introdution to academic writing

introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing introdution to academic writing

Introduction to Academic Writing

THIRD EDITION

Alice Oshima Ann Hogue

-•••

••• IIIIIIW -

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hogue, Ann

Introduction to academic writing/Ann Hogue Alice Oshima.-3rd ed

p ern

Includes index

ISBN 0-13-193395-7 (student book: alk paper) - ISBN 0-13-241028-1 (answer key: alk paper)

I English language-Rhetoric-Handbooks manuals etc 2 English language-Grammar-Handbooks, manuals etc 3 English language-Textbooks for foreign speakers 4 Academic writing-Handbooks, manuals, etc 5 Report writing-Handbooks, manuals etc

I Oshima, Alice II Title

PEI408.072 2007

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Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xii

PARTl THE PARAGRAPH 1

Chapter 1 Paragraph Format 2

What Is Academic Writing? 3

Organization 3

Paragraph Format 3

Model: Handwritten Assignment Introducing Myse(f 3

Model: Computer-Written Assignment Introducing Myself 5

Capitalization 6

Capitalization Rules 7

Sentence Structure I 0 Model: Sentence Structure A Person Who Has Made a Difference: George Lucas I 0 Simple Sentences I I Subject-Verb Agreement ll Fragments 1 4 The Writing Process 1 5 Overview 1 5 Step I Prewriting 16

Step 2 Organizing 17

Step 3 Writing 18

Step 4 Polishing: Revising and Editing 18

Review 2 1 Writing Assignment 2 1 Chapter 2 Narrative Paragraphs . 23

Organization 24

Model: Narrative Paragraph Earthquake! 24

Time Order 24

Time Order Signals 25

Sentence Structure 29

Model: Compound Sentences Omusubi Kororin . 29

Compound Sentences with and, but, so, and or 30

Coordinating Conjunctions . 30

iii

Punctuation 33

Three Comma Rules 33

The Writing Process 34

Freewriting 34

Model: Freewriting A Memorable Event in My Life 34

Review 35

Writing Assignment 36

Chapter 3 Paragraph Structure . 37

Organization 38

Three Parts of a Paragraph 38

Model: Three Parts of a Paragraph A Hawaiian Wedding 38

The Topic Sentence 39

Supporting Sentences 44

Examples 45

The Concluding Sentence 47

Punctuation 51

Apostrophes 51

The Writing Process 54

Outlining 54

Model: Detailed Outline Music Styles and Fashion 55

Review 56

Writing Assignment 57

Summary Writing I 57

Chapter 4 Descriptive Paragraphs . 60

Organization 61

Model: Descriptive Paragraph The Stairway 61

Spatial Order 62

Spatial Order Signals 62

Topic Sentences for Descriptive Paragraphs 63

Supporting Sentences for Descriptive Paragraphs 65

Model: Descriptive Details My Banana Garden 65

Paragraph Unity 67

Sentence Structure 68

Model: Compound Sentences Supai Village 68

Compound Sentences with yet,for, and nor 69

Varying �entence Openings 70

The Writing Process 72

Clustering 72

Model: Clustering A Place from My Childhood 72

Review 73

Skill Sharpeners 74

Writing Assignment · 75

Chapter 5 logical Division of ldeas . 76

Organization 77

Model: Logical Division of Ideas Paragraph Why I Don't Have a Credit Card 77

Logical Division of Ideas 78

Coherence 79

Using Nouns and Pronouns Consistently 79

Transition Signals 81

Sentence Structure 87

Run-Ons and Comma Splices 87

Review 90

Skill Sharpeners 91

Writing Assignment 9 1 Chapter 6 Process Paragraphs . 94

Organization 95

Model: Process Paragraph How to Build a One-Match Campfire 95

Time Order 97

Time Order Signals 97

Sentence Structure 99

Model: Clauses and Complex Sentences How to Give the Cat a Pill 99

Clauses 1 00 Complex Sentences 1 00 Subordinators 1 01 Review 105

Skill Sharpeners 105

Writing Assignment I 07 Chapter 7 Comparison/Contrast Paragraphs .108

Organization 1 09 Models: Comparison/Contrast Paragraphs 1 09 Paragraph l : Right Brain/Left Brain 109

Paragraph 2: Two Job Applicants 1 10 Block Organization 11 1 Point-by-Point Organization 111

Sentence Structure 1 14 Model: Comparison/Contrast Signals Two Varieties of English 1 1 4 Comparison Signals 1 1 5 Contrast Signals 118

Review 1 21 Skill Sharpeners 121 Writing Assignment 1 21

Chapter 8 Definition Paragraphs 125

Organization 126

Models: Definition Paragraphs 126

Paragraph 1: The Underground Railroad 1 26 Paragraph 2: Courage I 27 Sentence Structure 1 28 Model: Appositives and Adjective Clauses Holidays with Pagan Origins 1 29 Appositives 130

Adjective Clauses 131

Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses 133

Subject Pronouns: who, which, that 134

Object Pronouns: whom, which, that, and 0 (no pronoun) 135

Clauses with when I 37 Review 1 41 Skill Sharpeners 1 42 Writing Assignment 143

PA.RT 11 THE ESSA.V .145

Chapter 9 Essa\f Organization 146

Organization 1 47 Three Parts of an Essay 147

Model: Essay Structure Styles of Popular Music 1 48 The Introductory Paragraph 150

Body Paragraphs 152

The Concluding Paragraph 153

Transitions Between Paragraphs 156

Essay Outlining 159

Model: Essay Outline 1 59 Planning an Essay 162

Step l Prewriting 1 62 Step 2 Organizing 162

Step 2A Group Ideas Logically 163

Step 2B Make an Outline 1 64 Review 1 64 Skill Sharpeners 1 65 Writing Assignment 166 Summary Writing II 1 67

