Ngữ pháp 1 cao thị minh hậu

- Uses• We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens .past habbits • I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.. not would

Form :

• S + don’t/ doesn’t + bare infi.

- Permanent situations, general true

Light travels faster than sound.

The world is round.

Oil floats on water.

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen

It snows in Alaska

Rice is grown in Asian countries.

- Habitual actions: (always, often,

never…)

We often go to school on foot.

She gets up early in the morning.

I watch TV every day.

• Series of actions:

- When the Autumn comes, every body

likes going out and they often have a

picnic in the mountain to watch the falling

leaves.

• Non-progressive verbs:

– We have a beautiful garden.

– She understands all my questions

quickly.

• Time tables, schedule, instructions ….

- He leaves London at 10 a.m and arrives

in Paris at 13p.m and spends five hours

• When it stops raining, we will go out.

• She takes the boy to school before she goes to work.

– In conditional sentences:

• If she comes here tomorrow, I will sent her your

present

• Unless you take the brake off the car won’t move.

– Planned actions in the future:

• to be to :The President is to visit Japan next week

(official announcement)

- She is to leave the hotel tonight.

• to be about to: We are about to have lunch (very

soon)

Pronunciation & spelling:

– Spelling:

• Most verbs add-s : works/ lives/ stops…

• V-y (consonant-y) : → IES : tries ; cries ;

hurries; replies…

• (but : stays ; says ; obeys ; buys…)

• V ending in s,z,ch,sh,x: misses ; watches;

• Form : S + is/am/are + V-ing

Uses :

• Actions in progress : now, at the moment, at

present…

We are watching TV now

Why are you crying?

• Temporary situation:

– My parents live in Nha Trang, but now they are

living in HCM city for their holiday.

– The church stands on the hill outside the town

– Our former teacher is standing on the balcony.

– What are you doing tomorrow? – I’m

gardening with my father.

– Are you coming to my party next

week?

Special use

• After Imperatives:

– Look! That boy is climbing up the tree.

– Listen! Some one is knocking at the

door.

• Always + Present Continuous :

complains, annoyance ….

– He is always losing the key.

– They are always making that mistake.

Non-progressive Verbs or

Non-action Verbs

• Although these verbs are happening at the

present, in this very moment, they use

simple present tense

These verbs talk about or describe mental

states, emotional states, possession,

sense perceptions, or other existing

states.

• Mental States:

know, suppose , imagine, think, realize ,

feel, doubt, need, understand, want,

remember, prefer, believe, recognize, think

• Other Existing States:

seem look exist owe be, contain,cost

include consist of , appear, weigh

• Verbs that change meaning according to tense:

• I think you are nice (opinion)

• I am thinking about that problem (action - considering)

• She feels sick (health)

• She is feeling the cat’s fur (action -touching)

• I have a new car (possession)

• Expressions with the progressive tense.

• I am having a good time I am having lunch (eating) I

am having a baby I am having trouble with this I am

having a party.

• You look beautiful She looks cold (perception)

• I am looking for my keys I am looking out the

window.(action)

• This soup tastes wonderful (perception)

• The cook is tasting the soup The chef is tasting the

dish (action)

• You appear to be ill You look like you are ill (perception)

He is appearing on stage in Vegas (action)

• This soup smells great! (perception)

Look at John He is smelling the roses (action)

• He weighs too much (state -condition)

He is weighing the vegetables (action)

• I see the car (perception)

I am seeing a doctor (consulting/visiting) I am seeing

Bob (dating)

• He is a nice person (state - condition)

He is being nice (action = behaving; a temporary

characteristic)

• He is being foolish, nice, kind, lazy, careful, patient,

silly, rude, polite, impolite

(some of the most common - expressions)

Adding V-ing:

• For many verbs we make the ING form by

simply adding -ING to end of the verb.

