Usage Cách dùng : * Diễn tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian thường đi kèm với các từ just , recently = lately, not ... Làm tính từ → mang nghĩa chủ động act
Trang 1-Cách xem nhanh tài liệu: Rê chuột đến phần cần xem: -giữ phím Ctrl đồng thời click trái chuột -Muốn về mục lục dùng tổ hợp: click-home -Lưu ý: không được chỉnh các tiêu đề.Nếu thay đổi tiêu đề thì phải làm lại đường dẫn mới liên kết được.
18 The comparison of adjectives and adverbs 80
Trang 212 Key-Enough/ Too to inf - Used to – be (get) used to
Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books
/ iz / Khi đi sau một phụ âm rít : /z/, /s/, /dz/, / t∫/, / ∫ /, /z/ Hoặc các chữ cái: s, x, z, ch,
sh, ce, ge
Ex: washes , kisses , oranges…
/// z / Không thuộc hai loại trên Ex: bags , kids , days …
Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ:
- Chữ s đọc /z /sau các từ :bu s y, plea s e, ea s y, pre s ent, de s ire, mu s ic, plea s ant, de s ert, choo s e, rea s on, pre s erve, poi s on
-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ s ugar, s ure
Exercise
Trang 3
CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tensen và Past participle:
1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided
2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫, h ,θ/ hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :.Ex: asked; stopped;
laughed
3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : Ex: moved; played; raised
Ngọai lệ: Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked,,
Exercise
BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC :
2 A breakfast B teacher C east D please
3 A thrilling B other C through D something
4 A idea B going C will D trip
6 A Germany B garden C gate D gas
7 A scholarship B Christ C school D chicken
9 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat
11 A choir B cheap C child D chair
12 A charge B child C teacher D champagne
14 A motion B question C mention D fiction
16 A change B children C machine D church
17 A write B writer C writing D written
18 A share B rare C are D declare
19 A apply B university C identity D early
20 A choice B achieve C each D chemistry
2 2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm
1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố(prefix) và hậu tố (suffix)
ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather
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Trang 4* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway
Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc
V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement
V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự chống
cự)
V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) => em'ployer( chủ lao
động)
V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor
V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin)
V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval
V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( sự giao hàng)
V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu kiện)
V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standingadj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay đắng)
2/ Nĩi chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/
* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get ,
de'sign , en'joy
3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì
Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2
Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1
EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse
* Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)
4/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes ) sau đây một vần : -ION, -IC, -IAL , -ICAL,
-UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY
EX : ' vision, uni ' versity, phy ' sician, li ' brarian, Ca ' nadian, Au ' stralian, ex ' perience, im ' patience,
edu ' cation, a ' bility, elec ' tricity, bi ' ology, psy ' chology, Au ' stralia, ' Austria, ' Asia, ge ' ography,
pho ' tography, e ' ssential, ha ' bitual, me ' chanical, mathe ' matical, po ' litical, de ' licious, pho ' netics,
scien ' tific, ge ' ometry, a 'stronomy
Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television
5) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -AIRE, -SELF,
-ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese,
employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon
*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…
Exercise
1 a pollute b contractual c rejectd marvellous
20 A attention B interesting C influence D television
Trang 5- Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên.
Ex : The Earth goes round the sun - He is a doctor
- Tom comes from England
- Diễn tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại ( always, often, usually, sometimes, now
and then, seldom, rarely, never, every ) dùng để nhận biết.
Ex : He often goes to class late / My mother gets up early every morning
Note : Thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch.
2 The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
a Form : - Khẳng định : S + am / is / are + V –ing
- Phủ định : S + am / is / are ( not ) + V -ing
- Nghi vấn : Are / Is + S + V-ing … ?
Ex: We are studying English now
b Usage ( Cách dùng) :
- Diễn tả một hành động đang tiếp diễn ở thời điểm nói ( ở hiện tại)
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time, at the moment, Ra
lệnh ( Look ! Listen ! ) Ex : - She is listening to his teacher now
- Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai ( có kế hoạch từ trước)
Ex : She is getting married next year.
Note :* Be going to +Vo dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó đã xuất hiện
hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước
Ex
: The grey dark appears It is going to rain
3 The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hòan thành)
a Form : - Khẳng định : S + has / have + V3 , ed
- Phủ định : S + has / have ( not ) V3 , ed
- Nghi vấn : Has / Have + S + V3 , ed?
b Usage (Cách dùng ) :
* Diễn tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian (thường đi kèm với các từ just , recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady )
Ex : We haven’t finished our homework yet
* Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại có khả năng tiếp tục ở tương lai (thường đi
với các từ since , for)
Ex : - They have lived here for ten years
* Ngòai ra còn có một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian như : so far = until now = up to now ,how long ? It is the first / second / third … time, twice / many / three… times.
Note : For ( many, several, 2, 3 / + times, years, months or a long time = ages ) # since ( last
week )
4 The Simple Past (Thì quá khứ đơn )
a Form : - Khẳng định : S + V2, ed … ( To be : was / were )
- Phủ định : S + did not Vo …
- Nghi vấn : Did + S + Vo … ?
b Usage : Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra, chấm dứt trong quá khứ ( đôi khi biết rõ thời gian ) thường
có các từ đi kèm : yesterday ,ago , last ( week /night … ) , in 1990 ( thời gian ở quá khứ )
5 The Past Continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn )
a Form : S + was / were + V - ing
Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday.
b Usage :
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ
Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?
- Diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định ở quá khứ hoặc 1 hành động đang xảy ra ( hành động này kéo dài hơn ) thì có hành động khác xen vào
Ex: a What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?
Study, study more, study forever ! page 5 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 6b We were watching television when he came
- Diễn tả 2 hành động đang xảy ra cùng lúc ở quá khứ
Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thời gian ở quá khứ
( yesterday, last )
Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday.
