifng cap tiTdng dong

C) N h i e m sac the thu^dng chi chiJa cac gen quy dinh tinh trang thiTdng, con nhiem sac the gidi tinh chtfa gen quy djnh gidi tinh va nhiyng tinh trang hen ket gidi tinh

D ) C a A , B v a C Cfiu 10: Su" phan l i ciia nhiem sac the trong nguyen phan va giam phan khac nhau nhU" the nao?

A ) Trong nguyen phan cap nhiem s^c the tu'dng dong chi phan l i mot Ian con trong giam phan cap nhiem sac the tifdng dong phan l i hai Ian

B) Trong nguyen phan moi nhiem sic the kep deu tach nhau d tam dong va phan l i dong deu 2 te bao con nen trong te bao con cd ca cap nhidm sac the ti/dng dong

Con trong giam phan I , tam dong chtfa tach ra, ma m o i nhiem sac the kep PhSn l i ve mot ciTc ciia te'bao nen trong te'bao con chi cd mot nhiem sic the kep c^a cap tiTdng dong kep, tao ra te'bao ddn boi kep, den giam phan I I , nhiem sac the' kep nay mdi tach nhau d tam dong va moi nhiem sac the ddn phan l i ve 1

Wc cua te'bao, tao ra giao turddn boi (n)

51

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dm nang Xi) On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy B6ng

C) A va B deu dung

D) A va B deu diing, nhUng B tnnh bay cu the hdn

C a u 11: SU to hdp cua nhiem sac the xay ra khi nao? i • ?:

A ) Trong nguyen phan B) Trong giam phan t/v :

C) Trong thu tinh D) Ca A, B va C

cau 12: Sir to hdp cua nhiem sac the trong giam phan va trong thu tinh khac

nhau nhU the nao? ''

A ) Trong giam phan la siT to hdp cua cac nhiem sac the de tao thanh giao tijT

Do la sir to hdp tir do cua cac nhiem sac the khong tU'dng dong, tao thanh

nhieu loai giao tu'khac nhau

B) Trong thu tinh la sir to hdp tir do giffa cac giao tiJ diJfc va cai Do la siT id

hdp cua cac nhiem sac the tU'dng dong da phan li tao thanh cap nhiem s^c

the tufdng dong mdi gdm 2 chiec cua bo' va me

C) Khong khac nhau

D) Ca A va B mdi day du

C a u 13: Nhiem sac the c6 vai tro nhu" the' nao trong phan bao

A ) Nhiem sac the nhan doi thanh nhiem sac the kep tao cd sd vat chat cho

viec phan bao

B) Nhiem sac the phan l i ve cac cufc va to hdp vdi nhau de tao thanh bo

nhiem sac the mdi

C) Giiip te bao phan chia vat chat di truyen va truyen thong tin di truyen qua

cac the'he te'bao

D) C a A , B v a C

C a u 14: Nhffng te bao nao cd chufa cap nhiem sSc the tU'dng dong?

A ) T e ' b a o x 6 m a

B) Te bao sinh due sd khai

C) Giao tu" sinh ra tir dot bien lech boi (di bpi) va dot bien da boi

D) Ca A, B va C

cau 15: Dac diem di truyen cua cac tinh trang dUdc quy dinh bdi cic gen n^m

tren nhiem s^c the thU'dng va nam tren nhi6m s^c the gidi tinh khac nhau nhU'

.the nao? T,#5»«rt m ^ H « f « ' ' R T

A ) Do'i v d i cac gen n^m tren nhiem s^c the thiTdng, bo va me c6 vai tr6

ngang nhau trong di truyen V i trong cap nhiem s^c the tU'dng dong mot

chie'c cd nguon goc ttf bo, mot chie'c cd nguon goc tit me D o i vdi cac gen

nam tren cap nhiem sac the gidi tinh X Y thi vai tro cua bo me, khong

ngang nhau (doi vdi cac gen tren doan khong tiTdng dong) gfj

B) Cac gen lan rAm tren nhiem sac the X thi di truyen cheo cac gen n i m

tren Y (khong cd alen tirdng iJng tren X) thi di truyen t h i n g con cac gen

tren nhiem sac the thudng, khong tuan theo cac quy luat nay

I Cty TMHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt

' C) A dung

CSu 16: Mo'i lien giffa A D N va protein trong di truyen? < • • • i * ,

A ) Gen ( A D N ) quy dinh ca'u true cua protein, dieu hoa sU tdng hdp protein, protein enzim xuc tac A D N thao xoan, dong xoan, nhan doi, phien ma, dich ma protein hoocmon va protein dc che'tham gia dieu hoa boat dong gen

B) A D N lien ket vdi protein (histon) ca'u tao nen nucleoxom la ddn vi ca'u tao nen nhiem sac the

C) Qua tnnh nhan doi cua A D N tao ra 2 cromatit trong nhiem sac the kep:

chuan bi phan bao (chat nen tao thanh cromatit la protein) ,>; ) »'

D) C a A , B v a C • d i i i f i

-cau 17: Dac diem cua te'bao con sinh ra sau nguyen phan: ^ y_

h'yiV-A ) Ve hinh thai, tiTdng doi giong nhau va giong vdi te bao me

B) Ve ca'u true, cd bo nhiem sac the giong nhau va giong v d i te'bao me, cac thanh phan khac trong te' bao chat cd the giong nhau va giong vdi te' bao me

C) Ve chiJc nang: Trong mot loai te bao, thi chiJc nang cua te bao con va te bao me giong nhau, ke ca kha nang tai sinh, sao ma, giai ma ,

D) C a A , B v a C

cau 18: Dac diem cua cac te'bao con sinh ra sau giam phan:

A ) Te bao sinh tinh: Tir mot te bao sinh tinh (2n) qua giam phan tao ra 4 tinh triing (n) tham gia vao qua trinh thu tinh

B) Tir 1 te' bao sinh triTng (2n) qua giam phan tao ra 4 te' bao ddn boi, trong

do chi cd 1 te bao IruTng tham gia vao thu tinh, con 3 te bao la 3 the djnh hUdng khong tri/c tie'p tham gia vao qua trinh thu tinh

C) Ca'u tao cua te b^o Irtfug khac vdi tinh triing la chiJa nhieu chat dir trff de

hdp tuT phat trien nen c6 kich thu'dc Idn hdn nhieu so vdi tinh triing

D) Ca A , B va C

cau 19: Cac cd che' sinh hoc xay ra doi vdi mot cap nhiem s^c the tufdng dong d

ca'p do te bao:

A ) Cd che' tir nhan doi, phan l i , to hdp, trao doi doan

B) Cd che di truyen doc lap, di truyen lien ket hoan toan hoac khong hoan toan C) Cd che dot bien ca'u true NST, dot bien lech boi

D) Ca A, B va C

cau 20: Trong nguyen phan, sir dong xoan va thao xoan cua nhiem sac the cd

tinh chu k i bieu hien nhK the nao?

