Limited variableamount of charging energy available from PV array Therefore no guarantee that battery will be fully charged at the end of the day Normally shallow cycle operation
Trang 1Energy storage in photovoltaics
P.C.Pant
Scientist
Solar Energy Centre
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy pcpant@nic.in
Trang 2Nature of renewable energy supplies and real challenge
Renewable energy supplies are continuing or repetitive current of energy occurring in
natural environment
The initial input power from renewable energy supplies therefore is outside our control; and matching supply and demand in the time
domain is a real challenge
Two ways to overcome this challenge are :
Either matching the load to the availability of renewable energy supply when it is available, or for constant load, hybridize it with an auxiliary energy supply system
Storing the energy for future use i.e. keeping it available when and where it is required
Trang 4 Regular deep cycling (as in consumer devices,
electric vehicle)
Standby use (normally kept at full charge so as to use in case of an emergency such as telephone
exchanges)
Starting, lighting and ignition (for road vehicles)
In all such operation battery is normally given full charge (adequate overcharge) after
discharging
Trang 5 Limited (variable)amount of charging energy
available from PV array
Therefore no guarantee that battery will be fully charged at the end of the day
Normally shallow cycle operation
Autonomy reserve for certain days is generally specified
Even in specifying autonomy, there is certain charge left in the battery (~20%)
Trang 6Main functions of a battery in PV systems
To act as buffer store to eliminate the mismatch between available PV power and power demand (USUALLY IN GRID INTERACTIVE
POWERPLANTS OR WITH AUXILIARY
POWER SOURCE WITH SMART INVERTERS)
To provide a reserve of energy (system autonomy particularly in stand alone systems)
To provide stable voltage to the load
Trang 7 Storage capacity: not fixed, depends on discharge rate and temperature
Never try to extract full capacity (DOD)(restrict upto 80%)
More daily DOD, less cycle life
Battery voltage during charging depends on amount
of current being fed, higher the charging current,
faster will be the voltage gain, but does not mean that all the current is absorbed
Temperature dependence of cycle life
In general, longer life of battery in PV system means
a more expensive battery, as higher capacity, proper charge regulator and temperature compensation are required.
Trang 8 Normally measured in amperehour (Ah)
Defined as the maximum Ah a fully charged battery can deliver under certain specified conditions:
The end voltage
The discharge current (rate) at which the discharge is carried out
The battery temperature
Trang 9 Amount of energy stored is measured in watthours (Wh). Energy efficiency of a battery =
Energy in watt hours discharged _
Energy in Wh required for complete recharge
Battery capacity is measured in amperehour (Ah). The charge
efficiency or Ah efficiency is=
Ah discharged
Ah required for complete recharge
Ah efficiency less than one means more charge is to be pumped than the charge delivered by the battery. This has side effect in the form
of oxygen formation in +ve plate and hydrogen in –ve.
Trang 10 Depth of discharge (DOD) : fraction or percentage of the capacity removed from fully charged battery w.r.t. nominal capacity
State of charge (SOC): fraction or percentage of the capacity still available during/after discharge w.r.t. nominal capacity
Trang 11 Loss of charge of a battery if left at open circuit for appreciable time
Quoted as a percentage of capacity lost per
month at a specified temperature when starting with a fully charged battery
Normally doubles for each 100C rise in battery temperature
Trang 12 Cycling describes the repeated discharging and recharging process that a battery undergoes in service
Cycle life is a measure of number of cycle a battery can deliver over its useful life
Quoted as number of discharge cycle to a specified DOD that a battery can deliver before its capacity is reduced to certain fraction (normally 80%) of the initial capacity
Higher the DOD lower will be cycle life
Trang 13INDICATIVE CYCLE LIFE FOR DIFFERENT DOD
A BATTERY STATED TO GIVE 1000 CYCLE AT 80% DAILY DOD MAY HAVE PREDICTED LIFE AS FOLLOWS (THOUGH THIS IS TOTALLY UNBELIEVABLE FOR VERY SHALLOW CYCLING DUE TO CERTAIN OTHER REASONS:
Trang 14Factors affecting the battery life and performance in PV systems
Manufacturing faults: choose a reliable and
trustworthy manufacturer
User abuse: providing documentation, proper supervision, or training for commissioning
Trang 15 Ensuring full charge (at least periodically)
Restricting to specified DOD
Providing as rapid a recharge as possible after deep discharge
Trang 16Controlling factors to the maximum service from battery
Cycle life: a misleading notion
Grid corrosion: highly temperature dependent (doubles for every 100C increase in temperature
in the case of lead acid battery)
Additional factors in sealed battery
Water or acid loss due to less than 100%
recombination of oxygen resulting venting out of gas
• Positive grid corrosion
• Water vapour loss through case
Negative capacity loss: a chemical process rather than electrochemical process
Trang 17 Looking at the factors explained so far, need to have quality product
For assuring quality, need to have parameters to measure that
For that proper specifications/standards are
necessary,which may cater requirement of all the three types of lead acid batteries i.e.
standards and than choosing the best from each standards to suit us
Trang 18 Circulated these to all the battery and PV
industries for their comments including SESI
Received comments were incorporated in the
draft now here for discussion and suggestions to enable freeze the standards by the end of this
workshop with the recommendation that the
draft be adopted by BIS for batteties for PV
application by giveiong suitable BIS number
Recommendation about developing more test labs with capacity to undertake third party testing as per these specifications
Trang 19 Thankyou
Trang 21systems
Lead Acid: very prominently used
NickleCadmium
Nickle metal hydride
Rechargeable lithium of various
types
Trang 22 On removing the charging source, a voltage of
about two volts is shown by a sensitive voltmeter across the two plates called electrodes
Trang 23 A battery formed this way has no practical value because of low surface area of the strip to
accumulate sufficient ‘active material’ i.e. brown lead peroxide of the positive plate and metallic
‘sponge’ lead of the negative
Trang 24 The increase in effective area of plates for achieving greater and greater capacity for industrial use is one of the requirements for useful design of the battery.
This can be accomplished by:
Casting plates with complex ridges or
grooves
Mechanically furrowed to obtain greater surface
Separate corrugated lead ribbons are
rolled into spiral buttons and inserted
in lead alloy frames.
Trang 25 Type of plate affects the characteristics and performance of battery.
All types have lead di oxide (PbO2)in the positive plate
applied during manufacture and porous sponge lead (Pb)
on negative plate.
The positive plates are welded to form a plate group and negative plates are assembled in the same manner.
The plates of different polarity are insulated from each
other by separators.
The complete plate group assembly is immersed in dilute sulphuric acid in a container.
Thus an electrochemical couple of two different plates or electrodes (PbO2 and Pb) in an acid electrolyte (H2SO4) are all that is required to make a rechargeable, or storage
battery.
Trang 28Classification of battery according to +ve plate type
Flat plate type: different type of grid structure
Tubular plate type
ve Plate is always flat plate of sponge lead
Trang 29Classification of battery as per electrolyte type
Flooded
Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery
Trang 30 Starter, lighting and ignition (SLI)
Float operation
Cyclic
Trang 31Charge-discharge curve of a VRLA battery C/20 rating
Trang 32
Sulphation
Sedimentation
Stratification
Trang 33 Facility available: life cycle network, reserve
capacity network, temperature cycling
Presently manufacturers can avail the facility to get their product evaluated for its capacity,
charge and energy efficiencies, reserve capacity, high rate discharge, temperature effect on their product, cycle life etc
Facility is being upgraded to evaluate batteries
as per IEC, BIS and JIS specifications
Trang 34 Design development of suitable batteries for PV applications with CECRI
Trang 35THANK YOU