6 The Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hòan thành )
a Form : S + had V3 , ed
b Usage : Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ hoặc trước 1 thời
điểm ở quá khứ
Ex : When I got up this morning , my mother had already left
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : before , after
7 The simple future : (Thì tương lai đơn )
a Form : S + shall / will Vo
b Usage : Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai : tomorrow , next ( week / month ) … , in 2010
8 The Perfect Future : ( Tương lai hòan thành )
Form S + will have V 3,ed
Dấu hiệu nhận biết : By the end of …
Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a new bike.
Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if ……… không dùng thì tương
lai mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn
Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week.
EXERCISES: I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1 She (not work)………., she (swim) ……….in the river.
2 Why Ann (not wear) ……… her new dress?
3 You can't see Tom now: he (have) ……… a bath.
4 He usually (drink) ……… coffee but today he (drink) ……… tea.
5 – What she (do) ………… in the evenings?
– She usually (play) ………cards or (watch)……… TV.
6 She (stand) … at the bus stop I asked her what bus she (wait) …… for.
7 When I arrived , the lecture had already started and the professor (write) ……… on the overhead
projector
8 I didn't want to meet Paul , so when he entered the room I (leave) ……….
9 He (watch) ……… TV when the phone rang Very unwillingly he (turn) ………… down the sound and (go) ……… to answer it.
10 – This is my house
– How long you (live)……… here?
– I (live) ………here since 1970.
11 He (live) …… in London for two years and then (go) … to Edinburgh.
12 I (not see) ……… him for three years I wonder where he is.
13 I can't go out because I (not finish) ……… my work.
14 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) ……… them.
15 You (have) …… breakfast yet? – Yes, I (have) ……… it at 8.00.
16 – You (be) ……… here before?
– Yes, I (spend) ……… my holidays here last year
– You (have) ……… a good time?
– No, it never (stop) ……… raining.
17 – Where you (go) …… for your holidays this year? – I (go)… to Holland.
18 They (get) ……… married next week.
19 – You (do) … anything tonight? – Yes, I (go) … to my carpentry class.
20 It (rain)……… Look at those clouds.
21 You (have) ……… time to help me tomorrow?
22 – Did you remember to book seats? – Oh no, I forgot I (telephone) ……… for them now.
23 – He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg
– I'm sorry to hear that I (send) ……… him some grapes.
24 I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) ……… to type.
Trang 725 I see that you have got a loom You (do) ………… some weaving?
II Multiple choices
1 She Hanoi last year
A went B go C goes D is going
2 Now you from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours
A are flying B would fly C will fly D can fly
3 When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television
A was calling- watched B called- have watched
C called- was watching D had called- watched
4 By the time next summer, you your studies
5 Right now, Jim the newspaper and Kathy dinner
A reads- has cooked B is reading- is cooking
C has read- was cooking D read- will be cooking
6 Last night at this time, they the same thing She and he the newspaper
A are doing- is cooking- is reading B were doing- was cooking- was reading
C was doing- has cooked- is reading D had done- was cooking- read
7 – Hurry up! We’re waiting for you What’s taking you so long? – I ……… for an important phone
call Go ahead and leave without me
a wait b will wait c am waiting d have waited
8 – Robert is going to be famous someday He ……… in three movies already – I’m sure he’ll be a
star
a has been appearing b has appeared c had appeared d appeared
9 – Hello? Alice? This is Jeff How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I ………… about you when the
phone rang
c have just been thinking d was just thought
10 – What …… about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one.
11 – Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?
– I ……… a delicious dessert for dinner tonight
a make b will make c am going to make d will have made
12 – Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I …… my keys.
13 While I ……… TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.
14 The earth ……… on the sun for its heat and light.
a is depend b depending c has depend d depends
15 I don’t feel good I ……… home from work tomorrow.
a am staying b stay c will have stayed d stayed
16 I’ve been in this city for a long time I ……… here sixteen years ago.
a have come b was coming c came d had come
17 – May I speak to Dr Paine, please?
– I’m sorry, he ………… a patient at the moment Can I help you?
a is seeing b sees c has been seeing d was seeing
18 – Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes …… for at least 30 minutes.
