Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu dieu hda, khdi ddng.... Y chi cd mot mach
Trang 12 - P h a i bie't \&n d u n g c a c k i c n thifc d a hoc d e t r a c a c c a u h o i , g i t i i b a i l a p , l i i m
thiTc hanh v a iJng d u n g v a o thifc t i e n , d t l i s o n g
3 - P h a i r e n luyC-n c a c l h a o t a c , tu' d u y : P l i a n t i c h diftfc c a c sU k i e n , dff k i e n thCfa,
thie'u h o a c d i i d e g i a i q u y e t d i M c c a c v a n d c c i i t h e X a c d i n h d i W c m o i q u a n h e giiTa c a c
b o p h a n t r o n g t o a n t h e ; c u t h e h o a d m i c nhiTng v a n d e trifu t i f d n g ; n h a n b i e t v i i h i c u difrtc
cac b o p h a n c a u t h a n h ; k e t hOp du'dc n h i c u y c u t o t h a n h m o t t d n g t h e h o a n c h i ' n h ; k h a i
q u a t h o a dUOc nhiTng v a n d c r i e n g I c , c u t h e S u y l u a n tiT nhCtng kie'n thiVc da c 6 d e md
r o n g k i c n thiJc, p h a t t r i e n n a n g liTc n h a n thiJc
H i c n n a y , d e t h i t o t n g h i e p T H P T , t u y e n s i n h v a o c a c trufcing C a o d a n g , D a i h o c
m o n S i n h h o c l a h i n h thifc t h i trac n g h i c m D o la h i n h thiJc k i e m t r a , m a t r o n g d o d c
k i e m Ira thirClng g o m n h i c u c a u h o i M o i c a u n c u r a m o t v a n d e c i i n g v d i n h i f n g t h o n g t i n
c a n thic't, sao c h o t h i s i n h c h i p h a i t r a I d i v a n tat d o i v d i iCmg c a u h o i
D e l a m to't h i n h thiVc t h i trac n g h i e m , n g o a i v i c e o n t a p c 6 k e ' h o a c h , c h u a n h i n o i
d u n g k l t h i h o c s i n h c a n p h a i l a m q u c n v d i h i n h thiJc t h i n a y T u y n h i c n , k h o n g c a n p h a i
l a m t h a t n h i c u , c h i c a n l i i m q u e n v d i m o t so c a u h o i t h e o t i f n g n p i d u n g , ti^ng p h a n h o c
nhif: C d c h c ' d i t r u y e n v i i bic'n d i , D i t r u y e n h o c q u d n t h e , D i I r u y e n h o c ngifdi, d c n a m
du'dc e a c h ra d e t h i , kT t h u a t l i i m b i i i t h i trii'c n g h i c m Q u a n t r o n g nhii't lit p h a i t r a n g b i
k i e n thifc d i i y d u , he t h o n g , p h a i r e n l u y e n t o t ctic t h a o t a c tu" d u y i h i n i d i c d t h e d a t kc't
V e b a i tiip c u n g c d t h e c h i a t h a n h 2 l o a i : B i i i tap t i f l u a n v i i b a i t a p trac n g h i c m C h i i n g
t o i c h u y n h i c u h d n d d i v d i b i i i t a p t i f l u a n V i t i f l u a n toi se trac n g h i c m tot v a q u a t i f l u a n
k i e m soat p h i e n m a v u n g m i i hoa m a n g t h o n g t i n mix h o a cac a x i l a m i n , c 6 the
l i e n l i i c ( d te b a o n h a n sd) h o a c k h o n g h e n l i i c , tti'c l i i x e n k e cac d o a n m a hoa
a x i l a m i n ( c x t ) n ) lit ciic d o a n k h o n g m i i hoa a x i l a m i n ( i n t r o n ) ( d te' b i l o n h a n
i h i f c ) ; v i i n g k e t i h u c n a m d d a u 5' ciia m a c h goc m a n g t i n h i e u ke'l t h i i c p h i e n m a
3 G e n c h i f a t h o n ^ tin di t r u y e n diftJi h i n h thufc m a h o a
Mai d i I r u y e n t r o n g A D N du'dc p h i e n m a sang A R N ' ' ^
4 P h i e n m a Sif I r u y e n t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n p h a n Ivi A D N m a c h k e p sang p h a n tijf A R N
Trang 2Ca'm nang \\J 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng
Iheo nguycn lac bo sung ( A - U , G - X ) K h i gap tin hieu ke'l Ihi'ic ( d vung kc't
thuc) till dtrng p h i c n ma, A R N du'Oc giai phong V i i n g nao phien ma xong thi hai
mach ddn cua gen dong xoan ngay
O te bao nhan scf m A R N dtfrtc diing de dich ma ngay con d te' bao nhiin Ihifc
thi dirdc cat bo intron noi cac cxon lai thanh m A R N iriidng lhanh, m(1i diing de
djch ma
5 D j c h ma
La giai doan ke tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf m A R N (Ban
ma sao) sang chuoi polipeptit Tij" do quy dinh cac tinh Irang
Qua tnnh dich md fidin 2 iiiai doan:
a) Hoat hoa axit amin
Trong to bao chat, nhd cac enzim dac tru'ng va nang lu'dng A T P , mdi axit
amin du'dc hoat hoa va gan v d i l A R N lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc he aa - l A R N
b) Toiig lufp chuoi polipeptit
M o i r i b o x o m gdm 2 lieu phan, binh Ihu'dng nam Uich nhau, k h i c6 mat m A R N
chung lien ke'l v('Ji m A R N l a i codon m 5 dau T r e n r i b o x o m c6 2 v i I r i la P
(peplil) va A (amin) M o i v i I r i tiTdng tfng vdti mot bo ba N h d do r i b o x o m giiJ vai
tro nhu" mot khung del giiJa m A R N v d i a a l A R N va giffa codon - anticodon
N h d C O bo ba doi ma (anticodon) ma aa - l A R N c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng
iJng do mang axit amin den diing v i tri va khdp bd sung vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren
m A R N
Dau tien l A R N mang axit amin met dau la M e t i o n i n ( d te' bao nhan sd la
foocmin M e t i o n i n ) den dung vi tri cua codon m d dau T i e p theo l A R N mang a x i l
amin thu' nhat (aai - t A R N ) den v i i r i codon thiJ nhat L i e n ke'l p e p l i l giffa
M e t i o n i n va a x i l ihii' nhat du'dc lao lhanh (nhd xiic lac ciia enzim), l A R N rdi khoi
r i b d x d m Sau do r i b o x o m bat dau chuyen dich tijfng na'c, m d i nac u'ng v d i mot
codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xay ra lu'dng liT K h i gap codon ke'l thuc thi diifng
phien ma R i b o x o m tach khdi m A R N , chudi polipeptit du'dc giai phong, axit
amin m d dau du'dc cat bd, chudi polipeptit tiep tuc hinh lhanh cac cii'u true bac
cao hdn, I r d lhanh protein hoan chinh
Tren m d i phan tu" m A R N thu'dng c6 mot so'ribdxdm hoiit ddng (poHribdxdm)
Nhtf vay, m d i phan tii' m A R N cd the long hdp liT mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit
cung loai Sau k h i tdng hdp, m A R N du'dc enzim phan giai, con r i b d x d m du'dc sij"
dung qua vai the'he te'bao
6 D i e u hoa boat dong cua gen
La dieu hoa lu'dng san pham cua gen du'dc lao ra 6 sinh vat phan sd, dieu
hoa hoat dong cua gen chu ye'u dien ra d g i a i doan phien ma trong cac opcron 6
sinh vat nhan thifc, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen dien ra qua nhieu g i a i doan nhU:
NST thao xoan, dieu hoa phien ma va sau phien ma, dieu hoa dich ma va sau
dich ma
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
Dieu hoa boat dong ciia gen lai cac operon dien ra nhu' sau: K h i m o i tru'dng noi bao khong c6 chat cam u'ng, gen dieu hoa tdng hdp chat ifc che', gan vao viing van hanh (O) ngiin can phien ma cua nhom gen ca'u true (operon d trang
thai vie che) K h i m o i tru'dng ndi bao c6 chat cam u'ng thi chat cam u'ng lien ke'l
v d i chat (ic che' lam cho no khdng the lien ke'l difdc v d i viing v a n hiinh, nhom
gen ca'u true chuyen sang Irang thai hoat ddng, qua trinh phien ma, dich ma xay ra
7 Sil" bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen
Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa trong gen du'dc bic'u hien lhanh tinh trang cua cd the thong qua c(< che phien ma tif gen sang m A R N r d i dich ma tCr m A R N sang protein va lif protein bieu hien lhanh tinh trang
M d i te bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd cac gen quy dinh ca'u triic tat ca cac loai protein cua cd the Nhifng trong qua trinh phat trien ca the, tuy tifng te'bao trong liYng loai mo, tijy lifng giai doan phat trien ma c h i mdt so' gen trong do boat ddng, life la te'bao chi long hdp loai prdtcin can ihic't vao liic can thiet thdng qua
cd che dieu hoa hoat ddng gen
Sif bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen con chiu sir tifdng lac giiTa cac gen, lu'dng tac giu'a kieu gen v d i m d i tru'dng va con phu thudc vao v i t r i ciia gen nam tren NST thu'dng hay N S T gidi tinh, nam trong nhan hay ngoiii nhan vao sir phan l i ciia gen (phan l i ddc lap, phan l i cung nhau) vao sir lien ke'l cua cac gen (lien ke'l hoan loan, lien ket khdng hoan loan) , ,
' T i n h cha't ciia gen ^
V) CO can tao da phan nen:
- Gen cd tinh da dang va tinh dac thii, do lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap xe'p ciic bo ba trong gen quy dinh
- Gen cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau
- Gen cd khii nang tai ban (qua sir nhan ddi ciia A D N ) cd kha nang phan l i
va i d hdp (qua sir phan li va i d hdp ciia NST) qua do truyen thdng tin d i truyen cho cac the he sau
9 Q u a trinh nhan ddi ciia A D N
Dien ra ngay tru'dc k h i te'bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia
+ O sinh vat nhan sd:
N h d enzim thao xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? A D N dirdc tach
ra tao lhanh chac chCr Y (ddn v i lai biin) M d i mach ciia A D N deu dirdc l a m khudn de long hdp mach A D N m d i V i mach 3' 5' phat trien ihuan v d i chieu
thao xoan (T 5 ' ) nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn 3' 5' du'dc tdng
hdp lien tuc theo chieu 5' 3' tao lhanh phan luT A D N con cd 2 mach chieu ngirdc nhau Con mach mdi long hdp tren mach khudn 5' —)• 3' phai tdng hdp tirng doan ngan (doan Okazaki) ( v i ngu'dc vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac Y ) Sau
Trang 3d m nang tij fin va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Odng
do ciic doan nay diroc no'i lai vcfi nhau (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao thanh phan
tu' ADN con hoan chinh Trong qua trinh nhan doi A D N c6 nhieu cnzim lham
gia, trong do enzim chinh la A D N polimeraza, lam nhicm vu xiic tac siTkien ket
gii?a cac nucleotit tiT do vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khuoii iheo nguyen tiic bd
sung (A - T, G - X) Cudi ciing tuf 1 phan lif A D N sau nhan doi tao thanh 2 phan
tur A D N gio'ng het ADN ban dau Trong moi phan tuf A D N du^dc tao thanh thi mot
mach la mdi dm^c long help con mach kia la cua ADN ban dau (nguycn tac ban
bao ton) Nhu'vay, qua trinh nhan doi ADN da dien ra Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va
ban bao ton vdi sir xiic lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd do da tao ra 2 ADN con
gidng het ADN me, bao dam cho siTdi truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot each
chinh xac
+ O sinh vat nhan thi/c:
' V i CO nhieu nhan lu" ADN kich thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi A D N x;iy ra lai
nhieu diem trong mdi phan lit ADN tao ra nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va
du'dc nhan doi ddng thdi
I I C A U H O I T U L U A N
Ve cdu hoi tu luan chuiii^ toi chia thanh 2 lout:
1 Cau hoi phan tich bai hpc thanh tiTng phan, tiTng y mot each he thong dc
hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16)
2 Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de giiip cac em biet phat trien va van
dung kien thitc (cac cau con lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38)
Cau 1: Gen la gi? Co cac each trii Idi sau:
A Gen la mot doan ciia phan tii' ADN, mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi
polipeptit hay mpl phan lu" ARN
B Gen la mot doan cua phan tu* ADN mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san
pham Xiic dinh
C Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy
dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu
dieu hda, khdi ddng
D Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan tij"
E Gen la mot doan phan tii' axil nucleic, du'dc cau tao tij" cac ddn phan
nucleotit (A, T, G, X )
G Gen la mot doan ciia phan tu" ADN cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat dinh
Hay danh gia (dung luyct doi, dung tUdng doi, sai, Ihieu chinh xac, chifa
dii, ) va du"a ra y kien ciia minh
Dung tu-png doi la dung trong mot dieu kien nhat dinh V i du: Nu'dc sdi d
1(X)"C chi diing tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu kien nhiet dp va ap suat binh thirdng)
Cty TMHH lyJTV DWH Khang Vi^t
HU('/ng ddn
Ta't cii cac cau trcn chi diing trong nhiirng dieu kien nha't dinh V i gen cd cau true mach ddn (mpl sd chiing virut) mach thang, mach vdng Khdng phai gen nao Cling mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac dinh, khdng phai mpi gen deu cd chifc nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal,
- Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan tii"
Dd la mot doan axil nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't dinh, hoac bift hoal,
gay chet,
Cau 2: Cau tao, chiJc nang, tinh chat ciia gen? Giai ihich vi sao gen cd nhffng
tinh chaldd
HUoiigddit
- Gen cd nhieu loai, mdi loai cd cau tao va cMc nang khac nhau SGK chi
trinh bay cau true chung ciia gen cau Iriic
- Gen cd linh da dang, tinh dac thii (do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai biin (VI gen la mot doan ciia ADN, nen khi ADN lai ban gen cijng du'dc lai ban)
cd kha niing phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa trong nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the nen khi chiing phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan l i va id hdp cua gen) Gen cd khii nang dpthien do sifket cap khdng dung trong nhan doi hoac do tac nhan dot bien
Cau 3: Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy ra li'ic nao? Cd siT lham gia ciia cac yeu
id' nao? Vai trd ciia cac yeu id' dd? Qua trinh nhan doi ciia A D N dien ra theo nguyen tac nao? Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu long hdp?
- Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan ciia phan lu" ADN (lir phiii sang trai)
- Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu ciia mdi mach khudn
- Y ngliTa: Tao dieu kien cho nhidm sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va suf truyen 1 each chinh xac cac gen qua cac the'he ADN, the'he tc bao
Cau 4: Hay giai thich vi sao tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach ciia phan tuf ciia
A D N du'dc tdng hdp lien tuc, mach con lai difdc tdng hdp mot each gian doan
Co mot sd each gicii Ihich nhUsau:
a) V i ADN polimeraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3' —> 3' ' h) VI ADN polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH
• • , • • 7
Trang 4c) V i A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- O H d dau mach khuon
T h c o c m tra Uli nhifcac each trcn c(3 dung khong? V I sao? Hay g i a i thich theo
suy nghi cua c m
HU(htg dan
- Ne'u VI A D N polimcraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 5' —> 3' ihi se
khong dung k h i thao xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc
- Ne'u VI A D N polimcraza chi c6 the bo sung nucleotit vao nhom 3' - O H
thi khong giiii thich difdc gi vl mach niio cung c6 nhom 3' - O H
- Neu VI A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - O H nhu'ng thao xoan
bat dau ttjf dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi sao? Co dung nvtii khong? Do do nguyen
nhan chii yeu la each thao xoan
Co the gicii thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng nhusau:
Do thao xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc v d i chieu
xoan ciia phan tii" A D N nen mach A D N m d i , long hcfp til' khuon la mach ma goc
(3' - > 5') se phat trien thuan v d i chieu phat trien ciia chac chu" Y nen du'c.^c long
help lien luc con mach A D N mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo sung v6i mach
ma goc ( 5 ' ^ 3") phiii du'cfc long hdp tifng doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu phat trien cua
chac chi? Y Nhu" vay mc'-fi lao thanh phan tu" A D N mcfi co 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau
Gia sit thao xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc i h i ke't qua se ngu'cfc l a i , nghla la
mach A D N dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' - > 5' phai bi long hdp ngat quang
Do do nguyen nhan la do each thao xoitn va dac d i e m cau lao cua phan lii' A D N
la CO 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau
C a u 5: V I sao ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba Ne'u trong phan tii' A D N c(3 cho 2 hoac
3 loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa du'dc bao nhieu loai axit amin?
Hid'fng dan
V i CO 4 loai nucleotit (A, T, G, X ) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = 4 to
hcfp, neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh 4 ' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20 lo;ii
axit amin
M a hoa bo ba se du'Pc 4 ' = 64 to hdp ihijfa de ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin khong
can phai ma hoa bo bon
Neu trong phan tir c6 3 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa
Neu CO 2 loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = 8 bp ba ma hoa ThiTc te cung co the xay
ra d ciic doan gen, cac doan m A R N , t A R N , r A R N chi co 2 hoac 3 loai nucleotit
C a u 6: T i f ciic dac d i e m cua mii di truycn co the suy ra dieu gi? V i sao ma di
Iruyen co cac diem do?
HU('fng dan
- N e u ma di iruyen goi len nhau thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin
trong chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the" nao?)
- Neu ma di truyen khong cx) tinh dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong?
8
Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
- T a i sao co the xay ra hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa m p l a x i l amin?
Neu so loai axit amin bang hoac Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu nay co the xay
ra khong?
- Tijf ccic dac d i e m ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra: T r i n h tu" siip xep cac bp
ba trong gen khong go'i Icn nhau m d i co the quy dinh Irinh tif sitp xep cac axit
amin trong chuoi polipeplit TiT do m6i co the co tinh dac tru'ng ciia A D N , ciia
protein T i r dac tinh phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong nhcft cua sinh gidi cf miJc phan luT va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64
C a u 7: V i sao A D N co kha nang tai ban va l a i ban m p l each chinh xac
HU(fngddn
- V i A D N CO cau true mach kcp lien ket giifa cac nucicotit Iren hai mach dcfn la lien kc'l hidro (lien ket yeu) Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn l i e n ket vdi nhau theo nguyen lac bo sung Qua trinh lai ban dicn ra theo nguyen lac b d sung
va ban bao ton
C a u 8: l i n g \6\l amin m d dau la M e l i o n i n co may bp ba ma hoa?
Co 2 each trii Idi sau: • > a) Co 1 bp ba ma hoa , b) Co 3 bp ba ma hoa • l • Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting?
Hiidng dan
- Ne'u noi M e l i o n i n co 1 bp ba mii hoa co nghia la trong 64 bp ba ma hoa thi
M e l i o n i n chi co 1 bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co 2 loai la M e l i o n i n
va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, con lai deu co 2 hoac nhieu bp ba ma hoa, nhieu nha't la A e g i m i n co den 6 bp ba ma hoa)
- Neu noi M e l i o n i n co 3 bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng v d i M e l i o n i n Ihi co 3
bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: T A X nam tren A D N , A U G nam Iren m A R N va U A X nam tren l A R N N o i each khac la: M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma goc ( T r i p l e t ) la T A X ,
bp ba ma sao (codon) la A U G va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la U A X • Noi chinh xac thi A irii Idi dung hPn B v i T A X , A U G , U A X deu la m p l trong
- Qua irinh nhan doi A D N d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va
A D N ciia v i r u l (dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd sung va ban bao ton
C a u 10: Phicn mii lii gi? D i c n ra d dau? Co nhiJng yeu i d niio tham gia? ChiJc
niing ciia cac yeu i d do? H i c n lu'png g i xiiy ra k h i k c l ihiic p h i c n mii?
HUifng dan '
+ Phicn m i i l i i sif idng hpp A R N 6 sinh vat nhan thifc, qua trinh long hpp
m A R N dicn ra trong nhan tc biio, cf ki U-ung gian, liic nhicm sac the cf dang dan xoan
9
Trang 5Ca'm nang ti; fin va luy§n thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng
+ Cat- yen lo' tham gia:
- Mach m a goc 3 ' - > 5 ' c i i a gen lam khuon
- Enzim A R N polimcraza xiic tac qua trinh long hctp bang each: Bam
vao VLing dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin, tri/dt doc iheo mach ma goc lit diem khdi
dau den diem kel ihiic cua mach ma goc theo chicu 3 ' - > 5 ' de long hrip nen
m A R N Iheo nguyen lac bo sung (A - U , G - X) iheo chieu 5 ' 3'
+ Sau phien ma:
- Phan lii" m A R N du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, m A R N ra le'bao chal
de l a m khuon dich ma ngay (d le bao nhan sd) hoac cal bo cac intron, no'i cac
exon lai Ihiinh m A R N Iru'dng lhanh mdi roi mdi ra te bao chat lam khuon djch
nifi (te b a o nhan Ihi/c)
Cau 11: O giai doan hoat hoa trong qua trinh dich ma da xay ra nhiJng hicn
Milng nao? Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham gia? Vai tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham
ciia giai doan nay la gi?
Hiidng ddn
+ Co 2 hicn tu'c^ng xay ra la:
- Float hoa axil amin
- Lien ket giiJa tARN vc'li axit amin tU'dng iJng da difdc hoat hoa tao
lhanh phiVc he aa - l A R N
+ Yeu lo' tham gia:
- ATP cung cap niing lifcfng de hoat hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi l A R N
J - Cac enzim tham gia gdm:
Enzim xuc lac lien kel giffa axit amin vdi ATP de lhanh axit amin hoat dong
Enzim xuc lac lien kel giiJa l A R N vCl\t amin tiTdng iJng da du'dc hoat hoa
de tao lhanh phiJc he aa - l A R N
+ San pham ciia giai doan nay la cac axil amin da dUdc hoat hoa va phiJc he
aa - l A R N
Cau 12: O giai doan md dau trong long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhiJng
hien lu'dng nao?
HUdng ddn
Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 3 hien tifdng xay ra:
- Tieu phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien kel vdi m A R N d vi iri dac
hieu, gdm codon m& dau
- Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi eodon md dau
- Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn sang long
hdp chuoi polipeplit (Theo SGK Sinh hoc Idp 1 2 - Chu'dng trinh chuan)
(Thirc ra riboxom g a n vdi codon md dau vii bat dau dich ma lai vi tri P rdi
dich ma lai vi tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil giiJa 2 axil amin du'dc lhanh lap,
lARN (da Uich khoi axil amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen
sang codon liep Iheo de liep Uic dich ma)
1 0
Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang VIM
Cau 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhSng hien lu'dng gi?