Chapter 10 Opinion Essays . 168

Model: Opinion Essay The Right to Die J 69 Organization J 7 J The Introductory Paragraph 171

Body Paragraphs 173

The Concluding Paragraph 174

Developing Supporting Details 174

Quotations 174

Rules for Using and Punctuating Quotations 175

Statistics 176

Review 178

Skill Sharpeners 178

Writing Assignment l 79 APPENDlCES Appendix A : Jour·nal Writing 181

How Journal Writing Can Help You 181

How to Start 181

Appendix B : Correction Symbols 184

Appendix C: Summar·y of Punctuation Rules 187

Appendix D : Kinds of Sentences and Master List of Connecting Words 189

Kinds of Sentences 189

Connecting Words 189

Coordinating Conjunctions 189

Subordinating Conjunctions 190

Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses 191

Appendix E : Master Chart of Transition Signals 192

Appendix F : Peer-Editing and Self-Editing Worksheets; Scoring Rubrics 194

Scoring Rubrics . . . · J 96 Peer-Editing 198

Self-Editing 199

Jndex 218

Students are guided through the writing process to produce well-organized, adequately developed paragraphs and essays Explanations are simple, and numerous practices help students assimilate each skill

The book contains ten chapters: Chapters 1-8 teach paragraphs, and Chapters 9 and 1 0 introduce the essay Most chapters also teach sentence structure, starting with simple sentences and progressing through compound and complex sentences The chapters also include instruction in the writing process and punctuation

Instructors familiar with the Second Edition will find several changes We have made these changes in response to the comments of reviewers and teachers who have used the Second Edition over the years

• Paragraph writing takes center stage in this edition Following two introductory chapters on paragraph format and structure are six more chapters on the paragraph Essays are introduced in the final two chapters As a result, rhetorical instruction flows more sequentially from paragraph to essay

• There are more paragraph modes: nan·ation, description, logical division of ideas, process, definition, and comparison/contrast Each is presented in its own chapter

• The organization of individual chapters has been changed The gap between prewriting and final draft has been closed

• The challenging but important academic skill of summary writing is introduced early on, in Chapter 3, and opportunities to write summaries are sprinkled throughout the book

• Models and practice items have been updated or replaced Old favorites have been retained, sometimes in a different form

• New Try It Out! exercises allow students to try out new skills informally, without the pressure of being graded on their efforts

• Journal writing has been added as an option Instructions and topic suggestions appear as Appendix A at the back of the book

• There are separate worksheets for self-editing and peer editing

Introduction to Academic Writing is intended to be covered in one fifteen-week semester, with classes meeting fi ve hours a week Chapters 1-6 should be taught in order because the sentence structures presented in these chapters are sequenced, moving from simple sentences through compound sentences to complex sentences For courses shorter than fifteen weeks, or for classes that are on the low end of the

teach more advanced rhetorical forms (definition, comparison/contrast, opinion essays) and sentence structures (adjective clauses and appositives)

ix

Organization Sections

In the Organization sections in Chapters 1 -8 , students learn paragraph format, paragraph structure, and patterns of organization such as time order and logical division Chapters 9 and I 0 help students make the transition to essay writing

An overview of the writing process appears in Chapter 1, using a recun·ing model

on a topic similar to the writing assignment for that chapter The prewriting technique

of listing is taught in Chapter 1 ; other prewriting techniques (clustering, freewriting, and outlining) follow in subsequent chapters Editing is practiced throughout the book

Sentence Structure Sections

A good portion of each chapter provides students with opportunities to improve the structure of their sentences Beginning with simple sentences in Chapter 1 , students learn to form compound sentences and finally complex sentences of increasing difficulty

Writing Sections

Each Writing section reviews the points covered in the chapter and also offers Skill Sharpeners Skill Sharpeners reinforce previously mastered skills such as outlining, summary writing, and punctuation that students need in order to write wel l They are flexible; Skill Sharpeners can be assigned at any time, for example, when an instructor needs to fill the last few minutes of a class meeting, or they can be used

as quiz material The Writing Assignment for each chapter contains clear step-by-step instructions Students are never left wondering how to begin or what to do next Because students will have encountered the topic for many writing assignments in practice exercises earlier in the chapter, they will have thought about or discussed their topic before they tackle writing about it

Alternative Writing Topics expand the choices for students and instructors

Students see several writing models in each chapter Each Organization section is preceded by a model paragraph or essay that demonstrates the rhetorical form taught in that chapter Similarly, each Sentence Structure section begins with a model that demonstrates both the rhetorical mode just taught and the sentence structures just ahead

In addition, many practice exercises serve double duty-as models and as exercises Questions on the Models

Following each model are Questions on the Model that focus the students' attention on specific elements in the paragraph These questions either help students consolidate material taught in previous chapters or prepare students for the learning task ahead For example, one question on the descriptive paragraph model asks students to underline descriptive words Another question might ask students to identify the type of concluding sentence, to notice the kinds of details used to support the topic sentence,

or to circle transition signals Other questions may target sentence-building skills

Group prewriting and in-class writing of first drafts are especially helpful in the early stages because the instructor is available for immediate consultation Also, the instructor can check to make sure everyone is on the right track Pair and group collaboration is appropriate for prewriting and editing work; however, writing is essentially an individual task even when done in class

Intermediate students grasp points more easily by seeing several examples rather than by reading long explanations Therefore, explanations are btief, and examples are numerous Important information such as comma rules, charts of transition signals, and sentence "formulas" is boxed