a are boiling b have been boiling c boiling d were boiling
19 My family loves this house It ……….the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years
ago
20 I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind By the time you’re an adult, you
……… all about it
a forget b will have forgotten c will forget d forgot
21 The little girl started to cry She ……… her doll, and no one was able to find it for her.
Study, study more, study forever ! page 7 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 822 I much of you lately We three months ago
A haven’t seen- last meet B didn’t see- met
C haven’t seen- have meet D didn’t see- have met
23 The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy
C made- had brought D had been making- brought
24 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the audience
A just finished- were clapping B had just finished- had clapped
C had just finished- were clapping D just finished- had clapped
25 He his job last month and then he out of work
26 Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached She ……… at the computer for five straight hours
Finally, she took a break
a is sitting b has been sitting c was sitting d had been sitting
27 In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable
A become B has become C became D will became
28.In the 19th century, it two or three months to across North America by covered wagon
A took B had taken C had been taken D was taking
29 Sam to change a light bulb when he and
A was trying -slipped- fell B tried- was slipping- falling
C had been trying- slipped- was falling D has tried- slips- falls
30. In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years
A was- have changed B is- change
C had been- will change D has been- changed
( chức năng như tính từ hay dùng trong thì tiếp diễn) + Gerund Danh động từ:(Vo+ing)
(chức năng như danh từ hoặc động từ) > V4
* Động từ chia theo ý nghĩa có động từ đặc biệt và động từ thường, chia theo dạng có 3 dạng chính như sau:
Bare infinitive (V 0 ) Infinitive :
To infinitive (V 1 ) Gerund (V 0 + ing )
Past Participle → Vo ed/V 3 ( V 3 ) Participle :
Present Participle - Vo + ing(V 4 )
I Bare infinitive : (bare) động từ nguyên mẫu khơng to
1 Sau modal verb ( động từ khiếm khuyết )
2 Sau auxilary verb : do, does, did
3 Sau make, let, help ( sau help có thể có To inf )
Passive voice → dùng to inf theo sau Trừ let
4 Sau động từ chỉ giác quan:(verbs of perception ) : see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice …
Vo ( bare ) → hành động đã xong
S + V + object
Trang 9Vo ( ing ) → hành động đang diễn ra
5 Sau had better ( tốt hơn ) would rather ( thà thì hơn ), had sooner
6 Sau thành ngữ : to do nothing but + Vo ( bare ) : không làm gì cả mà chỉ
Can not but + Vo(bare): không còn cách nào khác
7 Causative form (Thể sai khiến):
S + have + object ( chỉ người ) + Vo (bare)
8 Simple present tense : I, you, we, they +Vo (bare)
9 Bắt đầu câu mệnh lệnh: ( imprative )
II To infinitive (V1) động từ nguyên mẫu cĩ To)
1 Làm subject → V(sing) (review formal subject)
2 Làm object of verb : S + V + to inf (as an object )
3 Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ ( object complement ) ;
S + V + obj + to infinitive
4 Làm adjective → rút gọn adjective clause ( relative clause ) đứng sau danh từ → review how to
reduce relative clause
5 Làm adverb ⇒ rút gọn : adverbbial clause of result : đứng sau adj
Rút gọn: adverbial clause of purpose: chỉ mục đích
5a Rút gọn clause of result theo công thức sau ( phrase of result )
S + V + too adj/adv ( for object )+ to inf
S + V + adj/adv enough (for object )+to inf
5b Rút gọn : clause of purpose theo mẫu sau ( phrase of purpose )
to inf
S + V + in order for object to inf
so as to inf
6 It + take+ (object) + time + to inf
7 Causative form: S+ get + object ( chỉ người ) + to inf
8 Sau một số động từ sau đây:
8.a Những động từ sau đây, theo sau là to infinitive : S + V + to inf
8 care : quan tâm
9 claim : cho là, tuyên bố
30 regret : tiếc ( tương lai )
31 remember : nhớ (tương lai )
32 seem : dường như
33 struggle : đấu tranh, cố gắng
34 swear : thề
35 threaten : dọa
36 tend : có khuynh hướng
37 volunteer : tình nguyện, xung phong
Trang 1038 desire : ao ước, thèm thuồng
39 direct : hướng dẫn, chỉ huy
40 implore : yêu cầu
41 provoke : xúi giục
42 Teach, explain, know, understand, discover,
consider, think, believe + how + to inf :Chỉ cách thức
III Gerund : Danh động từ
A Gerund as a noun ( subj , obj, complement & appositive)
1 Làm chủ ngữ → V(sing) → ( real subject & informal subject )
2 Làm tân ngữ
Object of verb : S + V + V- ing ( gerund )
Object of preposition → sau preposition + V-ing
3 Làm subject complement:
Ex: My hobby is swimming ( gerund )
4 Làm appositive (ngữ đồng vị )
Ex: My hobby, swimming makes me healthy
5 Đứng sau thành ngữ : it is no use, it is no good :
there is no use, there is no good: vô íchcan’t stand / bear / help : không thể chịu được
6 Sau hai tính từ : busy, worth
7 Thành lập noun compound ( danh từ kép )
N + gerund →child bearing
Gerund + N → flying machine
B Gerund as a verb : có object hoặc được bổ nghĩa bởi một trạng từ
1 admit : thừa nhận
2 advise : khuyên ( không object )
3 anticipate : tham gia
4 appreciate : đánh giá cao
19 fancy : tưởng tượng
20 imagine : tưởng tượng
33 recall : gợi lại, nhớ lại
34 recollect : gợi lại
Trang 1121 involve : làm liên lụy
22 include : bao gồm
23 keep : tiếp tục
24 love : ( hoặc To inf)
25 like : thích
46 restrict : hạn chế, giảm bớt, ngăn ngừa
* can’t bear, can’t stand, can’t help
* it is no use, it is no good, there is no use
* look forward to
* busy, worth
IV Past participle : qúa khứ phân từ – VoED/V 3
1 Thêm trợ từ have+Vo-ED/V3 ( past participle )→ perfect tense
2.Thêm trợ từ Be +VoED/V3(past participle)→ passive voice
3 Làm chức năng như adjective ⇒ passive meaning ⇒ cĩ thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ
( adjective clause or relative clause )
+ Có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian
+ Có thể rút gọn câu khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động
4 Thành lập adjective compound: tính từ kép
Adj + V ( PP – VoED/V3 ) → new – born
6 Thêm “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp → V(plural )
educated(adj)→ the educated:những người có giáo dục
7 Thành lập causative form : thể truyền khuyến
S +have/get +object (chỉ vật)+ V ( PP – Vo ED/V3 )
V Present participle ( Vo + ing) hiện tại phân từ.
1 Thêm trợ từ Be + Vo-ing để thành lập thì continuous tense
2 Làm tính từ → mang nghĩa chủ động ( active meaning )
→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ ( adjective clause or relative clause )
→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhượng bộ, lý do và điều kiện
→ một chủ ngữ thực hiện 2 hành động có thể dùng present participle để rút gọn
3 Thêm mạo từ “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp :
Ex: to live → the living : những người đang sống
4 Thành lập tính từ kép ( adjective compound )
Adj Vo + ing → good – loking
VI Vo + ing or to infinitive
1 Recommend, begin, start, continue + To inf /Vo – ing
2 Forget, remember, regret: +to inf → chỉ tương lai
+Vo – ing → chỉ quá khứ
3 Stop to infinitive → ngừng việc đang làm để làm việc khác
Vo – ing : → ngừng việc đang làm
4 Try to infinitive : cố gắng
Vo – ing : thử
5 Need, want, require
Vo+ ing : mang nghĩa bị động (need: tobe + V (PP)
6 Would you mind + Vo- ing?
Would you mind if + S + past Subjunctive …?
7 Advise, allow, permit obj + to infi
Trang 12I Put the verbs in brackets into the corr e ct form (gerund , infinitive, participle).