A ) Tir cuoi k i trung gian den k i giffa nhiem s^c the ddng xo^n "^W

B) Tijf k i cuoi den k i trung gian nhiem sic the thao xoan *'

C) Xen ke giffa ddng va thao xo^n tao ra chu k i ciia sdi nhiem sac

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ca'm nang ttj 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy 06ng

Cfiu 21: Sir dong va thao xoan c6 tinh cha't chu k i trong nguyen phan c6 y nghia

nhiT the'nao ve di truyen;

A ) 6 ki trung gian, IriTdc khi tiT nhan doi, nhiem s^c the thao xoan ciTc dai

Chinh nhc( 66 ma phan tu" A D N nam trong sdi nhiem sac tuf nhan doi dan

den sif tu" nhan doi cua nhiem sac the

B ) Sir dong xoan ciTc dai d ki giffa lam cho nhiSm sac the co cau true dien hmh,

dac truing cho loai va thuan Idi cho nhiem sac the phan l i va to hdp trong

phan bao Qua do dam bao su" ke tuc vat chat va chfe nang giffa cac the he

- # tebao

C) Sir dong xoan lam cho nhiem sac the c6 cau true vifng chac, bao dam cho

nhiem sSc the thiTc hien chiJc niing bao quan thong tin di truyen

D) Ca A, B va C

Cau 22: Gen trong cac bao quan nhq ti the, lap the c6 ton tai thanh ti^ng cap

alen khong?

A ) Gen trong ti the va lap the c6 ton tai thanh cap alen

B ) Trong ti the, lap the, A D N dang vong chung khong ton thanh cac doan

A D N tu'cJng dong v<5i nhau nhu" phan tu" ADN trong nhiem sac the nen gen

trong ti the va lap the khong tao thanh tiTng cap alen

C) Gen trong cac bao quan noi chung khong ton tai thanh tiTng cap alen

D) Cung nhu" tren cap nhiem sac the gidi tinh, gen trong ti the, lap the khi thi

ton tai thanh cap alen khi thi khong

C a u 23: Mo'i hen quan ve cau true gii?a A D N va nhiem sa'c the bieu hien

nhu' the'nao?

A ) A D N la thanh phan cau tao nen nhiem sac the , ,„

B ) A D N dieu khien tdng hdp protein histon la thanh phan cua NST

C) Histon ket hdp vdi A D N tao thanh nucleoxom la ddn vi cau tao nen NST

D) A va B la dung

Cfiu 24: Hoat dong cua cap nhiem s^c the tiTdng dong va hoat dong ciia phan tu"

A D N trong phan bao lien quan vdi nhau nhU" the'nao? (lien quan ve hoat dong)

A ) Nhiem sac the thao xoan giup cho phan tuT A D N tai sinh (tir nhan doi) Sir

tai sinh cua phan tuT A D N la cd sd tao ra cac cap nhiem sac the kep trong

cap tiTdng dong

B ) Sur phan li va to hdp cua nhiem sac the trong qua trinh phan bao da dan tdi

sir phan h va to hdp cua cac cap alen tren cap nhiem sac the tu'dng dong

C) Hien ti/dng trao doi doan cua cap nhiem sac the tirdng dong dan tdi sir

hoan vi gen trong phan t^ ADN Ngoai ra con c6 sir lien quan ve chtfc

phan nhu-quy djnh tinh trang, dieu h6a hoat dong gen, phien ma, dich ma

D) Ca A, B va C

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Cfiu 25: Hien tiTdng di truyen xay ra doi vdi mot cap NST tu'dng dong?

A ) Hien tirdng NST nhan doi, tiep hdp, trao doi doan, phan l i (trong nguyen

phan va trong giam phan), to hdp trong thu tinh ) • ,

B ) Hien tu'dng cac gen nam tren mot nhiem sac the phan U va to hdp cilng

nhau (trong di truyen lien ket hoan toan va khong hoan toan)

C) Hien tu'dng di truyen cua cac gen nam tren NST thu'dng (vai tro bo va me

ngang nhau), cua gen nam tren nhiem sac the X (di truyen cheo) nam tren nhiem sac the Y (di truyen thang) ;

D) Tat ca A, B va C • ' ^''•'^''•^''•''"1 '

CSu 26: Nhij-ng te bao nao chiJa cap NST liTdng dong?

A ) Te bao lu'dng boi (te bao xoma, te bao sinh due sd khai, hdp tuf)

B ) Te'bao da boi (da boi chKn, da boi Ic, tirda boi, di da boi) ,

C) Giao tuT di boi, giao tur khong giam nhiem ^ D) Ta't ca A, B va C • , • t

C f i u 2 7 : T h e n a o l a k i e u g e n d i h d p ? ^,

A ) Kieu gen c6 it nhat mot cap gen di hdp

B ) Kieu gen c6 2 alen cua mot gen khac nhau , C) Kieu gen trong do c6 cap alen gom alen troi va 1 alen Ian '' "'*

Logi 1: Xac dinh so'loai giao tijTkhac nhau ve nguon goc NST

+ Ncu CO 1 cap NST, trong do A tu'dng dong vdi a se tao thanh 2 loai giao lii'

A va a

A B

+ Neu CO 2 cap NST, trong do — va — thi se tao thanh 4 loai giao l\i AB,

a b : ,,,, ,

Ab, aB, ab

+ Neu CO 1, 2, 3, n cap NST thi se tao thanh 2', 2^ 2\" loai giao tii'

(neu khong c6 trao doi doan va dot bien)

Logi 2: Xac dinh so' loai hdp tuT khac nhau ve nguon goc NST '

So hdp t^ khac nhau ve nguon goc NST bang tich cua so giao tu" do bo, mc sinh ra , • ; r ' •"•"r.:^