Each teaching point is accompanied by a variety of practice exercises, which progress from recognition exercises to controlled production to communicative Try It Out! practices Try It Out! exercises allow students to experiment with new skills-both rhetorical and sentence structure- informally, without the pressure of being graded

on their experiments

I n addition, students have opportunities to practice editing Some Editing Practices ask them to look for sentence errors such as comma splices or run-ons, and others target punctuation Still others ask them to analyze a paragraph for rhetorical devices or to check a paragraph for unity

There are six appendices at the back of the book

Appendix A Journal Writing Appendix B Correction Symbols

Appendix C S ummary of Punctuation Rules Appendix D Kinds of Sentences and Master List of Connecting Words Appendix E Master Chart of Transition Signals

Appendix F Peer-Editing and Self-Editing Worksheets; Scoring Rubrics Journal Writing

Appendix A contains instructions and topic suggestions for journal writing We urge teachers to introduce journal writing early in the term Journal writing is particularly valuable for students at the intermediate level to develop writing fluency

Editing Worksheets

Appendix F contains peer-editing and self-editing worksheets for each writing assignment Instructors can use one or the other, or both, as they prefer Peer editors can write their comments on the worksheet Alternatively, each student can read his

or her draft aloud in a small group of classmates and then elicit oral comments and suggestions by asking the checklist questions The student who has read then records the group's suggestions on his or her own paper Instructors can also respond to student writing by using the peer-editing checklist

Answer Ke-y

Scoring Rubrics Two sample scoring rubrics appear near the beginning of Appendix F, one for paragraphs and one for essays Their purpose is twofold: to show students how instructors might evaluate their writing and to suggest a schema for instructors to do

so Instructors are invited to photocopy the rubrics Of course, the rubrics may be modified to suit individual assignments and individual preferences

An Answer Key is available upon request from the publisher

of Washington, Seattle, WA; Brian McDonald, Glendale Community College, Pasadena, CA; Susan Peterson, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY; Kathleen Reardan-Anderson, Montgomery College, Rockville, MD; Dana Watson, Lansing Community College, Lansing, Ml; Terri Wells, University of Texas, Austin, TX

We hope you recognize the many places where your advice improved the book

The

Paragraph

Academic writing in English is probably different from academic writing in your native language The words and grammar and also the way of organizing ideas are probably different from what you are used to In fact, the English way of writing may seem clumsy, repetitive, and even impolite to you Just remember that it is neither better nor worse than other ways; it is just different

This book will help you learn and practice the format, sentence structure, and organization appropriate for academic writing We will begin by studying the paragraph

in the paragraph support that point

Follow the instructions after the model when you prepare assignments for this class There are instructions for both handwritten and computer-written work

When you handwrite a paper, make it look like this:

! fvlar�Per-�

!c�OOl

l Apr-tlt 2, 2007

Cou��uN::::: .) ! �� . �!.� Due DATE : :: : :::: : ::: : :: � :: : :: :: : :::H�cx::0.�:�f.�:��::��§�!.�:::B7.:::�:: :::: : :::::::::::: : ::::: :

-: : INDENT THE FIRST . [

SENTENCE 'f, INCH t

:::::::::::::::T�J�:x:���:�:�:�:��::��:::�:�::0.:::�:¢?�<::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::r::<�:::���:�:?.t:�:�::�f.i.:§�:�:�:::&.:�:::��::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::u����:�::��:��:::B;::��:�:t.::0.��:�0.ff.:�:�:::::::::::::::::.:::::: :::::::::::::::::r::�:�:f.i.�:�::�:::t.::0.�:�:Ci.�:�J?.f.:�:��:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

···rc;;;U,t;"g;;·fO:�·{iJii'�·Thdjj·e;·t&�t;.·�·(M;l[;·�··· :

: :: ::::·: : :::::J�:���2�i.�.::x::��:�:��-:.:;.::��:�: : : : :::::::::::: : :::: : ::: : :: :: :: :: :

:::: : e: ::I X::§�: :�: : � : :P.�f.�;zi0.#.i : B�: :� : :�:�J�i�?.<:::::: :: ::: : : : :: : :::::: : ::::

TTuk:e>t&.�i&··m:o:viei.··iiUd';·CJEi···· .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . ....... ..

··· ·· ·· · ···-· · ·· · · ··· ··· · ··· · ··· ··· · ··· ·· · ··· · · ···· · ··· · ··· ··· ··· ·· ·r· ··· · ··· · ·· ··· ··· ···· ·· · · ·· · ··· · ··· · ·· · · ··· ··· · ··· · ··· ··· ····

I "

1 Paper Use 8�-inch-by- l l -inch Uned, three-hole paper The three holes should be on the left side as you write Write on one side of the paper only

2 Ink Use black or dark blue ink only

3 Heading Write your full name in the upper left corner On the next line, write the course number On the third line of the heading, write the date the assignment is due in the order month-day-year with a comma after the day

4 Assignment Title Center the title of your paragraph on the first line

5 Body Skip one line, and start your writing on the third line Indent (move to the right) the first sentence � inch from the left margin

6 Margins Leave a l-inch margin on the left and right sides of the paper

Also leave a l -inch margin at the bottom of the page

in a sweater factory The factory is near City College, where all of us take classes to learn English Now we have our own apartment My

f- 1 " -7 sisters and I work during the day and go to school at night I want to quit my job in the factory and go to school fulltime I hope to go to college and become a nurse-practitioner I speak Spanish fluently

I don't think I have any other special talents My hobby is making

1"

.J,

I Paper Use 8�-inch-by- l l -inch white paper

2 Font Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman Do not use underlining, italics, or bold type to emphasize words It is not co1Tect to do

so in academic writing Use underlining or italics only when required for titles of books and some other publications

3 Heading Type your full name in the upper left comer � inch from the top

of the page On the next line, type the course number On the third line of the heading, type the date the assignment is due in the order month-day­

year with a comma after the day

4 Assignment Title Skip one line, and then center your title Use the centering icon on your word processing program

5 Body Skip one line, and start typing on the third line Use the TAB key to indent (move to the right) the first line of the paragraph (The TAB key automatically indents five spaces.)