1. I caught him (climb) _ over my wall I asked him (explain) _ but he refused (say) _ anything, so in the end I had (let) _ him (go) _
2. When at last I succeeded in (convince) _ him that I wanted (get) _ home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) _ forward
3. I'm not used to (drive) _on the left
When you see everyone else (do) it you'll find it quite easy (do) _yourself
4. It is pleasant (sit) _by the fire at night and (hear) _the wind (howl) _outside
5. There was no way of (get) _out of the building except by (climb) _down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) _this
6. We heard the engines (roar) _as the plane began (move) _ and we saw the people on the ground (wave) _good-bye
7. It's no good (write) _ to him; he never answers letters The only thing (do) _ is (go) _ and (see) _him
8. Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) _ across it?
I didn't like (cross) _it because of the bull I never see a bull without (think) _that it wants (chase) _ me
9. The people in the flat below seem (be) _ having a party You can hear the champagne corks (thud) _ against their ceiling
10 I don't like (get) _bills but when I do get them I like (pay) _them promptly.
11 Ask him (come) _in Don't keep him (stand) _at the door.
12 The boys next door used (like) _(make) _ and (fly) _ model aero planes, but they seem to
have stopped (do) _ that now
13 I knew I wasn't the first (arrive) _, for I saw smoke (rise) _from the chimney.
14 We watched the men (saw) _the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) _with a
tremendous crash
15 I hate (see) _a child (cry) _.
16 We watched the children (jump) _from a window and (fall) _into a blanket held by the people
below
17 It is very unpleasant (wake) _ up and (hear) _ the rain (beat) _on the windows.
18 He saw the lorry (begin) _ (roll) _ forwards but he was too far away (do) _ anything
(stop) _it
19 There are people who can't help (laugh) _when they see someone (slip) _on a banana skin.
20 I prefer (drive) _ to (be driven) _.
II Multiple choices
1 All the passengers were made their seat belts during the turbulence
2 good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream.
3 I got my friend her car for the weekend
4 How can you let such a silly incident your friendship?
5 ‘How about going to the theater?' 'OK,' but I would rather a concert.'
a attend b to attend c attending d have attended
6 The skiers would rather through the mountains than go by bus
a to travel on train b traveled by train
7 If we leave now for our trip, we can drive half the distance before we stop _ lunch
a having b to have c having had d for having
8 The examiner made us _ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center
9 As we entered the room, we saw a rat towards a hole in the skirting board
a scamper b to scamper c scampering d was scampering
Trang 1310 I remember to Paris when I was a very small child.
a to be taken b to take c being taken d taking
11 My parents wouldn't _ to the party
a allow me go b allow me to go c allow me going d allow to go
12 We are going to have my house _ tomorrow morning
13 We hope that the students themselves will enjoy part in the projects
a to take b taking c to be taken d being taken
14 Sally's low test scores kept her from _ to the university
a admitting b to admit c to be admitted d being admitted
15 Are you sure you told me about the party? I don't recall _ about it.
a having told b to have told c having been told d to have been told
16 I meant to get up early but I forgot _ up my alarm clock
17 Look at the state of the gate It needs as soon as possible
a to repair b repairing c being repaired d be repaired
18 Alice didn't expect to Bill's party
a asking b being asked c to ask d to be asked
19 We asked the piano so early in the morning, but she won't
a Marie to stop playing b Marie stop to play
c that Marie stops playing d Marie to stop to play
20 A good teacher makes her students the world from new perspectives
a to view b view c to be viewed d viewing
3 3 Passive voice Passive voice
I Form:
Active: S + V + O + ……
Passive: S + be + V3/ed + (by O) + ……
Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.
S V O
Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend
S be V3/ed by O
II CÁCH ĐỔI ACTIVE VOICE SANG PASSIVE VOICE
Ex: Active sentence: Peter took this book yesterday
Passive sentence: This book was taken by Peter yesterday
Trong câu chủ động:
- Peter → Subj ; took → động từ chính (Past simple)
- this book → Obj; yesterday → trạng từ chỉ thời gian
Trong câu bi động:
- Obj ( this book) → Subj ; Subj ( Peter) →by Obj
- took (động từ chính) → taken (V3 / VoED - Past participle)
- thêm was vì động từ chính (took) đang chia thì Past simple
A Tổng quát:
Study, study more, study forever ! page 13 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 14Active sentence: Subj + V + Obj
Passive sentence: Subj + BE + V3 / VoED(động từ chính) + by Obj
1- Chuyển: Obj -> Subj; Subj > by Obj (Có thể bỏ nếu by Obj không cần thiết)
2-Thêm BE và chia thì tương ứng với thì câu chủ động
Nghĩa là: Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “ To Be” phải chia ở thì đó ) Như vậy: trong câu bị động
“ To Be” có vai trò chia thì, Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động (không chia thì)
3- Chuyển động từ chính sang -> V3 hoặc Vo ED
- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là danh từ chỉ vật liệu, dụng cụ -> câu bị động thay by bằng with + Obj
Ex: Moss is covering this wall -> This wall is being covered with moss
- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là: nothing, no one, nobody -> câu bị động bỏ by Obj và ở thể phủ định Ex: No one helps me -> I am not helped.
3 Chuyển động từ chính sang -> V3 hoặc Vo ED
(Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động-không chia thì)
4 Thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động (Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì To
be phải chia ở thì đó )
5 Giữ lại động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verb) trong câu bị động nếu có.
Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to,
Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should + Vo + object
→Passive: S + will/would, shall/should + be + V3 / Vo ED (+ by object).
Ex: Police will destroy these drugs → These drugs will be destroyed by police.
6 Đặt trạng từ chỉ thể cách (adj + ly) trước Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có
Ex: People use English widely → English is widely used
7 Giữ nguyên giới từ sau Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có
8 Đặt trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn trước BY, trạng từ chỉ thời gian sau BY nếu có Place + by Obj + Time
Ex: Mr Pike built this school in my village last year.