- Vi du: So loai giao tijT cua bo la 4, cua me la 4 thi so loai hdp tur bang 4 x 4 = 1 6

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Lot^i 3: T i m t i le m o i k i e u giao tur

So k i e u giao liV di/dc hinh thanh la 2", trong do:

- T i le m o i k i e u giao tiJ" la — (n la so' cSp N S T )

- T i le kieu giao tuf chufa tat ca cac N S T c6 nguon goc tif bo' (hoSc me) W 1

- V i d u: 6 l d n , b o N S T 2 n = 38 H a y c h o b i e t :

a) So k i e u giao tijrdiTcfc hinh thanh

b) T i le m o i k i e u giao tiJ

c) T i le k i e u giao tiJ chtfa tat ca cac N S T co nguon go'c tijr bo' (hoac me)

d) T i le con sinh ra dtfdc d i truyen ta't ca N S T cua "ba n o i " (hoac "ong n o i " )

O IcJn: 2n = 38 t h i " b o " sinh ra 2''^ k i e u giao tuTkhdc nhau, " m e " cijng sinh ra

2'^ k i e u triJng khac nhau Nhu" vay so' to hdp khac nhau ve nguon goc N S T thu

d l r c J c l a 2 ' ^ 2 ' ^ = 2^^

M a khac, so k i e u giao tuf cua " b o " chi?a tat ci 19 N S T cua "ba n o i " co the to

hdp v c 2'^ k i e u te bao trtfng cua m e de tao nen 2"^ hdp tu' du'rtc d i truyen ta't ca

19 NS r "ba n o i " V ^ y t i I f p h a i t i m la 2"^ 1

2"'** 2"^

/ )qi 4: X a c d i n h bp N S T d cac k i khac nhau cua qua t r i n h g i a m phan,

n g u y e n p h a n

j V i du: Bo NST cua loai du"dc k i hieu nhtf sau: A tU'dng dong v d i a, B tiTcfng

dong v d i b, C tiTdng dong v d i c ( m o i chCf cai iJug v d i 1 N S T ddn)

H a y vie't k i hieu bo N S T ciia l o a i d cac k i cua phan bao g i a m phan (dau k i

trung gian, k i giffa I , k i giiJa I I , k i cuo'i I I ) ne'u khong co hien t^dng trao d o i doan

va dot bie'n

Hiidng ddn

- D a u k i trung gian, N S T chiTa nhan d o i , nen k i h i e u bo N S T la A a B b C c

J:^ - K i giffa I : M o i NST da nhan doi thanh NST kep nen bo NST c6 k i hieu la

A A a a B B b b C C c c

- K i cuo'i I : D o m o i N S T kep trong cap N S T tiTdng dong phan l i va to hdp tif

do ve m o i cifc cua te'bao, nen bo N S T cua te'bao con k i h i e u la:

Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi$t

- K i cuo'i I I : M o i giao tijT chi chiJa I N S T cua cap tiTdng dong (do m o i N S T

j(^p tach nhau d tarn dong thanh 2 N S T ddn va phan l i dong deu ve 2 ciTc cua te

bao) nen bo N S T k i hieu:

A B C , abc hoac A b C , aBc hoac aBC, Abe hoac abC, Abe ' ' i ' '

* Pha(mg phdp chung de gidi loai todn nay la\

Can cu" vao sir thay d o i so lufdng N S T qua cic k i cua qud t r i n h phan bao:

TriTdc het m o i N S T nhan d o i thanh N S T kep ( k i trung gian cija g i a m phan I ) , cap

Is[ST kep tu'dng dong phan l i , moi NST kep ve mot cifc ( k i sau giam phan I ) M § i

>JST kep tach nhau d tarn dong va phan l i dong deu ve 2 c\ic nhu" nguyen phan

(ki sau I I ) D o la 3 k i co su" thay doi ve so' lu'dng (nhan d o i r o i phan l i ) k i dau, k i giffa, k i cuo'i c h i la thay d o i ve miJc cuon xoan, khong thay d o i ve so' lu'dng so v d i

ki trifdc no

Loai 5: X a c d i n h so' lu'dng te bao sinh tinh, te bao sinh triJng, te' bao trtfng va

tinh trung bao d a m cho qua trinh thu tinh , uferfo oisri;-! m

Hitdng ddn

- D y a vao ke't qua cua qua trinh phat sinh tinh trdng, phat sinh triJng qua

giam phan de xac dinh so lu'dng tri^ng, tinh trung

- Difa vao hieu sua't thu tinh de xac dinh so' liTdng m o i loai te' bao can thie't

cho qua trinh thu tinh '

V i du: Co 10 te bao sinh d u e diTc sd khai cua r u o i gia'm nguyen phan v d i so

ddt bkng nhau tao ra 640 te bao sinh tinh, qua g i a m phan cho cac linh trung binh

thudng, hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh trilng la 5% cua trtfug la 40% Tinh:

1) So lu'dng t i n h trung duTdc thu tinh v d i triJng?

2) So'ddt nguyen phan cua m o i te'bao sinh diic sd khai?

3) So lu'dng te' bao sinh tri^ng can co de hoan ta't qua trinh thu tinh?

Hitdngddn ,

1) So lifdng t i n h triing hinh thanh: 640 x 4 = 2560 tinh trung „ ,

V d i hieu sua't thu tinh 5% ta tinh dUdc so'tinh triing thu tinh vdi triJng 1^: ,

2 5 6 0 x 5% = 128 tinh triing

2) So' ddt nguyen phan cua m o i te bao sinh d u e sd khai diTc gio'ng nhau nen

nioi te'bao sinh d u e sd khai diTc da sinh ra du'dc ^ ^ = 6 4 te'bao sinh tinh

• 10 Tijf d o suy ra so'ddt nguyen phan cua te'bao sinh d u e diTc 2" = 64 => n = 6 ddt

3) Theo de bai, hieu sua't thu tinh cua triJng la 40% Do d o tru-ng hinh thanh la

" " ~ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 320 te' bao triJug CiJ moi te' bao sinh triJng qua giam phan tao ra 1