Verbs ending with -e (with the

exception of verbs ending in -ee

• Verbs ending with -ie Change the

-ie to -y and add -ING

• die - dying

• tie - tying

• lie - lying

Verbs ending with one vowel and one

consonant (with the exception of w, h,

x, and y)

• For one syllable verbs double the

consonant and add -ING

• jog - jogging

• sit - sitting

• run - running

• stop - stopping

• For two syllable verbs

• If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING

• answer - answering

• offer - offering

• listen - listening

• visit - visiting

• If the 2nd syllable is stressed , double

the consonant and add ING

• admit - admitting

• prefer - preferring

• begin – beginning

3.1 In this exercise you have to decide whether the verbs in

these sentences are right or wrong Correct those which

are wrong The verb is underlined

Examples: I don't know your telephone number (R)

Please don't make so much noise I study

(W):am studying

1 Look! Somebody is climbing up that tree over there

2 Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?

3 Are you believing in God?

4 Look! That man tries to open the door of your car

5 The moon goes wund the earth

6 I'm thinking it would be a good idea to It'ave early

7 The government is worried because the number of people

without jobs is increasing

8 I'm usually going to work by car

• 3.2 Now you have to put the verb into the correct form, present

continuous (I am doing) or present simple (I do). '

• Examples: Please don't make so much noise I

_(study)

• How many language _ (Tom/speak)?

• This machine (not/work) It hasn't worked for

'years

1 I _ (not/belong) to a political party

2 Hurry! The bus (come) I

(not/want) to miss it

3 The River Nile _ (flow) into the Mediterranean

4 The river _(flow) very fast today - much faster

than usual

5 _ (it/ever/snow) in India?

6 We usually (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we

(not/grow) any

7 A: Can you drive?

B: No, but I _learn My father

(teach) me

8 You can borrow my umbrella I

(not/need) it at the moment

9 (at a party) I usually _(enjoy) parties

but I _ (not/ enjoy) this one very much

10 George says he's 80 years old but I

_(not/believe) him

11 John is in London at the moment He _(stay)

at the Hilton Hotel He usually

_(stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he's

in London

• In these sentences think about whether the situation

is temporary or permanent

12 My parents _(live) in Bristol They

were born there and have never lived anywhere else Where

_ (your parents /Iive)?

13 She (stay) with her sister at the

moment until she finds somewhere to live

14 A: What _ (your father / do)?

B: He's a teacher, but he _

(not/work) at the moment

U.2: Past Simple

Past Simple

 Form :

S + V-ed (regular verb/ 2nd irregular V)

S + didn’t + bare infi.

Did + S + bare infi ?

Uses :

1 Pasteur died in 1895.

2 We went to Bangkok last summer.

3 I saw that film two weeks ago

4 He worked in that bank for four years (He

doesn’t work there now)

1 When he was young, he often played truant.

2 They played tennis every Sunday when he

was abroad.

1 They lived and worked in HaNoi long time

ago They liked walking around HoanKiem

Lake and took photographs…

1 If had a map, I would lend it to you.

2 I would go to work on time if I lived near the office

How do we pronounce the -ed?

 * note that it is the sound that is important, not

the letter or spelling For example, "fax" ends in

the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the

letter "e" but the sound /k/.

 Exceptions

 The following -ed words used as adjectives are

pronounced with /Id/:

 Exceptions

 The following -ed words used as adjectives are

pronounced with /Id/:

Past Continuous

 Uses :

(particular past time)

1 We were listening to the music at 8 pm last

night.

2 When we got up this morning, the sun was

shining, the birds were singing.

 Two or more parallel actions happening at the

same time (when, while)

1 While I was watering the flowers, my children were

reading books.

2 They were playing football while we were swimming.

 A sudden action interrupted the “background”

events

1 When I was crossing the road, I saw Bill.

2 The phone rang while we were having dinner.

3 His grand father died while the surgeon was

operating on him

Other uses

 In Direct Speech:

He said he was living in London when he

met his wife.

 Sth happened Unexpectedly:

I didn’t like him- he was always borrowing

money.

 Exercise:

Use past Simple or past continuous:

1 A: What (you, do) when the accident occurred?

B: I (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out

2 After I (find) the wallet full of money, I (go,

immediately) to the police and (turn) it in

3 The doctor (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to

work and that he (need) to stay at home for a

couple of days

1 Sandy is in the living room watching

television At this time yesterday, she

(watch, also) television That's all she

ever does!