→ This school was built in my village by Mr Pike last year
9 Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) as an Adjective, do đó động từ theo sau hầu hết là To infinitive
Ex: She makes me cry → I am made to cry
III NHỮNG TRƯỜNG HỢP PASSIVE VOICE ĐẶC BIỆT
1-Causative form(thể truyền khuyến):
a/Active voice: -S + Have + Obj(chỉ người) + Vo
Ex: I have him repair my bicycle.
-S + Get + Obj (chỉ người) + to infi
Ex: I get him to repair my bicycle.
b/Passive voice: -S + Have/Get + Obj (chỉ vật) + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: I have/get my bicycle repaired by him.
2 Sau những động từ chỉ ý kiến (verb of opinion): say, think , believe, report, rumour, know, consider,
claim
Active: S1+ verb1 ( say/ believe/ think ) (that) +S2+ verb2
Passive:
Cách 1: It + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + S2 + verb 2
Cách 2: S2 + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + to-infinitive (verb 2) /
to have + V3 / Vo ED (verb 2) nếu V1 khác thì V2
Ex: People say that he was crazy
→ Cách 1: It is said that he was crazy or
Trang 15→ Cách 2: He is said to have been crazy.( to have been vì say và was khác thì) .
Ex: People say that money brings happiness
→ Cách 1: It is said that money brings happiness
→ Cách 2: Money is said to bring happiness.( Dùng to bring vì say và bring cùng thì)
3 Sau những động từ chỉ giác quan(verb of perception): see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice, make,
help, bid
Ex: I hear him come in -> He is heard to come in (nếu câu chủ động là coming thì giữ nguyên trong câu
bị động)
4 Imperative(câu mệnh lệnh):
Ex: a Open the door -> Let the door be opened
b They let him go out -> He was allowed to go out / He was let to go out
5 Sau những động từ: like, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, hope.
Ex: He wants KHA to take photographs→ He wants photographs to be taken by KHA
Ex: He does not like people laughing at him > He does not like being laughed at.
6 Các động từ: advise, agree, insist, arrange, suggest, propose, recommend, determine, decide, demand, beg,urge, order, request
Ex: He advised me to accept this job
→ Cách 1: He advised me this job should be accepted
→ Cách 2: I was advised to accept this job
7- Need + to be + V3 / Vo ED = Need + Voing
Ex: Your shirt needs to be ironed / Your shirt needs ironing.
8- It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: - It is important to finish this exercise
=>It is important for this exercise to be finished
- It is necessary to copy this lesson
=> It is necessary for this lesson to be copied
- It is time to feed the chicken => It is time for the chicken to be fed
9- Các trường hợp khác:
Ex Please enter this way -> You are requested to enter this way.
Dưới đây là vài ví dụ về cách thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động
a.The simple present: S + Vo/Ve/es → S + am/is/are/ +V3 / Vo ED
Ex: She cleans the floor everyday → Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday.
b.The present continuous: S + am/ is/ are + Vo + ing
→ S + am/ is/ are + being + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: Mr.Baker is repairing the car →Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker
c.The present perfect: S+ has/have + V3 / Vo ED
→ S+ has/have + been + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: Someone has stolen the bicycles → Passive: The bicycles have been stolen
d.The simple past: S + Vo ED/ V2 → S + was/ were + V3 / Vo ED.
Ex: Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)
→Passive: Where were the drugs found ?
e.The past continuous: (S + was/ were + V-ing )
→ S + was / were + being + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: They were preparing lunch when I came there yesterday
→ Lunch was being prepared when I came there yesterday
f The past perfect: S+ had + V3 / Vo ED → S+ had been + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm
→ Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m
g- Who + V + object ? Passive: - By whom ? - Who by ?
Ex: Who wrote this novel ?
→ Passive: - By whom was this novel written ?
Study, study more, study forever ! page 15 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 16hoặc: Who was this novel written by ?
Exercise 1: Passive and Active voice
1 People drink a great deal of tea in England.
2 Tom was writing two poems.
3 She often takes her dog for a walk.
4 People speak English all over the world.
5 A group of students have met their friends at the railway station.
6 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
7 The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
8 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
9 This well-known library attracts many people.
10 My mother used to make us clean the house.
11 He likes people to call him “Sir”.
12 They are going to have someone repair their car
13 People say that he is intelligent.
14 He can’t repair my bike.
15 Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
16 Mr Smith has taught us French for 2 years.
17 They didn’t look after the children properly.
18 Nobody swept this street last week.
19 How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
20 You need to do this work.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences in the passive:
1 They will construct some new airports on islands
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive
1 Chris has good news The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer)
……… her a job soon
2 Good news! I (may + offer) ……… a job soon I had an interview at an
engineering firm yesterday
3 You (should + open) ……… the wine about three hours before you use it
4 You (mustn’t + move) ……… this man; he is too ill He (will + have to + leave)
……… here
5 You (must + take) ……… those books back to the library yesterday
6 We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) ………
7 You (must + keep) ……… meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil
Trang 178 I (had better + wash) ……… my clothes today, or they will be very smelly.
9 Someone (should + tell) ……… James the news immediately
10 This application (be supposed to + send) ………… to the personnel department soon
Exercise 4: Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.