'riJfng, nen so' te bao sinh tnJng can c o la 320 te bao

57 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6'ng

Loai 6: Xac dinh so l i f d n g NST moi triTdng noi bao can cung cap cho cac te

bao thiTc hien nguyen phan v a giam phan ,»,.,,,, ^

1) So' Iifdng NST d d n mdi tu'dng du'cfng can cung cap: (2'' - 1) x 2n

2) So lu'dng NST d d n mdi hoan toan can cung cap: {2^ - 2) x 2n (k l a so ddt

nguyen phan, 2n la bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai)

Loai 7: Xac d j n h bp NST lu'dng boi cua loai:

Ap dung cong thiJc: 2n = (So' NST ddn moi tru'dng cung cap) / (2" - 1)

Hoac 2n = (So NST d d n xoan ciTc dai)/2 Hoac 2n = So NST trong giao tiif x 2

B A I T A P VAN D V N G

Bai 1: Mot hdp tiJ cua 1 loai sinh vat sau 7 ddt nguyen phan lien tiep, moi tru'dng

noi bao d a cung cap nguyen lieu lu'dng du'dng vdi 1015 ddn ^ ^

1) Tim bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai

2) Khi loai do phat sinh giao tu" c6 may loai tinh trung, may loai triJng duTdc

tao ra khac nhau ve nguon go'c NST (khong trao d d i doan v a dot bien)

Bap so:

1) B p N S T 2 n = 8

2) So' loai giao tuf khac nhau v e nguon goc NST l a 16

Bai 2: Hai hdp tur cua mot loai nguyen phan lien tiep mot sd ddt, moi tru'dng noi

bao da cung ca'p nguyen lieu lu'dng diTdng vdi 22792 NST d d n Hdp tu' 1 c6 sd

ddt nguyen phan bang - sd^ddt nguyen phan cua hdp i\i 2 6 k i giffa cua te bao,

ngu'di ta dem du'dc 44 NST kep

1) Tim bo NST lu'dng boi cua loai

2) So ddt phan bao nguyen phan cija moi hdp

3) So' lu'dng NST ddn mdi hoan toan ma moi tru'dng can cung cap cho moi hdp

tiJ thi/c hien cac ddi nguyen phan?

4) Ne'u trong qua trinh giam phan tao ra giao tuf va thu tinh xily ra binh ihu'dng

thi CO may loai giao tuf va may loai hdp i\i khac nhau ve nguon gd^c NST

Dap so:

1) B p N S T 2 n = 44

2) Goi sd^ddt nguyen phan cua hdp tuf 1 la k (k > 0, nguyen) Ihi so'ddt nguyen

phan cua hdp tuf 2 la 3k

22792

Ta CO phu'dng trinh: 2'' +2'^'' = + 2=>k=3=> So ddt nguyen phan cua

44 hdptuf 1 Ia3,hdptur21a9

3) So' NST ddn mdi hoan loan ma moi tru'dng cung cap ^ f 1' «• >'S

- Cho hdp tur 1 la: ( 2 ^ - 2 ) X 44 = 264 (NST)

- Chohdptuf21a: ( 2 ' ^ - 2 ) x 4 4 = 22440 (NST)

4) Sd loai giao tuf khac nhau ve nguon gdc NST la 2^^ => So kicu hdp tuf la 2^

Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

jj^i 3: Bo NST cua loai du'dc k i hieu nhiT sau: ; ;

A lu'dng ddng vdi a B lu'dng ddng vdi b *

D li/dng ddng vdi d E lu'dng ddng vdi e

1 Xac dinh bp NST cua loai do

2 Viet k i hieu bp NST cua loai do d cac k i sau day cua giam phan: • '

a ) K i d a u I b) K i giffa I c) K i cuoi I d) K i giiJa I I e) K i cuoi I I BiS't rang khong c6 trao ddi doan va dot bien

3 Ne'u khong c6 trao ddi doan va dpi bien Ihi c6 bao nhieu kieu hdp lu' difdc tao ra khac nhau ve nguon gd^c NST

Dap so: '

1 Bp NST 2n = 8 TcZ-AAlA':, ^-Aii 'ilmV^fyi

2 - K i dau va k i giffa I : AAaaBBbbDDddEEee ' mpif

- K i cuoi I , k i giifa I I : Co 8 tru'dng hdp:

+ AABBDDEE; aabbddec 1

+ AABBDDee; aabbddEE ;/ -i \

+ AABBddEE; aabbDDee n ^ ; : t • ^V-V

+ ^^ '''iin'iij :t

Mdi te bao c6 4 NST d trang thai kep ' ^ ^ i - 4 * " - i " ' " ' i '

- O k i cuoi I I CO 16 kieu giao tU'khac nhau , ««<

3 Sd kieu hdp tuf: 256

Bai 4: Hai le^bao sinh due sd khai, nguyen phan tai vung sinh san moi tru'dng te

b^o da cung cap 992 NST ddn mdi hoan loan Khi phat sinh giao liJ, khong c6 trao ddi cheo va dpi bie^n tao nen 16 loai tinh triing khac nhau ve nguon goc NST Tim: ;

1 Bp NST liTdng bpi cua loai ; - '

2 So'ddt nguyen phan cua moi te'bao sinh due sd khai

3 SdNST ddn mdi lu'dng du'dng cung cap cho mdi te'bao sinh due sd khai

set khai 2 la y (x, y > 0, nguyen, Ihoa man cong thiJc 2'')

Ca'm nang ti; On va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy D6ng

Bai 5: Mot tebao sinh due scJ khai cua tho cii (2n = 14) sau mot so ddt nguyen

phan lien tie'p, moi trU'cJng te bao da cung cap 11176 NST ddn mdi hoan to^n

Cac te' bao con tao ra deu hinh thanh te' bao sinh trvJng, giam phan cho triJng

Hieu sua't thu tinh eiaa tri^ng la 50%, cua tinh triing la 6,25% M o i tri^ng thu tinh

vdi tinh triing tao ra 1 hdp tu;

1 Tim so'hdp tufdtfdc hinh thanh

2 So' liTdng te' bao te' bao sinh triJng v a sinh tinh can thie't de hoan tat qua

3 So'ddt nguyen phan cua te'bao sinh due sd khai cai?

4 De hoan tat qua trinh thu tinh, moi trUdng t e b a o da cung cap cho moi loai

te' bao sinh due sd khai bao nhieu NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng de tao triJng va tao

tinh trung? Ne'u c a c tebao sinh tinh dUdc tao ra lis 1 t e b a o sinh due dure

Dap so':