6 Margins Leave a l -inch margin on the left and right

7 Spacing Double-space the body

Try 1t Out! Write a paragraph 1 50 to 200 words long introducing yourself to your teacher and

classmates Use the model paragraph "Introducing Myself' as a guide Make sure your paragraph is in the correct format

Use the following questions as a basis for your writing Add other information if you wish

What is your name?

Where were you born?

Tell a little bit about your family

What languages do you speak?

Where did you go to school?

What were your favorite subjects

in school? Your least favorite?

Tell about jobs that you have had

in the past or that you have now Why are you learning English?

What is your goal or your dream?

Do you have any special talents?

Do you have any hobbies?

What do you do in your free time?

Capitalization

In English there are many rules for using capital letters You probably know many

of them already To test your knowledge, look at the model paragraph "Introducing Myself" on page 5 again On the numbered lines, copy all the words or groups of words that begin with a capital letter Add the capitalization rule, if you know it, next

to each entry Note: You don't need to copy the first word of every sentence or names that are repeated

1 Marciela Perez-name of a person

2

-3

-4

-5

-6 _ 7

-8

-9

-1 0

-1 -1

1 2

-1 3

-1 4

-1 5

b Names of people and their titles

BUT NOT a title without a name

such as president and prime minister

when they clearly refer to one person

c Names of specific groups of people (nationalities,

races, and ethnic groups), languages, and religions

d Names of specific places on a map

e Names of specific geographic areas

BUT NOT the names of compass directions

f Names of days, months, and special days

BUT NOT the names of the seasons

g Names of specific structures such as buildings,

bridges, dams, monuments

h Names of specific organizations (government

agencies, businesses, schools, clubs, teams)

Example

My best friend is my dog

He and I never argue

New York City Indian Ocean the Middle East

Japanese Indian

Muslim Hispanic

North Pole Main Street Eastern Europe Drive east for two blocks, and then turn south

Monday January

Independence Day Ramadan

spring, summer, fall (autumn), winter

Golden Gate Bridge the White House

State Department Harvard University French Students Club

Aswan High Dam Taj Mahal Bank of Canada New York Yankees Red Cross

(continued on next page)

Capitali:zation Rules (continued)

chemistry French literature

j First, last, and all important words in the titles of

books, magazines, newspapers, plays, films, stories,

songs, paintings, statues, television programs

War and Peace Toronto Star Jingle Bells

The Three Little Pigs Paris Match

Indiana Jones and The Temple of Doom Note: Italicize (or underline) titles of books,

magazines, newspapers, plays, and films

1 /arnaz is a student from /ran She speaks t/nglish, french, and farsi

2 her major is business

3 thanksgiving is a holiday in both canada and the united states, but it is celebrated on different days in the two countries

4 it is celebrated on the fourth thursday in november in the united states and

on the second monday in october in canada

5 istanbul is a seaport city in turkey

6 greenhills college is located in boston, massachusetts

8 i read a good book last weekend by ernest hemingway called the old man and the sea

9 my roommate is from the south, so she speaks english with a southern accent

10 the two main religions in japan are buddhism and shintoism

a large family he has three older brothers and two younger sisters he likes to play the electric bass he and some friends have a small band sometimes they play on saturday nights at the fantasia club on fourth street in downtown san jose baseball is his favorite sport the san francisco giants are his favorite team now he is studying english at greenhills college in september of next year, he will begin to study business and computer science at a university after graduation,

he wants to work for a large tech company such as intel or ibm

Interview a classmate, using the questions from the Try It Out! exercise on page 6, or ask your own questions if you wish (Note: Do not ask questions about age, religion, politics, or money These subjects are very personal.) Then write a paragraph 150 to

200 words long introducing your classmate to the class Focus on using capital letters correctly Also focus on writing complete sentences

What is your name?

Where were you born?

Tell a little bit about your family

What languages do you speak?

Where did you go to school?

What were your favorite subjects

in school? Your least favorite?

Tell about jobs that you have had

in the past or that you have now

Why are you learning English?

What is your goal or your dream?

Do you have any special talents?

Do you have any hobbies?

What do you do in your free time?

Sentence Structure

MODEL

Sentence

Structure

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: George Lucas

1Filmmaker George Lucas has changed the film industry in many ways

2He has written, directed, and produced some of the best-loved movies of our time

3He has also made major contributions to modern film technology 4At first, Lucas did not plan to become a filmmaker 5His first dream was to become a race car driver 6After a bad accident, however, he decided to go to college 7ln college, Lucas studied movie-making and made a number

of student films 8Lucas's third feature film, Star Wars, changed everything 9A seemingly simple story

of good versus evil, Star Wars became a huge international hit 1 10The movie used new technologies that revolutionized2 the film industry 110ne

new technology was a special computer-assisted camera crane 3 12Camera operators filmed most

of the space fight scenes from the crane 13Lucas

is also responsible for the modern THX sound system, which improves the way a movie sounds in theaters 14His latest innovation4 is the use of digital photography in filmmaking 15To sum up, George Lucas's love of storytelling and his technological innovations have transformed5 movie-making forever

Questions on the Model

1 In sentence 1 , what is the subject? What is the verb? Underline the subject with one line and the verb with two lines

2 In sentence 7, underline the subject with one line How many verbs belong

to this subject? Underline them with two lines

3 In the last sentence of the paragraph, underline the verb with two lines How many subjects are there? Underline them with one line

A simple sentence has one subject-verb pair The subject tells who or what did something The verb tells the action (jump, work, think) or condition (is, was, seem, appear)