1 I shouldn’t ……… so much coffee last night I was wide awake till four in the morning
2 The profits are supposed ……… among the shareholders
3 When you are on duty, your uniform must ……… at all times
4 You promised her a letter; you ought to ……… days ago
5 After the test papers ……… to the students in class tomorrow, the students
……… their next assignment
A will return – will be given B will be returned – are given
C are returning – are giving D are returned – will be given
6 The class for next semester is too large It ought to ……… in half
A be divided B divide C have divided D have been divided
7 The entire valley can ……… from their mountain home
8 He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger He must………
A have been married B be married C marry D have married
9 A child should ……… everything he or she wants
10 Your daughter has a good voice Her interest in singing ……… encouraged
11 I found this book on my desk when I came to class It must …… by one of the students in earlier class
12 You had better ……….your chores before Mom gets home
A be finished B have finishedC have been finished D finish
13 These books will have to ……… to the library tomorrow
14 Ann’s birthday was on the 5th, and now it’s already the 8th Her birthday card … a week ago
C should have been sent D should have sent
15 You ……… me to Dr Gray We’ve already met
A don’t have to introduce B mustn’t be introduced
C shouldn’t introduce D mustn’t introduce
16 Bill ……….Ann to the party tomorrow
17 A new hospital ……….in this area
A are going to be built B builds C is going to be built D is going to build
18 Mike ……… What’s going on in his English class
19 Our test papers ……….by our teachers now
A are marking B are being marked C will mark D will be marked
20 ……….the birds in your garden at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?
A Did you feed B Were you fed C Were you being fed D Were you feeding
Exercise 5: Multiple choices
1 Many U.S automobiles - in Detroit, Michigan
2 I still can’t believe it! My bicycle - last night
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Trang 18C stolen D stole
3 Let’s go ahead and do it now Nothing - by waiting
A will be accomplished B accomplished
C has accomplished D accomplishes
4.” When -? “ - In 1928
A penicillin was discovered B did penicillin discovered
C was penicillin discovered D did penicillin discover
5 The rescuers - for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers
6 Vitamin C - by the human body It gets into the bloods stream quickly
A absorbs easily B is easily absorbing
C is easily absorbed D absorbed easily
7 Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters His paintings - masterpieces all over the world
8 We can’t go along here because the road is -
9 More than 50 films - in HCMC since June
10 George is - Lisa
11 Somebody cleans the room every day.
a The room every day is cleaned
b The room is every day cleaned
c The room is cleaned every day
d The room is cleaned by somebody every day
12 They cancelled all flights because of fog.
a All flights because of fog were cancelled
b All flights were cancelled because of fog
c All flights were because of fog cancelled
d All flights were cancelled by them because of fog
13 People don't use this road very often.
a This road is not used very often b Not very often this road is not used
c This road very often is not used d This road not very often is used
14 Somebody accused me of stealing money.
a I was accused by somebody of stealing money
b I was accused of stealing money
c I was accused of stealing money by somebody
d I was accused stealing money
15 How do people learn languages?
a How are languages learned? b How are languages learned by people?
c How languages are learned? d Languages are learned how?
16 People warned us not to go out alone.
a We were warned not going out alone
b We were warned not to go out alone by people
c We weren't warned to go out alone
d We were warned not to go out alone
17 Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
a The computer is being used at the moment
b The computer at the moment is being used
c The computer is being used by somebody at the moment
d The computer is used at the moment
Trang 1918 I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation.
a I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded
b I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded
c I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone
d Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded
19 We found that they had cancelled the game.
a We found that the fame had been cancelled
b The game had been cancelled
c We found that the game had been cancelled by them
d The game were found to be cancelled
20 They are building a new highway around the city.
a A new highway is being built around the city
b A new highway is being built around the city by them
c A new highway around the city is being built
d Around the city a new highway is being built
4.
4 Relative clauses Relative clauses
RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
A RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO,WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN
1 Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son
I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son
- The woman is standing over there She is my sister
The woman who is standing over there is my sister
b WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl
I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him
The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher
c WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company It makes cars
She works for a company which makes cars
- The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages
The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam This pleased his parents
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
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Trang 20Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale
e WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat Its leg was broken
John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken
- This is the student I borrowed his book
This is the student whose book I borrowed
f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
g Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast I talked to him last night.
The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast
- The house is for sale I was born in it.
The house in which I was born is for sale
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2 Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place
The movie theater is the place where we can see films
b WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day
Do you remember the day when we first met?
c WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason
Tell me the reason why you are so sad
CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I Restrictive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõnghĩa
Ex: - I saw the girl She helped us last week.
I saw the girl who/that helped us last week
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH hạn định
II Non-restritive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đimệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa
Trang 21- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old.
My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor
- Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him.
Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
- The sun made the traveller thirsty It was hot at midday
The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students They are making noise
The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1 The girl is my cousin She chatted with you yesterday
B REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
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Trang 221) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
The man who is standing there is my brother
The man standing there is my brother
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động
I like books which were written by Nguyen Du
I like books written by Nguyen Du
2) Dùng cụm to inf : ( Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
This is the only student to do the problem
-Động từ là HAVE
Ex: I have something that I must do now (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
I have something to do now
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read
We have some picture books for children to read
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone thì có thể không cần ghi ra
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat
We have a peg to hang our coat on
Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health
Football, a popular sport, is very good for health
Ex: Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
B
ước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT
B
ước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
1 Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3
2 Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which có các dấu hiệu first ,only v v không ,nếu cóthì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3 Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
1 The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with
………
2 I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with
Trang 23EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1 That’s my friend, _ comes from Japan
2 The plants which in the living room need a lot of water
3 She’s the woman _ sister looks after the baby for us
4 That’s the doctor for Cliff works
5 Marie, I met at the party, called me last night
6 I remember Alice, rode the bus to school with
7 I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic
8 Tell me about the city you grew up
9 Anna found the book that wanted at the bookshop
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Trang 2410 Please remember to take back to the library all the books _ are due this
week
11 He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
A He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12 Most of the classmates couldn't come He invited them to the birthday party
A Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come
C Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come
D Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come
13 What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14 The church is over 500 years old Our class visited it last summer.
A The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old
B The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old
C The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
D The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old
15 The song says about the love of two young stdents She is singing the song.
A The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents
B The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing
D The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it
Famous people
One evening, Mrs Alda asked her husband to take her
to a very expensive restaurant in the city, because a lot
of movie starts and other famous people ate there, and
she was curious to see some of them
Soon after Mr and Mrs Alda had ordered their meal, a
very attractive man and a woman came into the
restaurant and sat down at a table nearby They were
beautifully dressed, and Mrs Alda said to her husband,
“Look at those people, George! I’m sure I’ve seen their
pictures somewhere.”