1 Sohdptur: 128

2 So t e b a o sinh tnJng: 256

So t e b a o sinh tinh: 512

3 So'ddt nguyen phan cua t e b a o sinh due sd khai cai la 8

4 So'NST cung cap cho te bao sinh due diTc: 45012

h,<; Cho t e b a o sinh due cai: 22484

Bai 6: Trong tinh hoan ga trong (2n = 78) eo 4 te bao sinh due sd khai nguyen

phan lien tiep mot so ddt bang nhau tao ra cac te' bao sinh tinh Cac te' bao nay

trai qua viing chin, moi tru'dng te bao da cung ca'p nguyen lieu tu'dng du'dng vdi

39936 NST ddn de tao nen cac tinh trung

Hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh triing la 12,5%, cua triJng la 50%

1 Tim so ddt nguyen phan lien tiep eua moi loai te'bao sinh due sd khai Biet

rkng tat ca nhiJng te'bao sinh tru'ng deu du"* hinh thanh tiT 1 te'bao sinh due cai

2 So hdp tuTdUdc hinh thanh?

3 So'lU'dng NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng moi tru'dng te'bao can cung cap cho te

bao sinh due sd khai cai tao te bao sinh trufng v a tao tru'ng la bao n h i e u ?

Dap so":

- 1 So'ddt nguyen phan cua te'bao sinh due diTe: 7

' :j So ddt nguyen phan eija te' bao sinh due cai: 9

2 So hdp tur diTdc hinh thanh: 256

3 So lufdng NST cung cap cho te bao sinh due cai: 79794

Bai 7: Trong mot Ian thiic de cho cac tram c6 c6 kho'i lu'dng ed the trung binh

Ngu'di ta thu di/dc 8000 hdp tuT v e sau phat trien thanh phoi va nd thanh 8000 ca

tram C O ,

1 Tinh te' bao sinh tinh triing va sinh truTng can thie't de hoan tat qua trinh thu

tinh Biet Ang hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh trung la 25%, cua trufng la 50%

Cty T N H H ' M T V D W H Khang Vigf

1 So te bao sinh tinh

So te bao sinh tru'ng

2 So te bao sinh due difc

So te bao sinh due cai

2 Vdi gia thie't cua cau 1, hay xac dinh so lUdng te bao sinh due dUc va te

bao sinh due cdi sd khai Ne'u moi te'bao sinh due dUc sd khai deu nguyen phan lien tiep 3 ddt, te'bao sinh due sd khai cai nguyen phan lien tiep 4 ddt

Dap so:

8000 - , :

16000. ' - r ; ? - ; - ' - ' • ; - ; r v , > , „

10^ •' v-'ii'ir'i :'ssa\^^^•hni^Rlv•(ynt•i' •

Bai 8: Bo NST liTdng boi cua meo 2n = 38 Tong so te' b^o sinh tinh triing v^

sinh tru'ng bang 320 Tong so' NST ddn trong cac tinh triing tao ra nhieu hdn cac NST trong cac tru'ng la 18240 Cac tru'ng tao ra deu dUde thu tinh Mot tru'ng thu tinh vdi 1 tinh triing tao thanh 1 hdp tuT

1 Ne'u cic te bao sinh tinh va sinh tru'ng ndi tren deu du'dc tao ra tiT 1 te bao

sinh due sd khai di/c va tiT 1 te bao sinh due sd khai cai thi moi loai te bao phai trai qua may ddt nguyen phan ^

2 Tinh hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh triing

3 So' lu'dng NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng ma moi triTdng cung cap cho te bao sinh due sd khai cai de tao triing • ,

Hiidng ddn

1 Goi so te'bao sinh tinh la X , so te'bao sinh trufng la y

x + y = 320 ; , ,

1 9 x 4 x - 1 9 y = 18240

Giai he phUdng trinh ta eo so lu'dng te bao sinh tinh bang 256, va so lifdng te

bao sinh trufng la 64 Suy ra so ddt nguyen phan cua te'bao sinh due d y e la 8, cua

te bao sinh due cai la 6

2 Theo gia thie't, so tinh U-ung diTdc thu tinh la 64 trong tong so 256 x 4 = 1024 tinh U-ung hinh thanh => hieu sua't thu tinh cua tinh trung la 6,25%

3 So lu'dng NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng moi tru'dng cung cap cho te bao sinh due cai

(2^ - 1 ) X 38 - 2^ X 38 = 4826 NST

Bai 9: M o t nhdm te bao sinh due difc sd khai chiJa 720 NST ddn, cac te bao n^y phan chia lien tiep mot so'ddt b^ng nhau So'ddt nguyen phan cua moi

te'bao bang so lifdng NST ddn trong bo NST ddn boi cua loai Cac te'bao tao

•"a deu trd thanh te bao sinh tinh giam phan cho cac tinh trung, hieu sua't thu

tinh cua tinh trung la 10% Khi giao phoi vdi ea the cai d a tao nen cac hdp tuf

V(Ji tong so NST ddn la 4608 khi chifa nhan doi Hieu sua't thu tinh cua tru'ng

1^ 50% Cit mot tru'ng thu tinh vdi 1 tinh trung cho 1 hdp tur

1 Tim bp NST liTdng boi cua loai

Ta C O he phUdng trinh:

www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

2 So' lifdng te bao sinh due sd khai difc va so' te' b^o sinh tinh trung

3 De hoan tat qu^ trlnh thu tinh can phai c6 bao nhieu te'bao sinh tri?ng? Bao

nhieu te bao sinh due cai sd khai chifa bU'dc vao vung chin? Neu cho rang eac to

bao sinh due sd khai deu c6 so ddt nguyen phan bing nhau

Dap so:

1 B o N S T 2 n = 8 ' ' " ;

2 So te bao sinh due dut sd khai la: 90

J*'*^-So te bao sinh tinh triing: 1440 'OTV t>.: r r ; A - H

''i 3 SotebaosinhtnJng: 1152

So' te bao sinh due cai ehi/a bufdc vao vilng chin c6 the la: 9, 18, 36, 42,

144, 288, 576

Bai 10: Xet 1 cap NST ttfdng ddng chiJa 1 cap gen di hdp dai 4080A" Gen troi A

CO 3120 hen ket hidro, gen Ian a c6 3240 lien ket hidro

' 1 So' li/dng tifng loai nucleotit trong moi giao tuT binh ihiTdng, ehtfa gen noi

tren bang bao nhieu? ;c /-v

2 Khi C O hien tU'dng giam phan khong binh thu'cJng trong dot bien lech bp!

(di bpi) thl so li/dng tifng loai nucleotit trong moi loai giao tuT dtfdc hinh thanh

bang bao nhieu?