HU('iiigddn i: i ^
Dau lien:
- Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l
- Enzim xiic Uic lien kel peptil giCa axil amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin
md dau (Melionin)
- l A R N (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom r Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac iJng vdi mot codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xiiy ra Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia phiJc hdp aa - l A R N khdp
bd sung vdi codon liA^ng irtig, enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, l A R N rdi khdi riboxom)
Cau 14: (5 giai doan kel thiic da xay ra nhifng hien Wdng gi?
Huong ddn : (
- Qua trinh djch ma diJng lai khi riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc
- Axit amin md dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu)
- Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein hoiin chinh
Cau 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the nao? Y nghia ciia no? ?
- RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc 5 0 - IOOA" thi riboxom IhiJ hai gan vao m A R N , liep theo la riboxom ihir 3, thi? 4, (thifdng cd l i i 5 - 2 0 riboxom) chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit mARN
- Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam tang hieu sua't long hdp
Gin chil: De de nhd cac em nen chia ra nhu' sau:
1 Riboxom giin vao m A R N lai codon md da xay ra nhiJng sir kien gi?
Da xiiy ra 3 su' kien:
- Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin ihii' nhal (^(tog ling vdi 2 vi \xi P v;i A)
- Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa 2 axil amin
- l A R N (da tach khdi aa md dau) rdi khdi riboxom
2 Riboxom chuyen dich lifng nac, 1 codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren
3 Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin md dau bi ciil bd va chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn
Cau 16: Qua Irinh djch ma xay ra d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia, vai Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh lhanh? Y nghia ciia qua trinh dich ma?
HUdng ddn
- Xay ra trong t e b a o chat, lai cac riboxom, ngay sau khi phien ma, liic c6 mat m A R N
- Ciic yeu td^ tham gia:
+ m A R N : Lam khuon long hdp protcm ' ' + Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur do i, • • + ATP: Cung cap nang iifdng „
, 1 1
Trang 6Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng
+ C a c c n z i m l h a m g i a e n z i m : xiic Uic l a o l h a n h phiJc h d p aa - l A R N ;
c n z i m x i l c Uic l i e n k e l giffa a x i l a m i n vCl'i A T P c n z i m x i i c tac l a o l h a n h l i e n k e t
p e p l i l ; e n z i m x i i c lac q u a I r i n h cat b o a x i l a m i n md dau k h o i c h u o i p o l i p c p l i l
khc'lp b d sung \xfi c o d o n lifting vCng) San p h a m la m a c h p o l i p e p t i l
Y nghTa: M a d i Iruyen diftjc dich lhanh trinh tiTcac a x i l a m i n trong mach p o l i p e p t i l
C a u 17: Mo'i l i e n q u a n giifa g e n v('1i qua I r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a
Hitc'fng dan
- G e n m a n g t h o n g t i n c a u triic p r o t e i n ( t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n ) T h o n g t i n d i
I r u y e n dift.lc m a h o a t r o n g g e n b i i n g m a hoa b o ba
- M a d i I r u y e n t r o n g g e n dUdc p h i e n m a sang m A R N i h e o n g u y e n ta'c b d
sung D o d o l h a n h p h a n , so lu'dng va tral lir sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n
( t r i p l e t ) q u y d i n h l h a n h p h a n , so krong va Irat lu" sap x e p cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N
- K e t i e p sau q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a la qua I r i n h d i c h m a v a m i i d i I r u y e n t r o n g
m A R N du'dc d i c h ra l h a n h p h a n , so lUcing va trat tif sap x e p cac a x i t a m i n t r o n g
c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l D o d o siT gifii m a m A R N c h i n h la g i a i m a g e n Nhu" v a y m d i
l i e n q u a n giifa g e n vc'Ji q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a c h i n h la m d i l i e n q u a n giiJa
gen - m A R N - p r o t e i n m a b a n chat la: T h a n h p h a n , so iu'dng, t r i n h tif sap x e p
cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n q u y d i n h t h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r i n h tif sap x e p
cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N tif d o q u y d j n h l h a n h p h a n , s d lu-dng v i l t r i n h tir sap x e p
H a y p h a n tich x e m cac each Ira Ifli t r e n da thoa m a n v d i y e u c a u ciia c a u h o i
k h o n g ? C o t h e Ira I d i n h i f the niio c h o d a y d i i , c h i n h xac
HU(hig dan
- T h e o each c) life la c a n cu" v a o ca'u t a o da p h a n ciia g e n d e suy ra l i n h da
d a n g ciia g e n
- T h e o a) va b ) li'rc la c a n cir v a o chi?c nang d e k e ra v a i l o a i g e n
C o t h e tra Uii c a n h o i t r e n n h i f sau:
12
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
1 V e c a l l t a o :
- C o g e n p h a n m a n h , g e n k h o n g phan m i i n h ' ' '
- T h a n h p h a n , s d lifting va I r i n h l i f sap x e p cac n u c l c o l i l k h a c n h a u da t a o ra
v 6 so' l o a i g e n M d i l o a i g e n c 6 l h a n h p h a n , sd^ lu'dng v a t r i n h tu" sa'p x e p cac
n u c l e o l i l d a c iru'ng
- C a n true k h o n g gian ciia g e n ciing khac nhau nen c u n g l a o ra n h i e u l o a i g e n khac nhau: nhu" g e n m o t s d c h i i n g v i r u l ( g i d n g ca'u true A R N ) , g e n sinh v a t nhan Ihifc (eo cii'u true x o a n k e p ) , g e n I r o n g nhan (tren N S T ) , g e n n g o a i n h a n ( t r o n g l a p thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u t r i k m a c h x o a n kep, thang hocic v o n g
d i e m k h d i d a u v i i eha'm dift d d i e m k e t i h i i c ciia g e n Ci d a u 3 ' d e u c o m d i I r i n h
liT n u c l e o l i l dac h i e u ( k h o n g dUcIc d i c h m a ) d e r i b o x o m n h a n b i e t v a ga'n v a o Cac m A R N d e u du'ilc ca'u l a o b d i cac r i b o n u c l e o t i l , du'cle p h i e n m a l i f cac n u c l e o l i l
N h U n g d o l h a n h p h a n , s d lu'cing, trat tu" sap x e p cac n u e l e o l i l c o ra't n h i e u each
k h a c n h a u , n e n c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n ca'u true l o n g help r a r a t n h i e u l o a i m A R N
k h a c n h a u
- V e ehii'c n a n g : M o i p h a n tu" m A R N d e u du'cle d u n g l a m k h u o n d e t d n g help
ra pre')tein pre'nein ce'i n h i e u ehii'c n a n g nhu'ng khc^ng t h e ne)i m A R N ce) n h i e u chiJc n a n g
cau 2 0 : So siinh q u a t r i n h n h a n d o i ciia A D N v a p h i e n m a t d n g help ra m A R N e'^
sinh v a t n h a n thufc , , , ^
HUOngddn
1 G i o n g n h a u : ;
- D i e u x a y ra d k i t r u n g g i a n
- C h i e u t d n g help d e u ngifelc c h i c u ve'li c h i e u m a c h k h u o n
- D e u l i e n k e l cac n u c l e o l i l t r o n g mc)i triTdng diTa t r e n cac n u c l e o l i l t r o n g
m a c h khu(')n t h e o n g u y e n lac b d sung
N g u y e n l i e u d e u l a cac n u c l e o l i l t i f do
D e u p h a i C O e n z i m d a c Iru'ng x i i c l a c i j v J , '
Trang 7Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng
2 Khac nhaii; Hoc sinh tuphdt trien kien thi'fc theo f^(/i v sau:
- V c nguycn lieu siV dung khac nhau nhu" the' nao?
- V c e n / i m xiic tac khac nhau the'nao?
- V e nguyen tac bd sungC khac nhau khong? " ,
f^'H: V e c(l che khac nhau nhu" the niio?
- V e ket qua c6 g i khac nhau?
C a u 21: Hay giiii thich v i sao phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep,
va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den k h i Irifdng thanh lai c6 rau,
ria (Can ci'r vao chifc nang cua gen, d i c u hoa hoal dong gen de tra Icli)
C a u 22: V I sao noi: Giai m i i m A R N cung chinh la giai ma A D N (Can ctJ" vao
moi quan he giifa A D N - m A R N de trii Idi)
C a u 23: V i sao phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao ra m A R N chu'a siJ'dung djch ma
ngay difdc, con m A R N du'Oc tao ra tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma ngay
du'Oc (Can ciV vao viing ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra IfJi)
C a u 24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu chu'a day dii ca 4 loai nuclcotit la A , T, G, X
khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 2 loai nucleolit i h i mii hoa du'c.^c may loai axit amin
Giil sijfmARN chi c6 3 loai ribonuclcotil thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu loai axit amin,
H If (fug dan
- V i gen chi la 1 doan ma cua phiin tii" axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij
ca 4 loai nuclcotit
- Ciin ci? viio cong ihiJc to hdp de t i m ra c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba tijr 2 loai
nuclcotit, tir3 loai nuclcotit, tir4 loiii nuclcotit
C a u 25: Hiiy g i a i thich tai sao m A R N thifdng bi cac e n z i m phan hiiy sau khi
long hdp xong protein ( v i de khuon luon m d i , khong bi hif hong do S I J T dung lau
hay do tac nhiin khac giiy ra)
C a u 26: V i sao gen khong diTdc su' dung liim khuon trifc tie'p tdng hdp protein?
( v i thong t i n di truyen ciTc k i quan trong, du'dc bao quiin to't trong N S T , ti the, ,
du-dc gicr g i n ciin thiin No la ban ma gdc c6 the dilng ban ma sao ( m A R N ) thay
the Bcln sao cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de diim bao ti'nh chinh xac cua
thong t i n di truyen
C a u 27: Co bao nhieu loai A R N Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi khac nhau?
T a i sao?
Hi((fng dan
+ V I deu du'dc tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac loai A R N nhu' m A R N ,
t A R N , r A R N deu c6 cii'u triic mach ddn, deu du'dc cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil
Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu do gen quy dinh
+ Qua trinh tdng hdp cac loai A R N deu theo cd chc tu'dng t i / nhau
+ Chudi ribonucleotit hinh thanh xong se bien ddi ca'u h i n h , hinh thiinh ca'u
true dac tru'ng cua tiTng loai, phu hdp chifc nang cua m o i loai V i vay cau true
cua chilng khiic nhau
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t
- m A R N difdc diing lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6 cii'u tao mach
thang, C O v i t r i dac hieu niim gan codon m d dau de r i b o x o m nhan biet vil Hen ket
vdi m A R N c6 bo ba m d diiu de t A R N nhan bic't va mang axit m d dau den dung
vj trI V i l C O bo ba ket thuc de r i b o x o m nhan biet va difng dich m i i
- t A R N liim n h i c m vu van chuyen axit amin den r i b o x o m vii lam nhiem vii dich m i i nen mot dau ciia no c6 trinh lif nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng itng nhiln biet va lien ket v d i t A R N mot d;tu c6 bo ba d o i m i i (anticodon) de
t A R N nhiln biet va l i e n ket bd sung vdi codon tu'dng iJng
- r A R N lii thiinh phjln chii ye'u ca'u tao ra r i b d x d m nen chung c6 ca'u tao
dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice lien ket v d i protein de tao thanh r i b o x o m + V i giiJ ciic chu'c nang quan trong khac nhau nen d d i song cua cac loai
A R N Cling khac nhau: Sau k h i tdng hdp xong protein, m A R N Ihu'dng du'dc cac
enzim phan hiiy, con t A R N vii cac r A R N difdc sufdung qua v a i the he te bao
C a u 28: Hay suy luan x e m sif nhiin doi cua A D N c6 l i e n quan nhu' the' niio v d i
sV tcii ban ciia gen, v d i sir phan chia te bao, v d i dot bie'n gen, v d i dot bie'n nhiem
sac the?