Filmmaker George Lucas has changed the film industry in many ways

One new technology was a special computer-assisted camera crane

A simple sentence can have one of several possible "formulas." Here are four possibilities The subject(s) in each sentence are underlined with one line The verb(s) are underlined with two lines

1 The Star Wars movies were international hits

2 Young people and adults enjoyed them

3 The films entertained and thrilled audiences everywhere

4 Luke Skywalker and his friends battled evil and made

us laugh at the same time

Notice that the subject in a simple sentence may have two or more items (sentences

2 and 4) The verb may have two or more items (sentences 3 and 4) These are all simple sentences because there is only one subject-verb pair

You already know that subjects and verbs agree in number

My sister is married (singular)

My sisters are married (plural)

My brother and I are single (plural) Subject-verb agreement is sometimes confusing in the following situations

1 When a sentence begins with the word there + the verb be, the subject follows the be verb Look ahead to see whether to use a singular or plural verb

There is a student in the hall (The verb is is singular to agree with a student.)

There are three students in the hall (The verb are is plural to agree with three students.)

There was no reason for his action

There were many reasons for his success

2 A prepositional phrase (a group of words beginning with a preposition such as of, with, in, at, or on and ending with a noun or pronoun) can come between a subject and its verb Prepositional phrases may come after a subject, but they are not part of the subject You should mentally cross them out when you are deciding if the verb should be singular

or plural

One (of my sisters) is a singer (The subject is one, not sisters.) The color (of her eyes) changes when she is angry (The subject is color, not eyes.)

Six kinds (of rice) are available in the grocery store (The subject is kinds, not rice.)

3 Some words are always singular

One (of my brothers) is a musician

Neither (of my parents) is living

Much {of my time) is spent in the library

Each {of my brothers) wants his own car

Either (of my sisters) is able to baby-sit for you tonight

Nothing ever happens in my life

Is anyone home?

4 A few words are always plural

Both {of my parents) are teachers

Several (of the teachers) speak my language

Many {of my friends) work in the library

5 A few words can be either singular or plural In these cases, you must refer

to the noun in the prepositional phrase

Some {of the money) was missing (singular) Some (of the students) were missing (plural)

All {of my time) is spent in the library (singular)

All {of my brothers) are singers (plural) Most {of the ice) was melted (singular) Most {of the ice cubes) were melted (plural)

A lot {of the work) was too easy (singular)

A lot {of the people) were angry (plural)

None {of the fruit) is fresh (singular) None {of the apples) are fresh (plural)

I My name� Robe1to Sanchez

2 ! was bom (on September 2 1 , 1 978,) (in the city) (of San Juan, Puerto Rico.)

3 I am a student at Greenhills College in Boston, Massachusetts

4 Some of my classes are difficult

) 5 6 A lot of my classes are in Dante Hall Some of the homework is boring

7 A lot of my time is spent in the student lounge

8 My father works in an office

9 None of my brothers are married

1 0 None of the money was stolen

1 1 My youngest brother and sister are still in high school

1 2 My father understands English but doesn't speak it

1 3 In South America, most of the people are Catholic

14 Neither of my parents has been to the United States

A In each sentence, underline the subject with one line and write S above it

Then cross out the incorrect verb form

5

1 One of my classmates (is/am) from my country, El Salvador

2 Some of the teachers (speak/speaks) my language

· 3 Each of the gifts (was/were) carefully wrapped in gold paper

5 A lot of my classes (was/were) canceled last week

6 A lot of my time (is/are) spent in the library

8 (Do/Does) anyone know the correct time?

9 There (is/are) several kinds of flowers in the bouquet

1 0 There ( wasn't/weren't) any electricity in our building last night

1 1 The noise from the firecrackers (was/were) loud

(

Fragments

B Editing Practice Find and correct six errors in subject-verb agreement in the following paragraph

Young Golf Stars

1Golf is no longer the sport of rich, middle-aged, white men 2Young people around the world is taking up' the game, and some of them is taking it over.2

30ne of the young stars are Sergio Garcia, a fascinating young golfer from Spain

4Sergio was born in 1 980 and started playing golf at the age of 3 5He became

a professional golfer in 1 999 at the age of 1 9 6Sergio became famous by hitting

a golf shot at a target from behind a tree with his eyes closed 7Two other young golf stars are Tiger Woods and Michelle Wie 8Both Tiger and Michelle started playing golf at very young ages, and both has ethnic backgrounds 9Tiger, born

in California in 1 975, is Thai-African-American-Native-American 10Michelle, born in Hawaii in 1 989, is Korean-American 11 Each of these two young Americans hdV'-shocked the world of golf in different ways 12Tiger shocked everyone by becoming the best golfer in the world while still in his early twenties

13Michelle shocked everyone by competing against men-and beating many

of them-at the age of fourteen 141t is clear that all three of these young golfers

has great futures ahead of them

In some languages, you can sometimes leave out the subject in a sentence; in others, you can sometimes leave out the verb In English, you must ALWAYS have at least one subject and one verb in every sentence.3 If you leave out either the subject or the verb, your sentence is incomplete We call an incomplete sentence a fragment

These are fragments Fragments are sentence errors

1 Is not easy to get an A in Professor Wilson's class (There is no subject.)

2 People in New York always in a hurry (There is no verb.)

To correct Sentence 1 , add a subject:

It is not easy to get an A in Professor Wilson's class

To correct Sentence 2, add a verb:

People in New York are always in a hurry

1taking up: learning

2taking it over: taking control over it 3There is one exception to this rule ln commands such as Stop that! and Listen carefully, the subject you

is not expressed

PRACTICE 4

Fragments

A Step 1 Read each sentence and decide if it is a complete sentence or a

fragment Mark the fragments with an X to show that it is incorrect Step 2 Decide what is wrong with each fragment Is the verb missing? Is the

subject missing?