3 Neu cho cac loai giao tuf khong binh thu'dng do tai to hdp vdi giao tijf binh

thU'dng chufa alen iSn noi tren thi so lu'dng tijTng loai nucleotit cua moi hdp tijf

bang bao nhieu? f; • > ;

Hudngddn

1 Sur giam phan lam cho moi giao tijT chi^a 1 NST trong cftp tifdng dong Tren

moi NST do c6 1 gen Do do so lu'dng tijfng loai nucleotit moi gen chinh la so

IiTdng tifng loai nucleotit cua moi giao tuf

So nucleotit cua gen =^^^^x 2 = 2 4 0 0

3 , 4 ' 2 A + 3 G = 3 1 2 0 [ A + G = 1 2 0 0 ^

2 A + 3 G = : 3 2 4 0 _

A + G = 1 2 0 0

Giao tij" chtfa gen A:

Giao tuf chiJa gen a:

G = X = 720

A = T = 4 8 0

G = X=840

A = T = 3 6 0

2 Giao tu* dufdc hinh thanh trong dot bien lech boi

Co 2 loai giao tuf Aa va O

G = X = 840 nucleotit

Bai 11: Mot te' bao sinh due 2n nguyen phan 3 ddt lien tiep da doi hoi moi

tri/dng noi bao eung cap nguyen lieu di truyen tiTdng difdng vdi 56 NST ddn de g6p phan tao ra eac te'bao con Tren moi cap NST thi/dng cua te'bao sinh due

do xet 1 cap gen

1 Bp NST 2n cua loai ct trang thai chi/a nhan doi

2 Cd the chiJa cac cap gen dong hdp tren cic NST thifdng c6 the ed nhi^ng

kieu gen viet nhU' the nao? t : '

Dap so:

1 Bp NST 2n cua loai: 2n = 56 : (2^ - 1) = 8 1:,

2 Kieu gen dong hdp cua cac cap NST thu'dng:

AABBDD, AABBdd, AAbbDD, aaBBDD, aabbdd, aabbDD, aaBBdd, Aabbdd

Bai 12: Trong loai tha'y cd 2 loai tinh trting vdi k i hieu gen va NST gidi tinh la

A B D E H I X v a a b d e h i Y

1 Bp NST eua loai bIng bao nhieu?

2 Neu khong cd hien tU'dng trao doi doan thl nhi^ng loai tinh triing cd X viet nhir the" nao?

1 Bp NST ddn bpi (n) cd 3NST thiTdng va INST gidi tinh => 2n = 8

2 NhiJug loai tinh triing chiJa NST gidi tinh X :

Bai 13: Xet 2 cap NST thiTdng Tren moi cap NST chuTa 2 cSp gen Trong loai

tha'y cd 2 loai giao tuT AB DE va ab de Cho bie't khong cd dot bie'n

1 Quy luat di truyen nao lam cho so loai giao tiJ sinh ra la it nha't? Hay viet kieu gen ciia tc bao sinh due 2n sinh ra cac loai giao tuf do va thanh phan gen cua cac loai giao tuf sinh ra tif te bao sinh due dd

• 63 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Ca'm nang tu 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Quy DO'ng

2 Quy luat di truyen n^o lam cho so' loai giao t ^ sinh ra la nhieu nhat? Viet

thanh phan gen cua cic giao tuf do

Hi/firng ddn

1 Quy luat di truyen lien ke't gen hoan toan tao ra so lOai giao tu" it nhaft

Kieu gen cua te'bao sinh due 2n: = = ==• cho 4 giao tvi:

iom.t^ • ab de

AB DE, ab de, ab DE, AB de

•.; 2 Quy luat hoan vi gen cho so'loai giao tuf nhieu nhat: H ' ] '

Thanh phan gen cua cac loai giao tu":

Ngoai 4 giao tOr lien ket con c6 them 4 loai giao tuT do hoan vi cap alen Ee

vh 4 loai giao tu" do hoan vi ca 2 cap alen Bb v^ Ee

Bai 14: Xet 1 cap NST tiTdng dong, moi NST cM& 1 phan tuf A D N dai 1,02mm

Phan tuf A D N trong NST c6 nguon goc tuf bo chiJa 22% Adenin, phan tuf A D N

trong NST c6 nguon goc tir me chiJa 34% Adenin

Cho bic't 1 nucleotit dai 3,4 x 10"^mm va khong c6 hien tiTdng dot bie'n cau

true NST ':m^tnj::mm M

1 So' lu'cfng tufng loai nucleotit trong moi loai phan tuf ADN i:

2 Te'bao chuTa cap NST do giam phan cho cac loai giao tuf, trong do c6 I loai

giao tuf chiJa 28% Adenin, tinh so' lu'cfng tifng loai nucleotit trong phan tuf ADN

cua moi loai giao tv(

Tijf do suy ra so' lifdng tifng loai nucleotit trong moi loai phan tu* ADN

- Phan i\i A D N c6 nguon goc tir bo:

2 So lu'cfng tufng loai nucleotit trong moi loai giao tuf:

- Hien tiTcJng tuTng loai nucleotit trong 4 loai giao tuf:

Giao tuf thuf nhat c6 22% Adenin ? , - j i

- Hien tiTdng dot bien lech bpi:

Giao t^ thiJ nhat chiJa ca 2 NST trong cap tiTdng dong: — = 28% 34%+ 22%

A = T = 28% X 2 X 6.10*" = 3360000 nucleotit r;.;''' i t i )

G = X = 6 X 10^ - 3360000 = 2640000 nucleotit , , t ; • (jiao tuf thi? hai khong CO NST nao cua cSp tiTdng dong: i : ,

A = T = G = X = 0 nucleotit ' i M ^ ' i v v s / J

B^i 15: Mot cap NST tu'dng dong, moi NST gom 5 doan tirc:fng tfng: tfng vdi NST

thtf nhat c6 cac doan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 NST thi? hai c6 cac doan a, b, c, d, e