HU(fngddn
Sir nhan'ddi cua A D N dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir nhiin d d i ciia
A D N tao d i c u k i e n cho nhiem sac the nhan d o i , chuan b i cho su" phan bao Cac tac nhan dot bien tac dong viio qua trinh nhan doi cua A D N c6 the gay dot bie'n gen Dot bien ca'u triic nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can bang gen
C a u 29: K h i tien hanh nhiin ddi A D N trong d'ng nghiem phuc vu cho nghien ciTu
va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan A D N ngiin khoang v a i tram cap nuclcotit H i e n tu'dng niiy du'dc giai thich nhu? the nao?
Hi((fng ddn
Do sir tdng hdp mach A D N Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3' xiiy ra ngat quang tao
ra cac dojin ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng du'dc ndi lai v d i nhau tao thanh mot mach hoan chinh
Cfiu 30: N h d dau enzim A R N polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac chu'c nang cua no
trong phien ma tdng hdp m A R N
HUifng ddn
T r o n g qua trinh phien m t i , enzim m A R N polimeraza c6 cac chu'c nang sau:
- B a m vao viing dieu hoa l i i m gen thao xoan va bat dau p h i e n ma A R N polimeraza t h i r c h i e n chu'c nang nay lit nhd trong viing dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true
C O mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la viing k h d i dong N h d trinh tir nay ma
enzim A R N polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp m A R N tai d i e m khcfi dau
- T d n g hdp phiin tuT m A R N : Sd d l A R N polimeraza thiTc h i e n chu'c nang nay
la nhd nguyen tac b d sung
- Dirng phien ma: N h d vijng ke't thiic cua gen mang t i n hieu ke'l thiic
Trang 8dm nang lu 6n Iuy6n thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng
M a h o a b o b a l a each m a h o a , c o n b o ba m a h o a la m o t t o hcfp cija each m a
hoa b o ba tii" nhfJug yc'u t o ' c h o bie't
k h o n g C O l o a i n a o c 6 so' l o a i a x i t a m i n I d n h d n 6 1 ( s u y r a tij" dilc d i e m t i n h p h d
bie'n c u a m a d i t r u y e n ) Ta't ca cac sinh vat, p r o t e i n du'dc c a u t a o t i f 2 0 l o a i a x i t
- M a d i t r u y e n c o t i n h pho' b i e n c 6 t h e s u y ta't ca cac l o a i p r o t i t cua m p i l o a i
sinh v a t d e u c o c h u n g m o t m a d i t r u y e n va suy r a n g u o n go'c t h o n g nha't cua sinh
- D i e m k h d i d a u k h o n g tifdng ifng v d i m a nu'-f d a u v i i d i e m khcii d a u n a m d
v u n g k h d i d p n g t r o n g v i m g d i e u h o a ciia g e n D o la m o t t r i n h tu" n u c l e o t i t dac
h i e u g i i i p en/.im A R N pohmera/.a n h a n bie't v i i h e n k e l d e k h d i d p n g q u a t r i n h
p h i c n m a tii" d i e m k h d i d a u ciia g e n , c o n m a m d d a u n a m d v i t r i d a u l i e n t r o n g
v i m g m a h o a ciia g e n
- D i e m k c l thiic c u n g k h o n g tifcing I'fng v d i m a ke't t h u c , v i n e u q u a t r i n h
p h i c M i m a c h a m diH d m a ke't thuc t h i m A R N se k h o n g c o c o d o n ke't t h u c NhU'
v i i y d i e m k e t i h i i c p h a i la d i e m cud'i c u n g ciia g e n
C a u 36: S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h hoc I d p 12 - N a n g c a o c h o bie't: " r i b o x o m l i e n k c t
v d i m A R N t a i c o d o n m d d a u va q u a I r i n h d i c h m a du'dc bat d a u " Sach g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - C h u a n c h o bie't: " l i e u p h a n b e r i b o x o m g ^ n
v d i m A R N d v i t r i d a c h i e u n ; l m g a n c o d o n m d d a u , t A R N m a n g M c l i o n i n b d sung c h i n h x a c v d i c o d o n m d d a u T i c u d d n v i I d n c i i a r i b o x o m k c t h d p tao
t h a n h r i b o x o m h o a n c h i n h san sang l o n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t " NhU' v a y 2 c u o n sach g i a o k h o a c o sir khac n h a u
H a y p h a n l i c h nhiJng k i e n IhiJc t r e n va c h o bie't y kie'n c i i a m i n h
- G e n cii'u true l i i m o t d o a n ciia p h i i n tiV a x i l n u c l e i c 6 s i n h v a t n h a n thiTc,
g e n c a u true c o m a c h x o i i n k e p di/dc cfui t a o tir 4 l o a i n u c l e o t i t t h e o n g u y c n lite
b d s u n g ( A - T , G - X )
11
Trang 9Ca'm nang tu 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy D6'ng
Gen ( A D N ) la vat chat di truyen d cap do phan tu", chiJa thong tin quy dinh
cau true cua protein (thong tin di truyen) thong tin di truyen diTdc ma trong gen
bang ma hoa bo ba , ^ <«,
- Nh5 A D N CO cau true 2 mach ddn va lien ket gii?a'2 mach ddn la lien ket
yeu (lien ket hidro) va cac nucleotit giffa 2 mach ddn lien ke't vdi nhau theo
nguyen tac bo sung, nen A D N c6 kha nang nhan doi
A D N nhan doi theo nguyen tac bo sung va ban bao ton bao dam cho thong tin
di truyen chtfa trong A D N difdc truyen qua cac the' he A D N mot each chinh xac
A D N nhan doi dan tdi su" nhan doi ciia gen Sir nhan doi cua A D N tao dieu
kien cho sir phan bao Nhu* vay thong tin di truyen trong A D N (gen) cua m6i te
bao du'dc truyen cho the he te bao con mot each chinh xac qua cd che nhan doi
cua A D N (gen)
- Thong qua phien ma va dich ma thong tin di truyen chtfa trong A D N diTdc
djch ra thanh: so lu'dng, thanh phan, trat tu" sap xep cua cac axit amin trong chu6i
polipeptit ciia protein va du'dc bieu hien thanh nhifng dac diem ve cii'u tao va
boat dong sinh l i cua te bao, ciia cd the Noi each khac chung bieu hien thanh
tinh trang cija sinh vat
C a u 38: Trong cau true cua A D N c6 cac lien ke't gi?
Hudng ddn
Co lien ke't hidro giifa cac nucleotit gii?a 2 mach ddn, c6 lien ke't hoa tri giiJa
cac nucleotit trong mach ddn (lien ke't phospho dieste) va lien ket hoa tri giifa
dirdng d vi tri C so'5 (5') v6[ axil photphoric trong moi nucleotit
C a u 39: V i sao phan tuf A D N vCra vffng chac vira linh boat?
Hitdng ddn
Phan tur A D N viTng chac la nhd lien ke't phospho dieste giiJa cac nucleotit la
lien ke't rat vffng chac (nen khi 2 mach ddn tach nhau ra, chuoi polinucleotit van
ton tai)
Lien ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u vSng chac thi phan tu" A D N khong the
duoi, xoan tach nhau ra khi can thiet (linh boat) M a t khac so' lu'dng lien ke't
hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho A D N vffng chac
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
Cau 3: A D N CO mach xoan kep gap cf dang sinh vat nao? ,, v
A ) Sinh vat nhsin thiTc B ) Dong vat, thi/c vat C) Virut, vi khuan D ) Dap an A la dung nha't CSu 4: A D N dang mach vong c6 cf:
A ) Mot so v i khuan B ) M o t so virut C) Lap the, t i the D ) Ca A , B, C
CSu 5: Gen la: , ^ ' • Xty
C) Mot doan axil nucleic D ) Dap an C la dung nha't CSu 6: Co bao nhieu loai gen?
A ) Co 2 loai gen la gen trong nhan va gen ngoai nhan
B) Co 2 loai gen la gen mach kcp va gen mach ddn ~ - ' C) Co 2 loai gen la boat dong va gen bat boat ,> 'u '>
D) Co v6 so'loai gen, tiiy vi tri, cau tao, cbtfc nang,
Cfiu 7: Tin hieu khcfi dong nam d vimg nao cua gen cau true? > " i
A ) Viing dieu boa B ) Viing ke't thiic 1
C) Viing ma boa D ) Viing van hanh '41 •
Cau 8: Viing dieu boa cua gen cau true nam d vi tri nao? • / <'
A ) Dau liiach ma goc B) Dau mach bd sung f>ri 5 C) Cudi mach ma gdc D ) Cudi mach bd sung n "3«:
C&u 9: Vimg dieu hoa ciia gen cau Iriic c6 chiJc nang gi? i * ; :
A ) Dieu hoa boat dong gen B ) Kbdi dong boat dong gen C) Khcli dong va kiem soat phien ma D ) Cham dut phien ma ; s
C a u 10: Viing ma boa cua gen cau true c6 chiJc nang gi? * ' \
A ) M a boa cac axil amin <j f (u \i J " -hi i
B) Quy dinh cac axit amin ' i f
C) Mang thong tin ma boa cac axit amin > ( D) C a A , B v i i C
Cau 11: Viing ke't thiic CO cbtJc nang gi? ' M K
A ) Ket tbue phien ma B ) Ket tbiie dieb ma ' ' , i'
C) Mang tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D ) CbiJa ma ke't thuc ' • >, '
CSu 12: D i e m kbdi dau cua gen nam 5 dau? < i
A ) d ma md dau B) d codon ibiJ nha't
C) D i e m dau lien cua gen D ) (J viing kbdi dong CSu 13: D i e m ket tbue ciia gen nam d dau? • *;
A ) d vimg ke't tbue f B ) 6 sinh vat nhan tbirc C) d diem cudi cung cua gen D ) 6 virut ;v., / , , CSu 14: Gen phan manh c6 d sinh vat nao?
A ) 6 sinh vat nhan sd B ) 6 sinh vat nhan thirc
C ) 6 v i k b u a n D ) 6 virut
19
Trang 10C S u 15: Ma di iruyen la gi?
A ) La bo ba ma hoa B) La ma hoa bo ba
C ) La thong tin di Iruyen du'dc ma hoa D) Ca A, B, C
C a u 16: V i sao thong tin di truycn phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba?
A ) V i CO 4 loai nuclcotit
C ) V I ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai axil amin
C ) Giong nhau vi dcu la each ma hoa
D) Khac nhau vi ma hoa bo ba la each ma hoa con bo ba ma hoa la mot to
hdp cua cac ma hoa bp ba
C a u 18: O viing dicu hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen khong?