Step 3 Correct each fragment by adding a subject or a verb

It is _ X_ 1 Is very hot today even with the windows open

2 Jose and Jin the smartest students in the class

3 They study all the time

4 The baby finally sleepy

5 She is closing her eyes

6 Ms Woodbury, our grammar teacher, often late on Fridays

7 Is important for students to get to class on time

B Editing Practice Find and underline five fragments in the following paragraph Then correct each one

My Best Friend

My best friend is Suzanne We have been friends since childhood As children we lived next door to each other in Caracas Now live in different countries on different continents She is married to a Venezuelan Has three children Her son two years old, and her twin daughters three months old We haven't seen each other for eight years We keep in touch by e-mail Also telephone each other at least once a month We will be friends forever

The Writing Process

Overview Writing is never a one-step action; it is an ongoing creative act When you first write

something, you have already been thinking about what to say and how to say it Then after you have finished writing, you read over what you have written and make changes and corrections You write and revise and write and revise again until you are satisfied that your writing expresses exactly what you want to say ·

The process of writing has roughly four steps In the first step, you create ideas ln the second step, you organize the ideas In the third step, you write a rough draft In the final step, you polish your rough draft by editing it and making revisions

In the following example, the assignment was to write a paragraph about a person who has made a difference in the world, in the community, or in the writer's life First, the writer made a list of people who have made a difference Then he decided which person to write about and circled his choice

Albert Einstein

A Person Who Has Made a Difference

Bill Gates Mother Teresa

Martin Luther King, Jr

Grandfather

uneducated (high school? eighth grade?) started hospital in town - only

helped his community started community hospital respected in community went to church every week got up early

worked late

was the first person in town

to buy a car forward-thinking

everyone does it improved farming techniques

in his area smart read about new things

terracing helps prevent soil erosion listened to experts

thought things over

made me laugh when I was little

The writer then looked at his second list and decided to write about how his grandfather helped his community He circled that idea Then he thought about how his grandfather helped his community He circled two ideas and marked them

A and B The writer also crossed out anything that didn't belong to these two ideas

uneduoatod (high sohool? eighth grade?) started hospital in town - only

-(helped his communitY) now everyone does it

B (started community hospital) A improved farming techniques rospeotod in oommunity in his area

wont to ohuroh O'IOry ·noel( read about now things got up early terracing helps prevent soil erosion

·nas tho first person in town

to buy a oar forward thinl(ing

thought things O'IOF made me laugh when I was little

Your writing assignment at the end of this chapter will be to write a paragraph about

a person who has made a difference i n the world, in his or her community, or in your life

1 Use the listing technique to choose a person

2 In a second list, write down the ways in which this person made a difference

3 Choose one or two ways to write about, and circle them (Oo not write the paragraph yet.)

The next step in the writing process is to organize the ideas into a simple outline

The writer of our models wrote a sentence that named the topic (his grandfather) and told the main idea (his grandfather helped his community) Below the first sentence, he listed the two main ideas and any other words and phrases from the list that gave more information about them

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: My Grandfather

My grandfather helped his community in two ways

A He improved farming techniques in his area

• first farmer to terrace his land

• terracing helps prevent soil erosion

B He started a community hospital

• only hospital in big area

Make a simple outline from the lists you made in the Try It Out! exercise on page 1 7

l Give your outline a title like the one i n the model

2 Write a sentence like the one i n the model that names the person and says what he or she did to make a difference

3 Write the main idea(s) below this sentence If there are two ideas as in the

· model, give them letters (A and B) If there is only one main idea, give a capital letter to every idea that you list below the first sentence

The next step is to write a rough draft, using your outline as a guide Write your rough draft as quickly as you can without stopping to think about grammar, spelling,

or punctuation Just get your ideas down on paper You will probably see many en·ors in your rough draft This is perfectly usual and acceptable- after all this is just a rough draft You will fix the errors later

Notice that the writer added some ideas that were not in his outline Notice also that he added a concluding sentence at the end

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: My Grandfather

My Grandfather help his community in two ways My Grandfather born in

1 880 He was farmer Not well educated (Maybe he only went to high school for one or two year In those days, children were needed to work on the farm.)

He was first farmer in his community to terrace his fields Then, people thought

he was crazy, but now, every farmer does it Terracing helps prevent soil erosion This improved farming techniques in his area After he is too old to work at farming, my Grandfather get the idea that his town needs a Hospital,

so he spend his time raising money to build one There is no hospitals nearby, and people have to go long distance to see doctor People again think he really crazy, but he succeed Now a small Hospital in community, and two doctor

Each of the doctors have lots of patients The Hospital is named the james walker community hospital It was named for my Grandfather My Grandfather just a simple, uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot

In this step, you polish what you have written This step is also called revising and editing Polishing is most successful if you do it in two steps First, attack the big issues of content and organization (revising) Then work on the smaller issues of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics (editing)

Peer Editing On pages 198-207 are worksheets for each chapter to help you polish yow- writing The first worksheet is for a peer editor to use A peer editor is a classmate who reads your paper and helps you improve the content and organization

MODEL

A peer editor's job is to read, ask questions, and comment on what's good and on what might be changed or made clearer He or she should not check your grammar or punctuation Your instructor will help do this until you and your classmates learn to

do it for yourselves

In the following model, the peer editor's comments are on both sides of the page

The writer's replies are in blue The writer and peer editor discuss the comments, and then the writer writes a second draft

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: My Grandfather

Good paragraph!

I especially like the part about the new hospital

You use the word "crazy"

a lot Isn't it slang?