TiJf te' bao chiJa cap NST co tha'y xua't hien:

1 Giao tuf chu'a NST c6 cac doan 1, 2, 3, d, e ';

2 Mot nhom te'bao chu'a NST c6 cac doan 2, 3, 4, 5

3 Mot nhom te'bao chu'a NST co cac doan 1, 2, 3,4,5 1, 2, 3,4,5 vti a, b, c, d, e

Gidi thich sir hinh thanh cac nhom to' bao tren

HUiing ddn

1 D6 la giao tuf hinh thanh do si/ trao doi cheo giffa cac NST trong cap tufdng dong

2 Do la hien tiTdng dot bie'n cau true NST dang mat doan

3 Do la hien tiTdng dot bie'n the lech bc)i (di boi)

Bai 16: Cl mot loai sinh vat, gia thie't moi cap NST tiTdng dong deu chu'a c^c cap

gen di hdp Khi khong c6 hien tifdng trao doi doan va dot bie'n thi so loai tinh trilng sinh ra nhieu nhat bang 256

1 Bo NST liTdng boi cua loai co bao nhieu NST

2 Trong cac cSp NST lu'cfng dong, neu co 1 cap NST xay ra trao doi doan tai

1 diem thi so' loai tinh trung cua loai co the tang them bao nhieu?

Hudngdp

1 Bo NST lircTng boi cua loai:

2^ = 256 => k = 8 Vay 2n = 16 " '

2 Mot Cclp NST trao doi doan tai 1 diem se tao ra:

4 X 2^ = 512 loai tinh irijng ' *

Do do tang them: 512 - 256 = 256 loai tinh triing

Bai 17: Xet ba cSp NST tiTdng dong ciia ngirdi Cap NST 21 chu'a m6t cap gen

di hdp, cap NST 22 cMa hai cap gen di hdp va cap NST 23 chuTa mot cap gen

dong hdp

1 Kieu gen cua 3 cap NST tiTdng dong do co the viet nhiT the' n^o?

2 Khi giam phan binh thufdng, thanh phan gen trong moi loai giao lit sinh ra

fcdc kieu gen noi tren nhiT the nao? ,y! ' • %

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Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luy^n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Ddng

Khi giam phjin khong c6 hoan vi gen deu cho 4 loai giao tuf (hpc sinh tu" viet)

- Khi giam phan c6 hoan vi deu cho 8 loai giao tuf:

A BD X ^ A bd a BD X ^ a M X'^

A Bd X'', A bD X'' a Bd X'', a bD X^

+ Kieu gen (3) va (4): viet tiTcfng tuf nhu" tren

Bai 18: Tong ham ItfcJng A D N cua cac te bao sinh tinh triing va cac te bao sinh

triJng d ruoi giam la 68pg (picrogam) tong ham lifdng A D N c6 trong tat ca cac

loai tinh triing duTdc tao thanh nhieu hdn tong ham liTdng A D N trong ta't ca cac

tru-ng diTdc tao thanh la 126pg Biet rang tat ca cac triJng deu du-pc thu tinh

Ham liTcJng A D N c6 trong moi te bao 2n cua ruoi giam d trang th^i chi/a nhan

doi bang 2pg

1 Xac dinh so Ian nguyen phan lien tiep cua moi te bao sinh due diTc va te'

bao sinh due cai ban dau (cac te' bao sinh due nay da sinh ra cac te bao sinh tinh

trung va te'bao sinh triJng noi tren)

2 Ne'u tat ca cac hdp tu" du'ctc hmh thanh deu trai qua mot so Ian nguyen phan

lien tiep nhu" nhau va tong so' ham lifcJng A D N chiJa trong tat ca cac te bao con

duTdc sinh ra sau nhffng Ian nguyen phan ay la 256pg thi moi hdp tuT da nguyen

phan lien tiep may Ian?

Hudng dan

1 Trirdc khi phan bao deu c6 hien tiTdng NST nhan doi lam cho ham liTcJng

A D N tang gap doi 2pg x 2 = 4pg Goi x la so te'bao sinh due diTc 2n va y la so'te

bao sinh due cai 2n ta c6 he phu'cfng trinh:

;T 2x + 2 y - 6 8 1 x = 32 - 2^

4 x - y = 1 2 6 P y = 2 = 2 ' i / :

' ' • Do do te bao dinh due diTc 2n da nguyen phan 5 Ian lien tiep Te bao sinh

due cdi 2n da nguyen phan I Ian , fg,

2 So' Ian nguyen phan cua moi hdp tuT:

Hai te bao sinh due cai giam phan cho 2 tnJng deu diTdc thu tinh cho 2 hdp tuf

M o i hdp tuf da cho so te bao con la: — = 128

66

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt

X - ™ 128 ^ r>(,

So te bao con 2n: — - = 64 = 2

Do do m6i hdp tu: da nguyen phan lien tiep 6 ddt

pai 19= Xet 2 cSp NST thufdng cua mot te bao sinh due c6 ehtfa thanh phan gen

1 Thanh phan kieu gen cua cae giao tuf:

AB DEf AB deF ab DEf ab deF

k2 Tong so'nucleotit C O trong 5 cap gen tren:

Goi X la tong so nucleotit eo trong 5 cap gen tren ta c6: ' ' ' '

x(2' - 1) = 175000 nucleotit => x = 25000 nucleotit

Bai 20: Trong dieu kien binh thiTdng, xet 2 cap gen, cap thuf nhat dai 5100A" c6

gen A chufa 20% Adenin, gen a chi?a so Itfdng tufng loai nucleotit bang nhau Cap

thuf hai CO gen B chiJa 15% Guanin va tong sS'lien ke't hidro cua gen bkng 1725

Gen b so' lu'dng tufng loai nucleotit bang nhau

1 Tai viing sinh san cua o'ng dSn sinh due mot te bao sinh due chiJa cac gen noi tren nguyen phan lien tiep nhieu Ian cho 8 te' bao con 2n, moi tru'dng noi bao

da cung ca'p bao nhieu Ian nucleotit moi loai cho qua trinh tai ban cua cac gen do?

