Lecture management a pacific rim focus chapter 12 motivation

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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus

Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David

Meacheam & George Sansbury

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CHAPTER 12

MOTIVATION

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Nature of motivation

Motivation is the force energising or, giving direction to, behaviour.

It is a complex interaction of behaviours,

needs, rewards/reinforcement and cognitive activities.

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Needs theories

• Two-factor theory (Herzberg)

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Needs theories

Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow):

• Theory arguing that individual needs form a five-level hierarchy.

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Needs theories

Physiological Safety

Belongingness

Esteem Self-actualisation

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Needs theories

Two-factor theory (Herzberg)

Herzberg’s theory that hygiene factors are

necessary to keep workers from feeling dissatisfied but, only motivators can lead workers to feel

satisfied and motivated.

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Needs theories

Achievement Responsibility Work itself

Recognition Growth

Hygiene factors Motivators

These factors help prevent

dissatisfaction.

These factors promote satisfaction.

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Needs theories

ERG theory (Aldefer)

Alternative to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which argues that there are three

levels of individual needs.

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Existence needs

Physiological (food, water)

Pay Benefits Working conditions

Growth needs

Creativity Innovation Productivity

Satisfaction-progression

principle Frustration-regression

principle

Satisfaction-progression

principle Frustration-regression

principle

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Needs theories

Acquired needs theory (McClelland)

Theory stating that our needs are acquired or learned on the basis of our life experiences.

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Needs theories

Acquired needs theory

Developed by David McClelland —

cites the need for achievement, power, and affiliation as major motives in work

Developed by David McClelland —

cites the need for achievement, power, and affiliation as major motives in work

Need for achievement —drive to excel Need for power—influence others behaviour

Need for affiliation—desire for friendly

and close interpersonal relationships

Need for achievement —drive to excel Need for power—influence others behaviour

Need for affiliation—desire for friendly

and close interpersonal relationships

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Cognitive theories

Expectancy theory (Vroom)

Theory arguing that we consider three main issues (effort-performance, performance-

outcome, valence) before we expend effort necessary to perform at a given level.

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Our assessment of the probability our successful

performance will lead to desired outcomes

Our assessment of anticipated value of various outcomes or rewards

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Equity theory (Adams)

Theory arguing that we prefer situations of balance

or, equity.

Implications for managers:

– Communication essential to assess

equity/inequity perceptions in employees.

– Complimentary to Expectancy theory.

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Goal-setting theory

Goal-setting theory [technique] works by

focussing attention & action, mobilising effort, increasing persistence, & encouraging the

development of strategy to achieve goals.

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Types of reinforcement:

Stopping previously available positive outcomes from a

behaviour to decrease the behaviour

Providing negative consequences to decrease or discourage

a behaviour

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given after fixed number

of cases of desired behaviour.

High response rates, rapid extinguishment if stopped even temporarily

Fixed ratio:

given after fixed number

of cases of desired behaviour.

High response rates, rapid extinguishment if stopped even temporarily

Variable ratio:

given on variable or random frequency

encourage desired behaviour, be clear

on what is desired Use variable interval

& variable ratio reinforcement

Punish moderately severely & promptly.

Using reinforcement theory:

encourage desired behaviour, be clear

on what is desired Use variable interval

& variable ratio reinforcement

Punish moderately severely & promptly.

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Social learning theory

Social learning theory (Bandura)

Theory arguing that learning occurs through continuous reciprocal interaction of our

behaviours, various personal factors and

environmental forces.

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Social learning theory

Learning occurs by continuous interaction

between our behaviours, personal factors and environmental forces, viz:

• Self-control/regulation

• Vicarious learning.

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• Social learning theory

Symbolic processes, self-control, vicarious learning.

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