I can't think

of a better word

My Grandfather help his community in two

Are these ways My Grandfather born in 1 880 He was sentences

farmer Not well educated (maybe he only went imp.orta�t? I

don t thmk so

to high school for one or two year In those days You're right

children were needed to work on the farm.) He was first farmer in his community to terrace his fields

Then, people thought he was crazy, but now, every farmer does it Terracing helps prevent soil erosion This improved farming techniques in his area After he is too old to work at farming, my I don't think Grandfather get the idea that his town needs a

hospital, so he spend his time raising money to build one There is no hospitals nearby, and people

have to go long distance to see doctor People again think he really crazy, but he succeed Now a small hospital in community, and two doctor Each

of the doctors have lots of patients The hospital is named the james walker community hospital It was named for my grandfather My Grandfather just a simple, uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot

I don't understand what "terracing" is Please explain it Also what is "soil erosion"?

your

grandfather would like this part!! ©

MODEL

Second Draft

MODEL

Final Copy

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: My Grandfather

My Grandfather help his community in two ways He was farmer and lives

in a small village he was first farmer in his community to terrace his fields

Terracing is technique of making rows of little dams on hilly land Terracing save water and keep soil from washing away in rainstorms Then, people thought

he was crazy, but now, all of the farmers in the area do it Terracing helps keep the soil from washing away in rainstorms This improved farming techniques in his area then my Grandfather get the idea that his town need a Hospital, so

he spend his time raising money to build one There is no hospitals nearby, and people had to go long distance to see doctor People again think he really crazy, but he succeed Now a small Hospital in community, and two doctor Each

of the doctors have lots of patients The Hospital is named the james walker community hospital It was named for my Grandfather My Grandfather just

a simple, uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot

Self-Editing The other worksheet is for your use in revising and polishing your paper This student writer checked his paper with the Self-Editing Worksheet, found and corrected most of his errors, and wrote the following final draft

A Person Who Has Made a Difference: My Grandfather

My grandfather helped his community in two ways He was a farmer and lived in a small village He was the first farmer in his community to terrace his fields Terracing is the technique of making rows of little dams on hilly land Terracing saves water and keeps soil from washing away in rainstorms Then, people thought he was crazy, but now, all the farmers in the area do it This improved farming techniques in his area Then my grandfather got the idea that his town needed a hospital, so he spent his time raising money to build one There were no hospitals nearby, and people had to go long distances to see a doctor People again thought he was really crazy, but he succeeded

Now there is a small hospital in the community and two doctors The hospital

is named the James Walker Community Hospital It was named for my grandfather My grandfather was just a simple, uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot

Review

These are the important points covered in this chapter:

2 A sentence (a) has a subject and a verb and (b) expresses a complete thought

3 A simple sentence has one subject-verb combination A simple sentence may have more than one verb or more than one subject, but it has only one subject-verb combination

4 Subjects and verbs always agree in number (singular or plural.) There are a few special situations that sometimes cause difficulties with subject-verb agreement

5 A fragment is an incomplete sentence It is a sentence enor A fragment might be missing a subject or a verb, or it might express an incomplete thought

6 Know the rules for capitalization in English

7 The process of writing has four main steps: prewriting, organizing, writing, and polishing

• Listing is a useful prewriting technique to get ideas

• Outlining is a good way to organize your ideas

Writing Assignment

Choose a person who has made a difference in the world, in his or her community,

or in your life Write a paragraph of about 200 words about this person Follow all the steps in the writing process

Your classmates might be especially interested in learning about a person from your country, such as a politician, a sports star, a writer, an entertainer, and so on

Step 1 Prewrite to get ideas Use the listing practice that you completed in the

Try It Out! exercise on page 1 7

Step 2 Organize the ideas Decide which idea will go first, second, third, and

so on Make a simple outline listing the ideas in the order you will write about them Use the outline to guide you as you write

Step 3 Write the rough draft Write ROUGH DRAFT at the top of your paper

• Begin your paragraph with a sentence that names the person and tells where or on whom he or she made a difference

My high school physics teacher changed my ideas about school Martin Luther King, Jr changed the way black people live in the United States forever

• Pay attention to your sentence structure Make sure all of your sentences have at least one subject and one verb

Step 4 Polish the rough draft

• Exchange papers with a classmate and ask him or her to check your rough draft using Peer-Edjting Worksheet 1 on page 1 9 8 Then discuss the completed worksheet and decide what changes you should make Write a second draft

• Use Self-Editing Worksheet 1 on page 199 to check your second draft for grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure

Step 5 Write a final copy Hand in your rough draft, your second draft, your

final copy, and the page containing the two editing worksheets Your teacher may also ask you to hand in your prewriting paper

Organization Time Order Time Order Signals Sentence Structure

Compound Sentences with and, but,

so, and or Punctuation Three Comma R ules

The Writing Process Freewriting

Review Writing Assignment

23

As you read the model paragraph, look for words and phrases that tell when something happened

Earthquake!

1An unforgettable experience in my life was a magnitude 6.9 earthquake

21 was at home with my older sister and younger brother 3Suddenly, our apartment started shaking 4At first, none of us realized what was happening

5Then my sister yelled, "Earthquake! Get under something!" 61 half rolled and half crawled across the room to get under the dining table 7My sister also yelled

at my little brother to get under his desk 8Meanwhile, my sister was on the kitchen floor holding her arms over her head to protect it from falling dishes

9The earthquake lasted less than a minute, but it seemed like a year to us

10At last, the shaking stopped 11For a minute or two, we were too scared to move 12Then we tried to call our parents at work, but even our cell phone didn't work 13Next, we checked the apartment for damage 14We felt very lucky, for nothing was broken except a few dishes 15However, our first earthquake was an experience that none of us will ever forget

Questions on the Model

1 In which four sentences does the word earthquake appear?

2 What words and phrases show when different actions took place? Circle them

In the model narrative paragraph, the writer used time order to tell what happened first, what happened next, what happened after that, and so on

Notice the Jcjnds of words and phrases used to show time order These are called time order signals becau�e they signal the order in which events happen

First (second, third, etc.), At 12:00,

Put a comma after a time order signal that comes before the subject at the beginning of

a sentence (Exception: Then, soon, and now are usually not followed by a comma.)

