PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition.. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition.. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Paci
Trang 1© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint
Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
1
CHAPTER 9
BASIC ELEMENTS OF
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
3
Nature of organisational
structure
Formal pattern of interactions and
co-ordination designed by management to link the tasks of individuals and groups in achieving organisational goals.
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
4
Nature of organisational
structure
Four elements:
1 Assignment of tasks and responsibilities
to individuals and units.
2 Clustering these to form a hierarchy.
3 Mechanisms for vertical co-ordination.
4 Mechanisms for horizontal co-ordination.
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
5
Nature of organisational
structure
• The organisation chart
– Line diagram depicting broad outlines of an
organisation’s structure.
• Principles chart design
– As few hierarchical levels as possible.
– Charts should show who has authority over who. – Charts should show official lines responsibility &
communication.
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
• Design jobs to enhance motivation
Job simplification: breaking jobs into small elements Job rotation: moving through sets of tasks in sequence Job enlargement: wider range of similar tasks.
• Alternative work schedules
Managing work diversity
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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8
Managing diversity & work
schedules
‘… balancing work and personal life’.
‘… balancing work and personal life’.
Flexitime: core hours
hours worked per day, shorter working week
Compressed work week: longer
hours worked per day, shorter working week
Job sharing: two or
more people sharing
a full-time job
Job sharing: two or
more people sharing
a full-time job
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Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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• Functional
• Divisional
• Hybrid
• Matrix.
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Matrix: Superimpose
horizontal divisional over hierarchical functional structure
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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12
Methods of vertical
co-ordination
Formalisation:
• Degree to which written policies, rules,
procedures, job descriptions and other
documents specify what actions are(not) to
be taken under a given set of circumstances.
• Extent of formalisation tends to grow with
age & size.
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Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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13
Methods of vertical
co-ordination
Factors influencing span of management:
– High competence levels.
– Low interaction requirements.
– Work similarity (between organisational peers)
– Low problem frequency and seriousness.
– Physical proximity.
– Few non-supervisory duties of managers
– Considerable available assistance.
– High motivational possibilities of work.
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Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Factors favouring centralisation
• Large organisational size
• Geographic dispersion
• Technological complexity
• Environmental uncertainty
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Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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15
Methods of vertical
co-ordination
‘… extent to which power and authority will be retained at
upper levels’ Influenced by:
‘… extent to which power and authority will be retained at
upper levels’ Influenced by:
Large size: larger
Geographic dispersion:
more dispersed likely to be decentralised, to enable control at a number of sites.
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Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Factors restraining delegation
• Fear subordinate failure.
• Time to train subordinates
• Enjoy doing tasks.
• Release of authority.
• Concern for task performance
• Fear subordinate competence.
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Authority following the chain of command
established by the formal hierarchy.
• Functional authority
Authority of staff over others in the organisation in matters related directly to their respective functions e.g HRM dept.
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• Promotes innovation through dissemination of
ideas & information.
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
– Designing for motivation:
• Job enlargement, rotation, enrichment, simplification
• Types of departmentalisation
– Functional, divisional, hybrid, matrix.
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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– Line & staff authority.
• Methods of horizontal co-ordination
– Slack resources
– Information systems
– Lateral relations.