A ) Khong chiJa vi khong ma hoa axit amin
B) Khong chila vi mang tin hieu khdi dpng va kiem soat qua trinh phien ma
C ) Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong chu'a axit amin
D) C a A v a B
A ) Khong chu'a vi khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin
B) Khong chu'a vi khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin
C ) Khong chu'a vi mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma
D) Co chu'a ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin
C a u 20: Ma ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6 chiJc nang gi?
A ) DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma
C ) Mang tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) Mang tin hieu diifng dich ma
C a u 21: Ma md dau c6 chtfc nang?
A ) Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma
B) Mang tin hieu md dau dich ma
C ) Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin thu" nhat
D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau
C a u 22: Ma di truyen trong A D N du'cic phien ma sang m A R N nhd cd che'nao?
A ) Nhd cd che phien ma B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp m A R N
C S u 23: M a di truyen trong A D N du'cic giai ma nhd cd che' nao?
A ) Nhd cd che dich ma B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp protein
C ) Nhd t A R N van ehuyen D) Ca A, B deu dung
20
Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang ViSt
C S u 24: V i sao dau 5' c6 mot trinh tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma?
A ) V i khong chufa thong tin di truyen
B) V i dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien trong viing
A) Liic phien ma B) Lilc bat dau dich ma
C S u 26: Qua trinh phien ma xay ra theo chieu nao?
A) Chieu 3' -> 5' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 5" 3' ciia mach ma gdc
C ) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach bd sung
A) Chieu 5' 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma gdc
C ) Chieu 5' -> 3' ciia mach ma sao D) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma sao
C a u 28: V i sao can c6 giai doan hoat hoa ciia axit amin:
A ) V i axit amin tiT do khong 5 Irang thai hoat dpng
^ B) V i axit amin tU do chu'a lien ket vdi tARN tUdng u'ng
C ) V i can tao ra phiJc he aa - tARN de van chuyen axit amin den vi tri tu'dng
m u'ng tren m A R N
1 D) V i cii A, B, C
Cfiu 29: Riboxom c6 chiJc nang gi:
A ) Ndi dich ma
B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa m A R N - aa - l A R N va giiJa
• codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma
• C ) Chuyen dich tren m A R N de t A R N dich ma
P D ) C a A, B, C
C a u 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT dau? K c l thiic d dau?
A ) Bat dau d diem khdi dau va cham dirt d diem ket thiic
B) Bat dau tiTcodon md dau va kcl thiic khi riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic
C ) Ba't dau d vimg khdi dpng, ket thiic d viing ke't thiic
D) Ca A v a C d e u d i i n g
Cfiu 31: Qua trinh dich ma diTng lai khi: :/; ; s ' h
A) Dot bien lam xuiit hien ma kcl thuc , „ -i " i :
B) Khi riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic
C ) K h i riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba U A A hoac U A G hoac U G A
Trang 11-Ca'm nang tg fln va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng
C a u 32: Trong qua trinh dich ma, dau lien riboxom gan v6i m A R N d vung nao?
A ) O vi Iri dac hieu nam gan codon md dau
D ) d vung dicu hoa i ' T, „
C a u 33: V i sao A D N du-dc goi la cd sd vat chat di truycn: )
A ) V i chi?a thong tin di truycn
B ) V i CO tinh dac trifng cho moi ca the, moi loai sinh vat va on dinh qua cac
the he i7^l"r>vi: (i, • " •
C ) V i A D N CO kha nang lai sinh, phan l i , to hap, kha nang bicn di va truycn
thong tin di truyen qua cac the' he ,
D) V i c a A, B , C
C a u 34: A D N co d vi tri niio sau day?
C ) Trong phan loi cua mot so virut D) Ca A, B, C
C a u 35: Hai mach cua A D N c6 chieu nhif sau:
A) Ca 2 mach c6 chieu gio'ng nhau
B) Mach ma goc c6 chieu 3' -> S' Mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' -> 3'
C ) Ca 2 mach xoan deu quanh mot true thco chieu tiif Inii sang phai
D) C a B , C d c u d u n g
C a u 36: A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap d dang sinh vat nao?
C a u 37: Mach danh dau chieu 5' -> 3' nghia la:
A ) Lien ket hoa tri ba't dau tiT cacbon so 5' ciia nucleotil Ihu- nha't, k c l Ihiic d
cacbon so 3' trong nucleotit cuoi cijng ciia mach do
B) Lien ket hoa tri bat dau tir cacbon so' 3' ciia nucleotit thi? nha't, k c l Ihiic d
cacbon so 5' trong nucleotit cuoi cung ciia mach do
C ) Ca A , B deu ,sai
D) Ca A, B deu dung '*
C a u 38: Nguyen lac bd sung c6 tam quan trong vt'li crt che di truyen:
3 Phien ma , • 4 Dich ma
Cau trii Icli dung la:
A) 1 , 2 , 3 B) 1 , 3 , 4 ' C ) 1 , 2 , 3 D) 1 , 2 , 4
C a u 39: TCr nguycn tic bd sung c6 the suy ra dicu gi:
Cty TNHH'MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
C S u 40: A D N c6 tinh on dinh qua cac the' he la nhd
B ) dich ma -:<•, , • \ ^^ ^ V
C ) nhan doi A D N theo nguycn lac bd sung va ban bao ton
D ) nguycn phan
Cfiu 41: Qua trinh nhan doi A D N xiiy ra tao thanh phan nao ciia te bao?
A ) Nhiem sac the B) T i the, lap the j ^
O P l a s m i t D ) C a A , B , C d e u d u n g '\
C a u 42: A D N con duWc tao ra theo nguycn lac ban bao ton nghla la: j ; ) u j
A ) Trong hai A D N co mot A D N cii va mot A D N mdi
B) M o i mach ciia A D N con co 1/2 nguycn lieu cii, 1/2 nguycn lieu mdi
C ) M o t mach cua A D N la mach khuon cua A D N me, mach kia du^dc tao bdi cac nucleotit tif do
D ) M o t nii-a nguycn lieu cii, mot nufa nguycn lieu mdi
cau 43: Nguyen tac bd sung trong cd che lai ban A D N dan den:
B) L a m cho A D N con co can true gidng hct A D N me , , ;^
D) Ca A , B , C d e u d u n g
C a u 44: Cau nao sai khi noi ve chieu lac dong ciia cn/.im?
A) A D N polimcra/a chi Uic dong theo chieu 3' 5' cvia mach khuon
B) A D N polimcraza tac dong thco nhieu ndi nhu^ng van theo chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach khuon
D) Cii A va B deu sai "
C a u 45: Khi noi de'n doan okazaki dieu nao sau day la sai? ''•
A ) DuWc tdng hdp difa vao mach khuon 3' -> 5' ./i ^ K('!/i>l i
B) Dirdc tdng hdp ngiWc chieu vi'ii mach khuon
C ) Dufdc tdng hdp tiVng doan ngiin difa vao nhieu diem ciia mot mach ddn
D) DiTdc tdng h d p difa vao mach khuon 5' -> 3'
C a u 46: C d che tai sinh ciia A D N co y nghia gi?
B) Dam bao cho A D N difdc 6n dinh ve cau true ham liTdng qua cac the he te bao
C ) Gop phan dn dinh ciic tinh trang qua cac the he cua kxii ,, .;,
D) C i i A, B, C deu dung , ' '
C a u 47: Tinh dac ihu ciia A D N bieu hicn ct:
A) So lifdng, thanh phan, trinh tif sap xcp cac nucleotil
B) Ham lifdng A D N
23
Trang 12Ca'm nang tij On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng
O T H c A ± l
G + X
D ) Ca A , B, C
C a u 48: N h d diic d i e m nho A D N c6 tinh cha't viTa vi?ng chac vi/a Hnh hoat, c6
the dong xoan, thao xoa'n, tach nhaii la Ichi can Ihict?
A ) So lien k c t h i d i o la lien ket yen va nhicu
B ) Hai mach lien ket vc'Ji nhau theo ngiiycn tiic bo sung
C ) L i e n ket hoa trj rat ben
D ) Ca A , B, C dung
C a u 49: NhCl dac d i e m nao A D N c6 linh da dang vii tinh dac thii?
A) Nhil cau lao da phan li) Nh(i nguyen trie bd sung
C ) Nhf< A D N la dai phan liV D ) Nhcl lien ket hidro rat k'Jn
C a u 50: Nhct dac tinh nao c6 sir lien quan giiTa A D N va gen?
A) T i n h da dang, tinh dac thu
B ) T i n h dilc trifng, on dinh qua cac the he
C ) Co kha nang tai sinh, phiin l i , to hdp, dot bien
D ) Ca A B, C
C a u 5 1 : K h i noi ve ma di truyen cau noi nao sau day khong dung?
A ) Ban chat ma di truyen la 1 bo ba ma hoa mot axit amin
B ) Ban chat ma di truyen la thong tin quy dinh ciic tinh trang ciia cO the
C ) Ban cha't ma di truyen lii trinh lir ciia bo ba trong A D N quy dinh trinh tif
cac axit amin trong phan ti'f protein
D ) T h o n g tin di truyen du'dc ma hoa trong A D N bang ma hoa bp ba
C a u 52: C h i c6 khoang l,5V( so nucleotil trong he gen ngircli tham gia vao vice
ma hoa cac chuoi polipeptit, so con lai c6 the giff vai tro gi?
A ) K h o n g giu" vai tro gi ca (bat hoat)
B ) T h a m gia ca'u tao cac inlron, cau tao tarn dong, dau m i l l nhiem sac the,
trinh tif ciic nucleotil dac hieu dc giup r i b o x o m nhan biet cho lien ke'l v d i
m A R N , giup A R N polimera/a nhiin bie'l tin hieu khdi dong, tin hieu diTng
p h i c n ma, giiip cha't vie c h e b a m vao de dieu hoa hoat dong gen
C ) Ca A , B d e u d u n g
D ) C h i C O B dung
C a u 53: K h i noi den chifc nang ciia enzim A D N - polimera/a Irong qua trinh
nhan doi A D N , cau niio sau day la dung nhfi'l?
A ) La enzim long hdp mach A D N mc'^i
B ) L i i enzim lap rap cac nucleotil liTdo lhanh mach A D N m6i
24
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t
C ) La enzim xiic tac sif lien ke'l giffa nucleotil tu* do vt'ti nucleotil ciia mach
khuon de tao lhanh mach A D N mdi, theo nguyen tSc bo sung A - T, G - X
D ) La enzim khong phiii lam nhiem v i i long hdp mach md^i ma chi xiic lac
phiin i^ng tao lhanh mach A D N mt'li
C 3 u 54: NhSng dac diem nao cua ma di truyen the hicn linh thong nhat va da
dang sinh gic'ti'.'