The man and the woman gave their order to the waiter,
and when he brought Mr and Mrs Alda their soup,
Mrs Alda said to him,
“Who are those people? Do you know them?”
“Oh, they’re nobody famous,” he answered at once
“Really?” Mrs Alda asked with surprise “How do you know that?”
“Because they asked me who you were,” he answered
Những người nổi tiếngMột tối, bà Alda nói chồng đưa bà tới một nhà hàng rất sang trọng trong thành phố vì có nhiều minh tinh màn bạc cùng những nhân vật nổi tiếng đến ăn ở đó và bà tò
mò muốn trông thấy họ
Chẳng bao lâu sau khi ông bà Alda gọi thức ăn thì có một người đàn ông và một người đàn bà quyến rũ bước vào nhà hàng, họ ngồi xuống một bàn gần bàn của bà Alda Họ ăn mặc rất đẹp và bà Alda nói với chồng:
Trang 25-“Anh George, nhìn họ kìa! Em chắc đã thấy hình của
họ ở đâu đó rồi.”
Người đàn ông và người đàn bà kia kêu món ăn họ
muốn và khi anh hầu bàn đưa món súp cho ông bà
Alda, bà Alda hỏi anh:
-“Những người đó là ai thế? Anh có biết họ không?”
-“À, họ không phải là những người nổi tiếng đâu,” anh hầu bàn trả lời ngay
“Thật không? Làm sao anh biết được điều đó? Bà Alda ngạc nhiên hỏi
-“Vì họ cũng hỏi tôi xem ông bà là ai,” anh hầu bàn trả lời
supermarket siêu thị underachievement đạt dưới mức surface bề mặt
superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm overexpenditure chi tiêu quá
2) Hậu tố:
a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion -> N
addition sự thêm vào production sản xuất conservation sự bảo tồn
repetition sự lặp lại permission sự cho phép pollution sự ơ nhiễm
b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al -> N
employment việc làm attendance sự có mặt difference sự khác nhau
marriage sự kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội arrival sự đến
c) V + -er/-or/-ant/-ee/ -> N
employee người làm thuê interviewee người được phỏng vấn applicant người xin việc
d) N + -ist/-an/-ian/-ess -> N
actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học
e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship -> N
difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness sự hạnh phúc
capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư bản freedom sự tự do friendship tình bạn
3) THE + ADJ -> NOUN
the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young…
II- ĐỘNG TỪ:
1) Tiền tố:
a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V -> V
disagree khơng đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại
overcook nấu quá chín undersell bán rẻ hơn outweigh nặng hơn
b) en- + N/V/Adj -> V
enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu
2) Hậu tố:
Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy -> V
industrialize Công nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng ra originate bắt nguồn
III- TÍNH TỪ:
1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj -> Adj
irregular không có qui tắc illogical không hợp lý dishonest không trung thực
Study, study more, study forever ! page 25 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 262) Hậu tố:
a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ -> Adj
b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible -> Adj
attractive hấp dẫn acceptable có thể chấp nhận defensible có thể bảo vệ
eatable có thể ăn được active năng động comprehensible có thể hiểu
IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly -> Adv
Slowly một cách chậm chạp carefully một cách cẩn thận safely một cách an tòan
B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP:
1 a/ an/ the/ this/ that…
many/ some/ a lot of…
Ex: She is a beautiful girl
2 danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj)
4 Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) + ADJ
5 đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ
Ex: Your story is very interesting
7 Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức của người nói về người/việc gì đó
Ex: That film is interesting (Bộ phim đó hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy bộ phim hay.)
Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác của người nói do người/việc gì đó đem lại
Ex: I am confused about the question (Tôi bị bối rối về câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm tôi bối rối.)
8 Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ
Ex: She drives carefully
LƯU Ý:
- fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (trễ), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ
Ex: Jack is a very fast runner Jack can run very fast
- Phân biệt: late (trễ) lately (gần đây) (= recently)
hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu như không)
- Một số tính từ tận cùng –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động),
- Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ và modals
Ex: She doesn’t often go with him He can seldom find time for reading
Exercise: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
1 Your new dress makes you more _ (beauty)
2 You should do these exercises _ (quick)
3 The industrial will lead to the country’s prosperity (develop)
4 Some large cities have had measures to minimize air (pollute)
5 I will come to the party because I accept the _ (invite)
6 The _ of the Hollywood actor, Jimmy Halton, was announced last night (die)
7 This company offered a lot of jobs (attract)
8 We often go to the theater at weekends for (entertain)
9 He is a famous……… (act)
Trang 2710 You must the answer you choose (dark)
11 We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English (difficult)
12 I felt very ………… ……… when I was a member of our school team (excite)
13 He speaks English (fluency)
14 We are very proud of our……… ……… (friend)
15 He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… (health)
16 Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad (ill)
17 News on TV is very (inform)
18 What is his ? (nation)
19 Everybody loves beauty (nature)
20 It is cloudy and today (rain)
Multiple choice
1 He has been very interested in doing research on _ since he was at high school
a biology b biological c biologist d biologically
2 You are old enough to take _ for what you have done
a responsible b responsibility c responsibly d irresponsible
3 Many Vietnamese people their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation
a sacrifice b sacrificed c sacrificial d sacrificially
4 They had a candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage
a romance b romantic c romantically d romanticize
5 She sent me a _ letter thanking me for my invitation
a polite b politely c politeness d impoliteness
6 As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency
7 He was the only _ that was offered the job
8 Many people have objected to the use of animals in _ experiments
a science b scientist c scientific d scientifically
9 _ is increasing, which results from economic crisis
a Employment b Unemployment c Employ d Unemployed
10 _! I have heard of your success in the new project
a Congratulate b Congratulating c Congratulation d Congratulations
11 A / an _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct
a dangerous b endanger c endangered d endangerment
12 Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with
13 They are going to _ the pool to 1.8 meter
14 The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _
a penalty b penalize c penal d penalization
15 The referee's _ is the most important in any sport competition
16 Johnny used to be one of the most _ athletes in my country
a succeed b success c successful d successfully
17 The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _ volunteers
a support b supporter c supportive d supportively
18 He was so _ that he could not even say a word
19 I am really _ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves
a interest b interested c interesting d interestingly
20 Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _ activities
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Trang 281 Câu hỏi đuôi gồm có: chủ ngữ (phải là đại từ nhân xưng) và trợ động từ hay động từ đặc biệc.