2 Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a

little before 9:00 PM, but she (be,

not) there She (study, at the library)

for her final examination in French

6 A: I (call) you last night after dinner, but you

(be, not) there Where were you?

B: I (work) out at the fitness center

7 When I (walk) into the busy office, the

secretary (talk) on the phone with a

customer, several clerks (work, busily) at

their desks, and two managers (discuss,

quietly) methods to improve customer

service

8 I (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the

electricity went out Now I am never going

to find out how the movie ends

9 Sharon (be) in the room when John told

me what happened, but she didn't hear

anything because she (listen, not)

10 It's strange that you (call) because I (think,

just) about you

11 The Titanic (cross) the Atlantic when it

(strike) an iceberg

12 When I entered the bazaar, a couple of

merchants (bargain, busily) and (try) to sell

their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) for

souvenirs Some young boys (lead) their

donkeys through the narrow streets on their

way home A couple of men (argue) over the

price of a leather belt I (walk) over to a man

who (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana

13 The firemen (rescue) the old woman who

(be) trapped on the third floor of the

burning building

14 She was so annoying! She (leave,

always) her dirty dishes in the sink I think

she (expect, actually) me to do them for

her

15 Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than

two years In fact, she (live) there when the

Berlin Wall came down

EXERCISE:

1 Compare the following sentences

1.

a. When Tom arrived, we were having dinner.

b. When Tom arrived, we had dinner.

2

a. The phone was ringing when I came home.

b. While I was watching the football match, the phone

rang.

3

a When he arrived, she was making supper.

b b When he arrived, she made supper.

2 Decide which is the correct verb form:

1 I saw/ was seeing a good program on TV last

night.

2 While I shopped/ was shopping this morning, I

lost/ was losing my purse I don’t know how.

3 Last week the police stopped/ was stopping Alan

in his car b/c he traveled/ was traveling at over

80 m/h.

4 How did you cut/ were you cutting your finger?

– I cooked/ was cooking , and I dropped a knife.

3 Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct verb

form

1 While I (come) to work this morning, I (meet) my

old friend.

2 I ( not want) to get up this morning It (rain)

outside and it was very cold, and my bed was very

warm.

3 I (listen) to the music when the bell (ring) But

when I (pick up) the phone, there was no-one

there.

4 I said “Hello” to the children, but they (not say)

anything b/c they (watch) a cartoon film on TV.

4 Speaking:

Complete the following sentences with information

of your own/ your friends:

1. One time, when I was driving on the high way,

_.

2. While We were having a meal in a restaurant

yesterday, _.

3. Once, as I was walking downtown, _.

4. Last night while I was dreaming, _.

5. We were playing volley ball, _

yesterday.

6. While she was cooking, _.

7. As _ , we were chatting with our

children.

8. At 5 p.m yesterday, _ ?

U.3: Used to & would

Form

• S + used to + bare infi.

• S + didn’t + use to + bare infi.

• Did + S + use to + bare infi ?

- Uses

• We use 'used to' for something that

happened regularly in the past but no

longer happens (past habbits)

• I used to smoke a packet a day but I

stopped two years ago

• Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now,

since his promotion, he doesn't

• I used to drive to work but now I take the

bus

• We also use it for something that

was true but no longer is.

• There used to be a cinema in the

town but now there isn't

• She used to have really long hair but

she's had it all cut off

• I didn't use to like him but now I do

• 'Used to do' is different from 'to be

used to doing' and 'to get used to

doing'

• to be used to doing (adaptable /

adjusted to new things) or to be

accustomed to + Ving

• We use 'to be used to doing' to say

that something is normal, not

unusual.

• I'm used to living on my own I've done it

for quite a long time

• Hans has lived in England for over a year

so he is used to driving on the left now

• They've always lived in hot countries so

they aren't used to the cold weather here

• We use 'to get used to doing' to talk

about the process of something

becoming normal for us.

• I didn't understand the accent when I first

moved here but I quickly got used to it

• She has started working nights and is still

getting used to sleeping during the day

• I have always lived in the country but now

I'm beginning to get used to living in the

city

• Would: can replace USED TO

when we describing a past

routine.