A ) M a di i r u y c n c6 tinh phd bien B ) M a di truyen khong gdi len nhau
C ) Ma di truyen c6 linh dac hieu D ) Ca A va B
C a u 55: A R N C O mat ('<:
A) Nhan le bao B ) Te bao chat
C ) M o t so v i r u l D ) Cil A , B va C
C a u 56: SiTkhac biet trong ca'u tao hoa hpc ciia nucleotil so vc'fi ribonucleotit la:
A) V i tri lien ket giffa axit, bazd vii difiJng. -'i^ '
B ) Baz(t nitric vii difclng C^
C ) Goc - O H trong phiin lii-dirdng C5 ' •
D ) Ca A vii B dijng ; Cslu 57: H i i m lu'dng A R N trong l e b i i o thay ddi phii ihupc viio:
A ) Te biio con non hay da g i i i
B ) Loai mo chiVa te biio do
C ) T c b i i o dang phat trien hay dang phan biio
D ) Cii A , B vii C deu dung
C a u 58: D i e m khac biet cd biin giiJa n i A R N , l A R N ve cau lao l i i :
A ) Chung khiic ve so lu'dng ddn phan
B ) m A R N khong c6 ca'u true xoan vii nguyen tiic bd sung, con l A R N ihi ngu'cfc lai
C ) l A R N C O lien ke'l hidro con m A R N thi khong
D ) Cii A , B vii C deu dung
C a u 59: N o i den chu'c nilng cua A R N , cau niio sau diiy sai? ' '
| ! A ) m A R N lii ban mil sao luf mach 3' -> 5' ciia gen du^dc d u n g k h u o n long
hPp p r o l e i n , ' ' l '
| B ) r A R N CO vai i r d long hdp chudi polipeptit dac biet, tao thiinh r i b o x o m
| C ) l A R N CO chi'rc niing viin chuycn axil amin den riboxom vii trifc ticp dich ma
D ) r A R N C O vai tro tdng hdp eo ihif cap ciia NST
Cfiu 60: A D N vii A R N gidng nhau d diem niio? : ' A) Deu C O 4 loai ddn phan
B ) M d i ddn phiin deu c6 axit, dirdng vii bazct nitric • • '• " •' '
C ) L i e n ket hoa tri giiTa difdng vii axil c6 vi tri gid'ng nhau
D ) Cii A , B , C deu dung
25
Trang 13Ca'm nang ti; fln luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phiing Duy Dting
C a u 61: NhiTng diem khac nhau ci1 ban ve cau iriic giffa A D N va A R N :
A ) So lUWng mach vii so luWng ddn phan r s ' ; ? <
-B ) Trong A D N c6 T, khong c6 U, con trong A R N ihi ngiWc lai, trong A D N co
diTfJng C , H | o 0 4 , trong A R N co du-dng C ^ H H I O ,
C ) A D N la khuon, con A R N la stin pham du'dc tdng hdp lu" khuon A D N
D ) Ca A , B, C dcu diing
Cflu 62: V I dac diem nao trong cd che sao ma mil cau true A R N khac vdi doan
A ) V I A R N chi diiilc tdng hdp lit mol mach dcJn cua A D N
B ) V i nguyen lieu ciia qua trinh sao ma (phien ma) la ribonucleotit
C ) V i tdng hdp theo nguyen tac bd sung A - U, G - X
D ) Ca A , B, C deu dung
C a u 63: Diem giong nhau giiTa ed che tdng hdp A R N (sao ma, phien ma) va cd
che tu" nhan doi ci'ia A D N (tir sao ma, ti/ tai ban):
A ) Deu diTa vao A D N lam khuon
B ) Deu tdng hdp theo nguyen lac bd sung
C ) Deu CO siTxiic tiic ci'ia en/im polimera/a va mach mdi deu du'dc tdng hdp
theo chieu ngu'dc lai vdi mach khuon
D ) Ca A , B, C deu dung
C a u 64: Diem khac hiet giiTa cd che nhan ddi A D N vil c(t che phien ma:
A ) Khtic nhau ve khuon (hai mach, mot mach)
B ) Khac nhau ve nguyen lieu do moi Irirdng cung cap (loai ddn phan, so
,, A ) Giong nhau d nhom amin, nhom cacboxyl khac nhau d go'c R
B ) Giong nhau d axil, difdng, khac nhau ("t nhom amin
C a u 66: Noi dung nao sau day khong dung?
A ) Lien ket peplil la lien ket giiTa cac axil amin
B ) Thi/c chat ciia H C M I ket peplil \h lien ket hoa Iri
C ) LiC-n ket peptit difdc thifc hien giiTa nhom - COOH ciia axil amin nay vdi
nhom - NH2 ciia axil amin ben canh (loai irCr mot phan liV H.O)
D ) So lien kel peptit bang sd^ axil amin ciia chudi polipeptil
26
C S u 67: Y e u to nao sau day chi phdi Idn nhal den tinh dac ihil ciia protein?
A ) So lu-dng axil amin trong phan tii" protein do
B ) Thiinh phan axil amin trong phan tiir protein do ? 1 ,
C) Trinh tu" sap xep cac axil amin trong phan tuT protein do
C a u 68: Qua trinh tdng hdp prdlein qua cac giai doan nao sau day? •
A ) Phien ma idng hdp ra m A R N rdi djch ma thanh chudi polipeptil :;
C ) Nhan doi A D N (liT sao) tdng hdp m A R N (sao ma) va tdng hdp chuoi polipeptil (dich mii hay giai ma). ^ j i ? ! • ; ; ) , ? ; ;f , ' 4 , d 4 >
C a u 69: Protein co tinh dac trifng va dn dinh la nhd: , > ^
A ) A D N ed tinh dac tru'ng va dn dinh ,
B ) A D N nhan ddi theo nguyen life bd sung va ban bao ton
C ) Trinh tir cac bo ba trong mach gde (Triplet) quy dinh trinh tif cac codon trong m A R N (qua cd che phien ma), trinh tu" cac codon trong m A R N quy dinh trinh tiTcac axit amin trong chudi polipeptil (qua cd che dich mil)
D ) Nhd cii ba diJ kien tren,
A ) Cac riboxdm chuyen dich trcn m A R N theo chieu 5 ' - > 3 ' tiTng bd ba, liTdng i?ng vdi 10,2 A "
B ) Cac anticodon eiia l A R N dich ma sao tren m A R N theo nguyen tiic bd sung vdi tifng codon ihco liTng bifdc chuyen dich ciia riboxdm
C ) M i l ket thiie khong du'dc l A R N dich ma
D ) Cd bao nhieu ribdxdm tham gia giiii ma se cd bii'y nhieu phan tuf protein
du'dc tdng hdp r- ,^
C S u 71: Y e u i d niio giu" vai tro dicu hoa tdng hdp protein? ,
A ) Gen dieu hoa s;in xual ra prdlein lYc che ,
B ) Viing khdi ddng de A R N polimera/.a bam viio de phien ma
C ) Viing viin hilnh do protein u'e che bam vao ngan can phien ma
D ) C c i 3 yeu i d A , B vii C , , '[ , ^
C S u 72: Cau niio sau day khong diing?
A ) M i l md dau co chiJc nang khdi dau dich ma
B ) Bo ba md diiu co chuTc niing ma hoa axil amin md d;1u
D ) Dich ma bill diiu iCr bo ba md ditu tren m A R N
C a u 73: Cau niio sau day khong dung? ,'' '
A ) M a ket thiic quy djnh tin hicu ket thuc dich ma
B ) M i i ket thuc la cac bo ba: UAA, U A G , UGA
2 7 ,
Trang 14Ca'm nang ti/ fin va luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy D6'ng
C) M a kct thuc quy djnh tin hieu ket thi'ic phicn ma
D ) M a kc'l thiic nam d vung kct thuc ciia gen cau true , - ,
C a u 74: V i t r i ciia bo ba mc'f dau nam ("J vung
A ) khc'-fi dgng ciia gen B ) dieu hoa ciia gen
C) ma hoa D ) Ca A, B va C dcu dung
C a u 75: Cau nao sau day dung? •»*''' ••'<• •
A) D i e m k h d i dau nam d bo ba mc( diiu
B ) D i e m k h d i dau nam cf vj t r i dac hieu d dau gen
C) D i e m khdi dau nhw c! dau bo ba met dau
D ) Ca A , B va C dcu dung
C a u 76: Cau niio sau day dung?
A ) D i e m ket thuc nam d bo ba ket thuc
B ) D i e m k c t thijc ntlm d dau bo ba ket thiic
C) D i e m ket ihiic nhm (':f v i tri dac hieu (1 cuo'i gen
Logi 1: T i m so to hdp ciia cac loai nucleotil
1 T i r cac v i dii cu the hay khai quat va cho b i e l :
Co 4 loai nucleotit, neu to hdp bo 1, bo 2, bo 3, , bo n thl se tao ra bao nhicu
to help
2 Neu chi c6 3 loai nucleotit A , X , G to hdp bo ma, se ma hoa di/dc bao
nhieu axit amin D i e u nay trong thifc te CO xiiy ra khong?
3 Se CO bao nhieu id hdp cac bi) ba c6 chii'a it nha't 1 ribonucleotit loai A
(DS: 37)
4 So to hdp cac bo ba chiVa 2A va 1U (DS: 8)
5 Co bao nhieu cac to hdp bo ba khong chiJa X (DS: 27)
Gdi y trii Icfi: L a p biing to hc.Jp de tim hoac suy ra iCl' cong thu'c to hdp
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t
Lo^i 2: Xac dinh ca'u Iriic ciia phan tuf i
TiT mo'i quan he giiTa cac qua trinh phien ma va giai ma c6 the xac dinh cau true ciia gen, ciia m A R N , ciia chudi polipcptit do gen do tdng hdp L o a i nay c6 rat nhieu bai, chiing toi chi difa ra mot loai, chifa lha'y gap trong cac sach bai tap
V i d i i : M o t gen rat ngiin du'dc tdng h(<p trong phong thi nghiem c6 Irinh tu"
nucleotit nhir sau:
M a c h 1: T T T T A X A G T A T X A T T T X A A X T A A T T T X T A G X A T G T A
M a c h 2: A A A A T G T X A T A G T A A A G T T G A T T A A A G A T X G T A X A T Cho bie't gen nay dich ma cho chudi polipcptit c6 6 axit amin Hay xac djnh:
a) M a c h nao la mach khuon de tdng hdp m A R N va viet cac dfiu 3' va 5' vao ciic dau ciia gen G i i i i thich tai sao?