At first, none of us realized what was happening

For a minute or two, we were too scared to move

Then we tried to call our parents at work

A Look again at the model on page 24 Add any time order signal words or phrases that you circled to the Time Order Signals chart above

B Complete the paragraphs with time order signals from the l ists provided, and capitalize and punctuate them correctly Use each word or phrase once There

is more than one possible word or phrase to fill in some of the blanks

1 Use these words and phrases:

before taking the first bite finally

Thanksgiving in the United States is a day for families to be together and

enjoy a traditional meal (a) On the night before Thanksgiving our mother

bakes a pumpkin pie, the traditional Thanksgiving dessert (b) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -� she gets up early to prepare the other traditional dishes

(continued on next page)

(c) she makes dressing.1 (d) _ _ _ _ _ _ she stuffs2 the turkey with the dressing and puts the

prepares the rest of the meal She cooks all day long (f) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

the family sits down at the table (g) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ everyone around the table says one thing that they are thankful

stuff ourselves just as full as Mother stuffed the turkey earlier in the day!

(i) _ we are all groaning3 because we

on the living room sofa and watch football games on lV No one moves for

at least two hours

2 Use these words and phrases:

on the day of the party during the party

first

after that

next finally later before the pa1ty then (use twice)

at the beginning of the party

Fifteen Years

A girl's fifteenth birthday is a very special occasion

in many Latin American countries and requires a lot of

the parents make many preparations (b) _ _ _ _ _ they buy a special dress and order a bouquet of flowers for their daughter

They also plan a large meal for the guests and hire an orchestra (c) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they decorate a big room where the party will be held

many special traditions (e) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the father and daughter enter the big salon accompanied by

1dressing: mixture of bread cubes, onion, celery, buller, chicken broth, and herbs that is cooked inside a turkey After it is cooked, it is removed from the turkey and eaten as a side dish It is also called swffing

2stuff: put inside; fill until completely full 3groaning: making a long deep sound because you are in pain

a speech, and the daughter gets some presents (g) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

everyone drinks champagne (h) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ the father and daughter dance a waltz, and the daughter and

every boy dance one dance together (i) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

all of the guests make a line to congratulate her (j) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

all of the boys stand in a group because she will throw the bouquet,

and the boy who catches it dances with her (k) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ everyone dances to different kinds of music until six o'clock in the morning

C The following sets of sentences are not in correct time order Number the

sentences in the correct order

1 She put the clean dishes away

_ _ 2 She removed the dirty dishes from the table

She turned on the dishwasher

She put them in the dishwasher

She piled them in the sink and rinsed them

1 It was Sarah's turn to wash the dishes last night

Finally, the dishes were clean

2 H e filled it out and left

He went to the bookshelf, but the book wasn't there

Tom.went to the library to get a book

He, went to the computer catalog

The librarian told him to fill out a form

He told the librarian he wanted to reserve that book

He wrote down the title and call number4 of the book

(continued on next page)

4call number: number written on the outside of a book; the book's "address" on the library shelves

'f'nl lt Out!

3 He gave us a room with an ocean view

_ The airline had oversold' economy class seats, so we got to sit

in first class

Our good fortune continued at the hotel

_ We can't wait to visit Florida again

_ The hotel manager also gave us coupons for lots of free things _ The hotel manager apologized for not having our room ready when

we arrived

_ Our vacation in Florida last month was almost perfect

_ The weather was warm and sunny, so we went to the beach

every day

_ Our good fortune began at the airport

Write the sentences from the preceding exercise as paragraphs Try to make your paragraphs flow smoothly by using these two techniques: ( 1 ) Add time order signals

at the beginning of some of the sentences (2) Combine some of the sentences to form simple sentences with one subject and two verbs

Example

It was Sarah's turn to wash the dishes last night First she removed the dirty dishes from the table Next she piled them in the sink and rinsed them After t hat she put them in the dishwasher and turned it on Finally the dishes were clean

' oversold: sold more seats than were available

Omusubi Kororin (The Tumbling Rice Balls)

A Folktale from Japan

10nce upon a time, an old couple lived in the countryside 2"fhey were happy, but they were poor 3Qne day, the old man went to work in the forest and took his usual lunch of three rice balls 4During lunch, he dropped a rice

ball, and it rolled into a hole in the

ground 5He heard happy singing

coming from the hole, so he dropped

the other two rice balls into it 6lnside the hole, some mice were having a party 7They thanked him for the rice balls and invited him to join them

8After a while, the mice told him to choose a box as a reward for his generosity.2 9He could choose a big box, or he could choose a small one

10He thought about taking a big box, but he finally chose a small one 118ack

at home, he and his wife discovered that the box was full of gold coins

12A greedy3 neighbor heard about their good fortune and quickly made plans

to visit the same hole 13At the hole, he pushed several rice balls into it, and sure enough,4 the mice invited him in 14The greedy man wanted all of the mice's gold, so he pretended to be a cat 15He started meowing loudly, and the frightened mice ran away 1&-fhe gold disappeared with the mice, so the greedy man got nothing, not even a rice ball

Questions on the Model

1 What kind of order does this folktale use?

2 Circle the time order signals and add any new ones to the Time Order Signals chart on page 25

2generosity: willingness to give money, time, help, and so on 3greedy: always wanting more money, possessions, power, and so on 4sure enough: informal expression that means something happens just as expected