• On Sundays he used to/ would go

fishing.

• Would : is used for typical

characteristics Or actions didn’t

repeat

Would can’t be used as alternative

• When “used to” → a situation that

existed in the past:

– He used to be a boy scout.

– They used to have a Ford.

– She used to live in Hue.

– She used to dislike Tom but she likes him

now.

– He used to smoke cigarettes but nowadays,

he smoles a pipe

• Special use:

• Used to → a state (not would)

– When he was young, he used to have an old

Rolls-Royce (not would)

– I worked hard last month (not used to)

– There used to be a swamp there, but now

there has been a modern market- Cho Dam.

– They used to live in Poland before they moved

here (not would)

– We often start a story about the past with used

to and then use would to talk about the rest of

the story:

• When he was a child, he used to do

homework first, and then he would go out

and play with his friends.

I Use “would” or “used to”:

• When they were children, they go skating every

winter.

• He have an old limo when he was a manager.

• I be very shy whenever a stranger came to my

house I hide in the closet.

• Ms Ann play tennis a lot but she is old now.

• I be afraid of flying My heart start

pounding every time I stepped on the plane But I’m

used to flying and enjoy it now.

• They go to the concert every week when they

lived in London.

U.4 Present Perfect &

Present Perfect Continuous

Uses

 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences

 It is important if we have done it in our lives or not It is not important

when we did it (indefinite time in the past)

 Examples : Anna has never broken a leg

Have you ever eaten sushi?

 Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to

talk about experience

 ( repeated actions): several/ many times; once, twice,

 I have been abroad two times.

 We ‘ve seen the film” Gone With The Wind” many times

 A recently completed action:(an immediate past action)

 He has just gone out.

 We ‘ve just finished the test.

 She has just married an American soldier

 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action

which started in the past and continuous up to now.

 Examples

I have been a teacher for more than ten years

We haven't seen Janine since Friday

How long have you been at this school?

 We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past

action that has the result in the present.

 Examples:

- I have lost my wallet = I don't have it now

 Jimmy has gone to South America = He isn't here now.

 Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?

 I’ve written six letters since lunchtime.

 Hutchinson is a well-known writer He has written ten famous

novels.

 Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect

Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present

 Already means that something happened earlier than we expected With

Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the

main verb

 Examples

- We've already had our breakfast

- When are you going to do your homework?

- But I've already done it!

- Do you want a cup of coffee?

- No, thanks I've already had one."

 Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't

happened We usually put it at the end of a sentence

 Examples

- Has the post arrived yet?

- Have you done your homework?

- Not yet.

- Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time

 since and for to say how long the action has

lasted.

 Since: at that point of time up till now

 For: length of time up till now

 Last & the last:

 1 He has stayed at the Lodge Hotel since last

week.

 He has stayed at the Lodge Hotel for the last

week.

 The superlative + present perfect

 This is the best wine I have ever drunk.

 The first/second time + present perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

 Form :

 S + have/ has+ been + V-ing

 S + havn’t/ hasn’t + been + V-ing

 Have/ Has + S + been + V-ing?

Uses

1 An action that has just stopped or

recently stopped

 We use the present perfect continuous tense to

talk about an action that started in the past and

stopped recently There is usually a result now.

 I'm tired [now] because I've been running

 Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?

 You don't understand [now] because you haven't

been listening.

2 An action continuing up to now (the continuity of the

action w/o interruption

 We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an

action that started in the past and is continuing now This is

often used with for or since.

 I have been reading for 2 hours [I am still reading now.]

 We've been studying since 9 o'clock [We're still studying now.]

 How long have you been learning English? [You are still

learning now.]

 We have been working for this company for 20 years.

 It has been raining since 5 a.m this morning.

1 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Quiz

(find the missing words in the following)

1 It has snowing a lot this week.

2 your brother and sister been getting along?

3 Rick been studying hard this semester.

4 I'm tired because I been working out.

5 Julie living in Italy since May.

6 How long have you been German.

7 We have been watching TV 3 hours.

8 You have too hard today.

9 Has it raining since you arrived?

10 My brother has been travelling he finished