b) T r i n h liT cac codon trong m A R N '"
c) T r i n h tifcac axit amin trong chudi polipcptit
d) T r i n h t i / c a c nucleotit dac hieu de khdi dong, dieu tiet difng phien ma, dich
ma la nhUng nucleotit nao? Chung nam d viing nao ciia gen tren
- Can cd viio chu'c nang ciia viing dieu hoa, vung ket thiic de xac dinh
Logi 3: Tim so' lu'dng cac d(<n phan
a) Can ci? vao cau tao cua A D N ta c6:
- So lien ket hidro - 2 A + 3G = 2T + 3G - 2 A + 3X = 2T + 3 X
- So lien ket hoa tri trong 1 mach dcJn = N - 1 va trong phan tii" A D N = 2 N - 2 (giiira axil va diTcJng) ' i v ^ j
- So lien ke't hoa trj giffa cac nucleotit trong A D N = N - 2. j , ^ , , ,
- So nucleotit trong mot vong xoan = 20 nucleotit
b) Can cii" vao m d i l i e n he giffa khdi lifclng phan tvf ( M ) , sd' Ming nucleotit
(N), so lu'dng ribonucledtit (Nn,) so lu'dng axit amin (aa) va chieu dai ( D ) ciia cac phan tOr c6 the dien la m d i l i e n he do qua sd do sau:
- ' • • 29
Trang 15Cam nang ttj 6n luygn thi Sinh lioc - I'liung Duy D6ng
Nhan 3,4
Chia 3,4
Theo s d do tren khi dau bai cho bie't ba't ki mot yeu to niio Irong bang ta c6
the suy ra ta't ca cac yeu to khac trong bang
c) Can cu" vao mo'i quan he giiJa gen va mARN
A = T = A(n,) + U ( | „ ) G = X = G(n,) + X ( m )
A | = T 2 = A(m) T i = A 2 = U ( m ) G| = X 2 G(m). X | = G 2 = X(m)
Loai 4: Tim so l i f d n g moi loai ddn phan
- Co 4 loai nucleotil nhu'ng vi A = T, G = X nen ta chi can tim so" lu'dng cua
2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung vdi nhau se bie't du'dc so lu'dng cua 4 loai
- Nhu" vay nhflng bai toiin ihuoc loai nay c6 2 an so, buoc de phiii c6 2 dieu kien
- Can cH vao moi dieu kien trong de bai ta lap mot phu'dng trinh bac nha't
mot an so' Giai he phu'dng trinh bac nhii't 2 an so ta se tim ngay ra dap an
Vidu 1: Bie't chicu dai cua gen la 0,51|jm gen co so'nucleotit loai A - 600 Tim
so'nucleotit moi loai cua gen do
HU('mg ddn
- Theo de bai ta CO ngay phuTdng trinh 1 la: A = 600
- Bie't A = 600 T = 600 Nhu- vay an so thiJ hai phai tim la so loai
nucleotil khong bo sung vdi A Do la G hoac X
- Dieu kien thi? hai trong de bai khong noi ro so' nucleotit nhu'ng can cu" vao
mo'i lien he giffa chicu dai gen (L gen) vdi so nucleotit ciia gen (N gen) trong
bang he thong d muc 2 ta bie't ngay so'nucleotit cua gen la:
A + X = 1500l A = 600=T >
- Giai h e p h u ' d n g t r i n h
A=600 J X=900 = G
yidu 2: Tim so' nucle6tit cua gen bie't so' lien kct hidro ciia g e n do la 3900 Va
s6' lien ke't hoa trj giiJa cac nucleotit trong mot mach ddn lii 1499
Loai 5: Tim so' % moi loai ddn phan
Cach giai nhu'ng bai toan thuoc loai nay cung tiTdng t i ; nhiT each giai toan loai
4 da de cap tren ' ' >•
Can luu y:
+ De bai khong can cho biet 2 dieu kien nhiT d dang toan loai 4 ma chi can
cho bie't mot dieu kien la du, vi mot dieu kien tat yeu da bie't la tong so % cac loai
nucleotit bang 100% ^ A % + X % = A % +G % = T % + G = T % + X % = 50%
(c6 nghia la to'ng % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau bang 50%)
- Vi du: Bai loan cho bie't A = 20% ta c6 ngay he phu'dng t r i n h :
A + X=50%1 A = T = 20%
A = 2 0 % J ^ X = G = 3 0 % Dieu kien cho bie't c6 the la mot trong 9 yeu to Irong bang he tho'ng (2) da trinh bay d tren Tijr dieu kien do co suy dieu kien la can
+ Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian khi tim so' lifdng moi loai nucleotit vdi so % m6i loai khi cho bie't so lieu trong moi mach ddn
A =3001 ' i
Vidu: ' = > A = A , + A , - 3 0 0 + 200=500
• A 2 = 2 0 0 j ' ^
A | = i O % l _ A | % + A 2 % 10+30 Nhu'ng ^=>A%=—! ^ = — - — = 2 0 % >'
^ A 2 = 3 0 % j 2 2 ChiJ khong phai A % = 10% + 30% = 40% (vi so vdi so Idn gap doi thi so %' giam21an)
Loai 6: Toan ve c d che nhan doi cua A D N \
Muo'n giai loai loan nay can nam vilng:
1 Mot vongxoan dai 34A" CO 10 cap nucleotil ,
31
Trang 16Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy DO'ng
2 Phan tu" ADN c6 2 mach ngiMc chieu nhau, mach ma goc c6 chicii 3' —> 5'
va mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' 3' Mach 5' ^ 3' la mach c6 lien ke'l hoa lri bill
dau liY C so 5 (5') ciia nucleolil ihi? nha'l va kel ihi'ic c'J C so 3 (3') ciia nucleolil
cuo'i Cling
3 Ci? moi nucleolil c6 mol lien kel hoa lri giiJa diftJng c) vi tri C so'5 vdi axit
pholphoric ciia nucleolil do (5' - P)
4 Ciic nucleolil ke liep nhau trong moi mach ddn lien ket vcli nhau bhng lien
kel hoa tri (con goi la lien ke'l phosphodiesle) gii^a C so 3 (3' - OH) cua
nucleolil nay vd\l ciia nucleolil ben canh
5 Ciic nucleolil giiJa 2 mach dOn lien kel vcfi nhau bang lien kel hidro iheo
nguyen utc bo sung Do do:
- So lien kel hoa tri giffa cac nucleotit trong ADN biing N - 2 (N: long so
nucleolil trong ADN)
- So lien ket hoa lri giiJa axil pholphoric va difc^ng deoxiribozd Irong ca
phan liVla 2N - 2
- So lien ket hidro trong A D N la: 2A + 3G = 2A + 3X = 2T + 3G = 2T + 3X
- Sau moi Ian tai sinh so lien ket hidro bi pha hi'iy bang 1/2 so hen ket hidro
du'dc tai lap, so lien kel hoa tri du"* lhanh lap bang so lien ket hoa lri cua ADN me
- Sau n Ian Uii sinh lien tiep ciia mot phan tiJ ADN se lao thanh 2" phan tuf
A D N nhiTng nguyen lieu chi can cung cap cho 2" - 1 phan ti;'!" ADN difc/c lao
lhanh (suy tii" nguyen tile bitn bao ton)
Logi 7: Toiin ve dich mil
1 So niiich polipeplit diMc tiio ihiinh phu Ihuoc so'Ian sao mil (so mARN) va
so riboxom irirdt Iren mot philn tu" mARN
2 Xiic dinh thcfi gian long hrip chuoi polipeplit:
Th(ti gian long hilp 1 chuoi polipeplit bang Mli gian litp riip moi axil amin
nhan vdi so axil amin du^dc lap rap Hoac bang do dai phan tu" mARN chia cho
van toe cua riboxom
3 Xac dinh van toe riboxom: Viin toe cua riboxom bang do dai phan HJ"
mARN chia cho thcii gian riboxom Iru'Ot Iron mARN
4 Xiic dinh chieu diii cua mARN, ciia gen bang lich Viin toe ciia riboxom vdi
thdi gian tr^dt ciia no Iren mARN,
B A I T A P VAN D V N G
Bai 1: Mot gen eo chieu dai (),51|jm Co A = 28% so' nucleotit cua gen Gen
nhan doi 5 liin lien tiep Ifio ra cac gen con Moi gen sao mii 3 liin, moi m;~i sao
cho 5 riboxom Iru'dl qua khong Ird h i
a) Tinh so lu'dng moi loiii nucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p cho gen nhan doi?
b) Trong qua Irinh nhan doi do gen can phii vd bao nhieu lien kel hidro, hinh
thanh them bao nhieu lien ke'l hoa trj givta ciic nucleolil?
c) Tong so'ribonucleolil moi lru"cfng ciin cung cap cho cttc gen con sao ma?
32
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
d) Co bao nhieu lu'dl lARN du'dc dieu den de giai ma cho mARN?
e) Co bao nhieu axil amin duTdc lien ket vao cac phan luT protein de thifc hien chiltnang? _ a'>;i;'f''v
Hiidng dan
- Tir chieu dai cua gen la 0,51 jam c6 the tinh diTdc so nucleotit cua gen la:
^ : ^ x 2 = 3000 ' • 3,4
- So lien ket hidro bj pha v3: (2' - 1)[( 840 x 2) + (660 x 3)] = 113460
- So' lien ket hoa tri diTdc hinh thanh (phan tu" A D N dau lien khong phai hinh thanh): (2' - 1)(3000 - 2) = 92938
- So lu-dng mARN du'dc long hdp tir cac gen con: 2^x3 = 96 mARN ^^^^^^^
- Tong so'ribonucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p: 96x1500 = 144000
- So' lu'dt lARN can du'dc dieu de to'ng hdp mot chuoi polipeplit la:
• i ^ - 1 = 4 9 9 liTdt (VI ma ket thuc khong can tARN) '*
Bai 2: Mot gen c6 chieu dai 0,408|jm Hieu so nucleotit loai A vdi loai nucleotit
khac la 240 Khi gen nhan doi, thdi gian tiep nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai A mat 15 giay
a) Tinh thdi gian can thiet de gen tif nhan doi mot Ian, biet rang thdi gian
tiep nhan va lap rap moi nucleotit deu nhu' nhau
b) Ne'u thdi gian hoan thanh long hdp 1 mARN tren gen mat 30 giay, tinh van to'c sao ma (theo ribonucleotil/giay)
c) Ne'u tren moi mARN c6 6 riboxom trUdt qua thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin tna:'t 0,2 giay Khoang each thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom ke tiep nhau 1,4 giay Cac riboxom chuyen dpng deu va each deu nhau ^ i v
- Tim van to'c cua riboxom?
Trang 17Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng
Thdi gian ticp nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai G (hay X) vao mach mdi bang:
1200
— ^ X 0,2 giay = 8 giay
- Van toe trifdt cua riboxom: (1200 x 3,4 A") : 80 giay = 51 A"/giay
- Thdi gian tiep xuc cham cua riboxom tren mARN: 1,4 giay x 5 = 7 giay
- Thdi gian ca qua trinh tdng hdp protein: 80 giay + 7 giay = 87 giay
Bai 3: Ba doan gen deu c6 600 nucleotit:
, A + T 1
Doan 1 CO ti le =—
G + X 2
A + T , Doan gen 2: =1
Doan gen 3:
G + X
A + T 2
G + X 3 Cho biet trong 3 doan gen do thi moi doan c6 bao nhieu Hen ke't hidro
Dap so':
Doan gen 1: 800 lien ke't hidro
' Doan ge.n 2: 750 lien ket hidro
Bai 4: Neu 2 gen c6 cung so lien ket hidro la 1300, gen c6 ti le = 1, con G + X
gen 2 CO ti le — c h o bie't gen nao c6 so liTdng nucleotit nhieu hdn va
- Sdlufdng nucleotit cua gen 1: 1040
- So liTdng nucleotit cua gen 2: 1000
- So liTdng nucleotit gen 1 nhieu hdn gen 2 la 40
Bai 5: Mot gen c6 chicu dai 0,255|jm, c6 hieu sdgiiJa T vdi loai nucleotit khong
bd sung bang 30% so nucleotit cua gen: mARN diTdc tdng hdp tijf gen do c6 U =
60% so ribonucleotit tren mot mach ddn cua gen c6 G = 14% so nucleotit cua
mach va A b^ng 450 nucleotit
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
1 So'lUdng nucleotit cua gen va cua tijrng mach ddn cua gen
2 SdlUdng va ti le % tijfng loai ribonucleotit ^ •*
3 So' lu'dng axit amin can cung cap cho qua trinh tdng hdp protein Ne'u gen sao ma 4 Ian, trung binh moi mARN c6 8 riboxom trufdt khong lap lai
4 Tinh khoang each deu giiJa cac riboxom (theo A") Ne'u bie't thdi gian de
tdng hdp xong mot phan tiir protein la 125 giay, thdi gian tiep xuc ciia mARN vdi
8 riboxom het 153 giay, cac riboxom each deu nhau khi trU'dt tren mARN
Dap so: i ,„.:v, „^:''^';-v.i „ t-
- Sdnucleotit cua gen: 1500
- So liTdng nucleotit tiifng loai: A = T = 600 G = X = 150
- So liTdng ribonucleotit tren mARN:
G(m) = 45 X(m) = 150 U(m) = 450 A(m) = 150
- So'axit amin cung cap: 7968
- Khoang each giffa cac riboxom: 81,6 A"
Bai 6: Khi cho tdng hdp mot phan tijT mARN gen pha di?t 3600 lien ket hidro
Moi tru'dng te'bao cung cap 155G va 445X Gen do sao ma khong vu'dt qua 4 Ian
da can tdi 1500 ribonucleotit loai U Sau do do nhu cau can tdng hdp them, protein gen lai tiep luc sao ma (tdng hdp mARN) va tao nen cac mARN mdi lai cantdi2625U
1 Chieu dai cua gen v^ so lu'dng nucleotit cua gen
2 So' lu'dng tiJCng loai ribonucleotit tren moi phan tuC mARN
3 Vdi gia thie't neu tren ma so ma sao tao ra td'i da, moi ma sao (mARN) cho
5 riboxom tnfdt mot Ian thi moi tnldng npi bao phai cung cap cho bao nhieu axit amin
Co bao nhieu lU'dt tARN mang axit amin tdi giai ma?