2 Cac te bao do giam phan cho cae loai giao tuf, so liTdng tufng loai nucleotit trong moi loai giao tuf bang bao nhieu?

Hiidngddn

1 So lu'dng moi loai nucleotit can cho qua trinh tai ban:

Cap gen thii 1:

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Cgm nang ti/ On luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy BS'ng

Cap gen thu" 2:

+ Gen B: Goi X la so'nucleotit cua gen B ta CO:

So lifdng tij'ng loai nucleotit moi truTdng cung cap cho mot te bao chiJa cac

gen noi tren nguyen phan hen tiep 3 Ian cho 8 te bao con

A = T = (600 + 750 + 525 + 375) x (2' - 1) = 15750 nucleotit

G = X = (900 + 750 + 225 + 375) x (2' - 1) = 15750 nucleotit

2 So Itfcfng tiTng loai nucleotit cua m6i giao 11?:

2 cap gen di hdp giam phan cho 4 loai giao tu" AB, Ab, aB, ab

- Giao tu" AB c6: A = T = 650 + 525 = 1125 nucleotit

Bai 21: Mot cap gen di hdp Aa dai 5100A" nam tren 1 cap nhiem sac the tu^dng

dong Gen A nam tren NST thu" nhat c6 1200 Adenin, gen a nam tren NST thi?

hai CO 1350 Adenin

1 Khi tc' bao d vao ki giffa trong Ian phan chia thi? nhat cija phan bao giam

nhiem, so' hrdng liTng loai nucleotit cua cac gen do trong te bao bang bao nhieu?

2 Khi te'bao ke'l thiic Ian phan chia thiJ nhat trong phan bao giam nhiem cho

2 te bao con thi so lu 'dng tijfng loai nucleotit trong cac gen trong m §i te bao con

b^ng bao nhieu

3 Khi hoan thanh qua tnnh phan b^o giam nhiem t h i so' luTdng tijfng loai

nucleotit trong m o i loai giao tuT binh thu'dng bang bao nhieu

Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t

1 Ki giiJa cua Ian phan bao thiJ nhat trong giam phan gen nhan doi nhuTng

cW^ phan li nen ta c6: f /

A = T = (1250+ 1350) X 2 = 5100nucle6tit V !f

G = X = (300 + 150) X 2 = 900 nucleotit

2 Ke't thuc Ian phan bao thi? nhat trong giam phan cap NST kep chiJa gen A

ve t6'bao con nen ta c6:

Te'bao con chiJa gen a c6:

3 Khi hoan thanh qua trinh phan bao giam nhiem:

- Giao tu" chiJa gen A c6: A = T = 1200 nucleotit G = X = 300 nucleotit :

- Giao tu-chiya gen a c6: A = T = 1350 nucleotit G = X = 150 nucleotit

Bai 22: Xet 2 cap NST 22 va 23 trong te bao sinh due 2n d mot ngu-di dan ong, ngircfi ta thay c6 2 cap gen di hdp n^m tren cap NST 22 va 2 gen troi nam tren NST gidi tinh X Gia thiet NST Y khong mang gen alen Neu trong qua trinh giam phan xay ra binh thuTdng thi c6 the hinh thanh nhieu nha't la bao nhieu loai

tinh trung? Viet thanh phan gen cua cac loai tinh trijng do

HUdngddn

- Kieu gen cua te bao sinh due 2n d nguTdi dan ong: '

Mx-Y,„hay^X-Y,,

ab aB ?

- Hinh thanh 4 loai tinh trung c6 thanh phan kieu gen nhu" sau:

AB X'"', ab X°^ AB Y, ab Y, (vdi kieu gen 1)

Ab X"^ aB X"^"", AB Y, aB Y, (vdi kieu gen 2)

AB

Bai 23: Cac te' bao sinh tinh trung deu c6 kieu gen =

ab

Hai cap gen di hdp do deu dai 4080A" A

Gen A CO ti le: A : G = 3 : 1 Gen B c6 ti le: A : G = 9 : 7 ; , Gen a CO ti le: T : X = 1 : 1 Gen b c6 ti le: T : X = 5 : 3 ' '

1000 te'bao sinh tinh trung do deu giam phan binh thu'dng, trong do c6 100 te

^^0 CO hien tu'dng hoan vi gen giffa 2 cap Aa va Bb

1 Hay tinh so lu'dng tiTng loai nucleotit cua moi gen

2 Hay tinh so lu'dng tiifng loai nucleotit trong moi loai tinh triing ;

I; HUdngddn

1 So' Gen c6: ^ ^ x 2 = 2400'nucleotit luTdng ttfng loai nucleotit cua gen:

* 3.4 >

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- 100 te bao c6 hoan vi gen tao thanh 100 x 4 = 400 tinh triing

Do do 100 CO hoan vi gen cho: 100 AB, 100 ab, 100 Ab, 100 aB

Kieu gen = khong c6 hoan vi gen chi cho 2 loai giao tuf A B , ab

ab •

\ 900 te bao tao thanh: 9 x 4 = 3600 tinh trung

Do do te bao khong c6 hoan vi gen cho: 1800 AB va 1800 ah, nhu" vay

- Loai tinh triing AB c6:

A, B trong 2 cap gen tren deu eo 20% Adenin moi gen Ian a, b cua ca 2 cap gen deu CO so'lu'cJng tiifng loai nucleotit bang nhau

1 So' lu'cJng tuTng loai nucleotit moi gen bang bao nhieu

2 Khi te bao sinh due do nguyen phan 3 ddt lien tie'p da doi hoi moi truTdng

noi bao cung cap lijrng loai nucleotit bang bao nhieu?

3 Sir giam phan b i n h thiTdng cua cac te bao sinh due noi tren kha nang cho bao nhieu loai tinh triing? So'liTdng tijfng loai nucleotit cua moi loai tinh triing?

4 Khi tie'n hanh phep lai giffa ca the chiJa cac tebao sinh due tren vdi mot ca

the khac d y d c F: phan li kieu hinh theo ti le 1 : 2 : 1 Bie't rang moi gen quy djnh

5 Tinh so lu'cJng tifng loai nucleotit cua m6i loai hdp tuf Fi

HUdngddn rv

1 So lu'cJng tiJfng loai nucleotit cua moi gen

Gen A = gen a co: ' ' '

Tinh trung AB CO: A = T = 600 + 300 = 900 nucleotit ' !

-G = X = 900 + 450 = 1350 nucleotit

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