Dap so':
- Chieu dai gen: 5 lOOA"
- So liTdng nucleotit moi loai: A = T = 900 G = X = 600 ; '
- G„, = 155, Xn, = 445, A„ = 525, = 375 , , ^ ^JM^Q^
- So axit amin cung ca'p: 27445 ' s"'
- So' liTdt tARN tiTdng i^ng vdi so axit amin cung cap: 27445 ' Bai 7: Mot gen c6 hieu so % nucleotit loai G vdi nucleotit khong bd sung vdi no
b^ng 20% va G = 1050 nucleotit Tren mach ddn thii'nha't cua gen c6 A, + Gi = 600
Xi - Ti = 300 Khi tdng hdp mARN moi triTdng da cung cap 1350 ribonucleotit loai X Moi phan tuf mARN c6 6 riboxom trU'dt qua mot Ian de tdng hdp protein
1 Tinh khdi liTdng phan til cua gen?
2 Chieu dai gen?
-3 So Irfdng va ti le % moi loai ribonucleotit cua mARN '
4 Tdng so axit amin diTdc lien ke't tren cac phan tuT protein de thifc hi6n chtfc iiang sinh hoc
Trang 18ca'm nang t\) 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - PhCing Duy flB'ng
5 Thdi gian cua qua trinh tong hOp protein va khoang each deu ve do dai
giu"a cac riboxom tren mARN? ,
Bie't rang thdi gian tong hdp protein deu ma't 1 phiit 40 giay Khoang each ve
thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom la 1,4 giay
Dap so':
- Kho'i lu'dng phan tuf cua gen 9.10'dvc •
- Chieu dai gen: 0,51 |Lim ;
Bai 8: Mot gen khi tong hdp 1 phan tij" mARN da lam dut 3450 hen ket hidro
Trong gen hieu so' % loai A vdi loai khong bo sung vdi no bang 20% tong so
nucleotit cua gen Tren mARN so'ribonucleotit loai 0 = 300, loai A = 600
1 Tinh so'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai cua gen?
2 Chieu dai gen va kho'i lu'dng phan tu" cua gen?
3 So lu'dng ribonucleotit moi loai tren mARN?
4 Neu gen noi tren nhan doi lien ticp 5 ddt thi moi tru'dng noi bao da cung
cap them moi loai nucleotit la bao nhieu? Trong qua trinh do c6 bao nhieu lien
ket hidro bi pha huy? Bao nhieu lien ket hoa tri difdc hinh thanh giiJa cac nucleotit?
5 Ne'u moi gen con tao ra sao ma 3 Ian, moi ma sao (mARN) cho 5 riboxom
tru'dt qua khong trd lai thi moi tru'dng da cung cap bao nhieu axit amin? Trong so'
do CO bao nhieu axit amin du'dc lien ket vao cac phan tuf protein Khi chung thi/c
hien cac chut nang sinh hoc Ne'u cho biet moi phan ttJf protein la mot chuoi polipeptit
Dap so':
- A = T = 1050; G = X = 450
- 5100 A" 9x10'dvC
- Gm = 300; X „ = 150; An, = 600; U „ = 450
- A = T = 32550 G = X = 13950; 106950 hen ket hidro, 92938 hen ket hoa tri
- So axit amin cung cap: 239520, so' lu'dng axit amin lien ke't thiTc hien chiJc
nang: 239040
V B A I T A P T R A C N G H I E M
Bai 1: Gen c6 so' nucleotit loai Timin bang 13,7% to'ng so' nucleotit, ti le phan
tram tijfng loai nucleotit ciia gen tren la:
A) A = T = 13,7% G = X = 8,73% B) A = T = 13,7% G = X = 36,3%
C ) A = T = G = X = 13,7% D ) A = T = G = X = 36,3%
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi?t
>A=T-13,7%; G - X = 3 6 , 3 %
Bai todn nay c6 2 each ^idi:
Cdch nidi tM nhcit: Can ciJ vao dieu kien cua bai loan ta lap he phUdng trinh
bac nha't CO 2 an so':
T + X = 5 0 % '
T = 13,7%
Cdch fiidi tM hai: Khong can giai ma loai bo cac dap an khong dung vdi dieu
kien cua bai toan:
Bai toan tim ti le phan tram ti^ng loai nucleotit bao gid cung phai phii hdp vdi dieu kien: < ^
A % + X % = A % + G %) = T % + X % = T % + G % = = 50%)
2
Ta tha'y ngay cac dap an A , C, D deu khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien nay Do
do dap an phai la B
Bai 2: Gen dai 3005,6A", C6 hieu giffa nucleotit loai T vdi loai nucleotit khac la
272 So'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai ciia gen tren la:
A) A = T = 289;G = X 1 5 3 B) A = T = 153; G = X =: 289 C) A = T = : 5 7 8 ; G = X = 306 D) A = T = 306; G = X = 578
-HUdng ddn
V i A = T va G = X nen chi can tim 2 loai nucleotit khong bo' sung nhau, nghla
la bai toan chi c6 2 an so' Do do can giai he phu'dng trinh bac nha't c6 2 an so'
Phu'dng trinh thiJ nha't c6 the tha'y ngay la T - X = 272 con phu'dng trinh thiJ hai
khong CO trong de bai toan De chi cho biet chieu dai gen la 3005,6 A " vay thi
phu'dng trinh thiJ hai chac chan phai suy ra tCf dieu kien nay That vay, chieu dai cua gen la 3005,6 A " ma moi nucleotit dai 3,4 A " Nen so' nucleotit moi mach ddn la: ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ = 884 nucleotit So' nucleotit trong mach bang tong so' nucleotit cua gen Do do: T + X = 884
T - X = 272l A - T = 578 • Giai he phi/dne trinh:
• ' ^ T + X = 884j G = X = 306 ^ - ; Vdi bai toan nay chi can can ciJ vao dieu kien hieu giifa T vdi loai nucleotit khac la 272 (T - X = 272) ta tha'y ngay dap so' la C vi tat ca cac dap so khac deu khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien cua de bai
Bai 3: Mot gen c6 tich giiJa 2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung bang 6%, ti le tifng
loai nucleotit cua gen la:
A) A = T = 30% G = X = 20% B) A = T = 35% G = X = 15%
37
Trang 19Cam nang tg 6n va luyen Ihi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng
Hudng ddn
Vi tdng so % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau phai bang 50% nen chi
CO 2 dap an A va B la phu hOp (loai dtfOc 2 dap an) tie'p tuc xet den dieu kien
tich giffa 2 loai khong bd sung bang 6% ta loai them dtfOc dap an B Vay con lai
Yi bai toan tim ti le % moi loai nucleotit chi can biet mot dieu kien la du, vi
tdng ti le % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung bao gid cQng bang 50% NhiT vay
ta thay ngay dap an B la dung
Can ci? vao dieu kien de bai phai c6 ^^-5^1=1 Tu" dieu kien nay ta biet them
G + X 7 dap an A ciing dung
Tir dap an A ta CO the suy ra ngay dap an C ciing dung Nhu" vay c6 3 dap an diing
Bai 5: Mot gen c6 tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90% Ti le phan tram tifng loai
nucleotit cua gen tren la:
A) A = T = 45%; G = X = 5% B) A = T = 5%; G = X = 45%
C) A = T = 40%; G = X = 50% D) A va B diing
HUdng ddn
Ddi chieu vdi dieu kien cua bai toan la tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90% thi dap
an D va C la sai, 2 dap an con lai A, B deu diing
Khi xet den dieu kien tat ye'u phai c6 la tdng so % 2 loai nucleotit khong bd
sung vcti nhau la 50% (dieu kien nay khong can c6 trong de bai) thi dap an D va
C cung sai, con dap an A va B deu dung Tai sao nhu^ vay? Vi dieu kien de bai
cho biet tdng 2 loai nucleotit chicm 90% thi c6 the xay ra 2 tru^dng hc^p A + T = 90%
hoac G + X = 90%
Do do bai toan c6 2 dap so: tog v6i tru-dng hdp A + T = 90% thi c6 dap so la A
Lfng vdi tru-dng hop G + X = 90% thi c6 dap an B
Bai 6: Gen c6 T > X va T ' + X' = 0,065 Gia tri nao la diing?
d^p an B, C, D deu sai Vay con lai dap an A la dung De khang dinh A la dung
ta thay ke't qua phii hdp vdi nguyen tac bd sung: A + G = T + X = 50%
Bai 7: Gen c6 96 chu ki xoan va ti le giiJa cac loai nucleotit la A = - G So
Wdng ti^ng loai nucleotit cua gen la:
A) A = T = 120; G = X = 360 B) A = T = 240; G = X = 720 , C) A = T = 360; G = X = 120 D) A = T = 720; G = X = 240
HUdng ddn
De bai co 2 dieu kien, du de lap he phu-dng trinh bac nhat 2 an so Nhtfug khong can thiet, ta thay ngay dap an C va D khong dung vi khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien A = G Con dap an A khong diing vi khong hdp vdi dieu kien con lai
cua de bai la gen c6 96 chu ki xoan Vay B la dap an cua bai toan
Bai 8: Gen dai 4080A", so lien ket hidro trong doan tiT (2700 - 3000) va c6 tich giii-a 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung la 5,25% Ti le phan tram va so lien ket hidrd cua gen la:
Gen dai 4080A" ^ A + X = 1200 (1)
Theo de bai lai c6: A x X = 5,25% (2) ^ So lien ket hidro la 2760
Nhu" vay dap an A va D dung (vi deu c6 lien ket hidrd 2760) nhifng giai PhiTdng trinh cho thay A > X Do do chi D dung
BAITAP VANDVNG
Mgt mach ddn cua gen c6 1799 lien ket hoa tri giffa axit vd dUifng vd gen c6
2030 lien kit hidro
Hay suf dung cac di?kien tren tra Idi cac bai trac nghiem so 9, 10
fiai 9: Gen c6 khdi lu-dng:
A) 540300 dvC B) 1080600 dvC C) 540000 dvc D) 1080000 dvC
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