2 Nếu câu phát biểu ở thể xác định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định và ngược lại.
3 Nếu câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định thì phải dùng hình thức tĩnh lược (contractive form).
Ví dụ:
He is a good boy,
The girl didn't come here yesterday,
They will go away,
She hasn't left,
a. Phần đuôi của “ I am” là “ aren’t I “
Eg: I’m going to do it again, aren’t I?
b Imperatives and Requests ( Câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu):
+ Có phần đuôi là “won’t you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời mời:
Eg: Take your seat, won’t you? (Mời ông ngồi)
+ Có phần đuôi là “will you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh phủ định
Eg: Open the door, will you? ( Xin vui lòng mở cửa)
Don’t be late, will you ? (Đừng đi trễ nha)
c Phần đuôi của câu bắt đầu bằng “ Let’s ” : là “shall we ?”
Eg: Let’s go swimming, shall we?
Trang 29Nhưng phần đuôi của “Let us / Let me” là “will you”
d. Nothing, anything, something, everything được thay là thế bằng “ It” ở câu hỏi đuôi:
Eg : Everything will be all right, won’t it?
No one, Nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone được thay thế bằng
“They” trong câu hỏi đuôi.
Eg: Someone remembered to leave the messages, didn’t they?
Lưu ý: Nothing, Nobody, No one được dùng trong mệnh đề chính, động từ ở câu hỏi đuôi sẽ phải ở dạng thức xác định (Vì Nothing, Nobody, No one có nghĩa phủ định)
Eg: Nothing gives you more pleasure than listening to music, does it ?
e. This/ That được thay thế là “It” Eg: This won’t take long, will it?
f These/ Those được thay thế là “They”.
Eg: Those are nice, aren’t they?
g Khi trong câu nói có từ phủ định như: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, few, little… phần đuôi
phải ở dạng khẳng định.
Eg: He seldom goes to the movies, does he?
h Nếu câu phát biểu có dạng : You ‘d better → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : hadn’t you ?
You’d rather → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : wouldn’t you ?
You used to → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : didn’t you ?
III Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi:
Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu diễn đạt nó:
- Nếu ta hạ giọng, có nghĩa là ta thực sự đặt câu hỏi cho người đối thoại và ta muốn người nghe đồng tình với mình
- Nếu ta lên giọng câu hỏi đuôi thì ta muốn hỏi lại người nghe
EXERCISE : Add tag questions to the following.
1/ They want to come,……….?
2/ Elizabeth is a dentist, ……… ?
3/ They won’t be here, ………?
4/ That is your umbrella, ……….?
5/ There aren’t many people here yet, ……… ?
6/ He has a bicycle,………?
7/ Peter would like to come with us to the party, ……… ?
8/ Those aren’t Fred’s books, ………?
9/ You have never been to Paris,…………?
10/ Something is wrong with Jane today, ………… ?
11/ Everyone can learn how to swim, ……… ?
12/ Nobody cheated in the exam, ……… ?
13/ Nothing went wrong while I was gone, ………… ?
14/ I am invited, ……….?
15/ This bridge is not very safe,……… ?
16/ These sausages are delicious, ……….?
17/ You haven’t lived here long, …………?
18/ The weather forecast wasn’t very good, ……… ?
19/ He’d better come to see me, ?
20/ You need to stay longer, ?
7 7 Subject and verb Agreement Subject and verb Agreement
Có nhiều nguyên tắc hòa hợp trong điểm ngữ pháp này, tuy nhiên chúng tôi chỉ chọn lựa một số nguyên tắc cơ bản
và phổ biến nhất để các em học sinh dễ nắm bắt và vận dụng
A Nguyên tắc chung:
He, she, it và các danh từ số ít Động từ số ít
You, we, they và các danh từ số nhiều Động từ số nhiều
- Hình thức của động từ số ít: is/was/has/động từ có s hoặc es
- Hình thức của động từ số nhiều: are/were/have/động từ có hình thức giống như nguyên mẫu
B Một số nguyên tắc hồ hợp cơ bản:
1 Chủ ngữ gồm hai hoặc nhiều phần nối với nhau bằng and V số nhiều
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Trang 30Eg: My brother and sister live in Boston.
2 Chủ ngữ gồm 2 phần nối với nhau bằng either… or, neither… nor, not only…but also V hòa hợp với phần
gần nó nhất
Eg: Either Thursday or Friday is ok
3 Chủ ngữ có thêm phần as well as, with, together with, along with V vẫn chỉ hòa hợp với phần S đầu tiên.
Eg: George, together with his friends, is buying a race horse
4 Chủ ngữ là cụm từ chỉ sự đo lường (được xem như là một tổng thể) V là số ít.
Eg: Thirty pounds seems a reasonable price
5 Nếu có 1 cụm từ hay mệnh đề theo sau một danh từ làm chủ ngữ V chỉ hòa hợp với danh từ đầu tiên.
Eg: The house between the two bungalows is empty
The house they used to live in is now empty
6 Chủ ngữ là 1 cụm từ hay 1 mệnh đề V số ít.
Eg: Through the trees is the nearest way
Opening my presents was exciting
7 Every one of, each of, one of + danh từ số nhiều V số ít.
Eg: One of these letters is for you
8 A (large) number of, the majority of, a lot of, some of + danh từ số nhiều V số nhiều.
Eg: The majority of people have complained
* The number of V số ít
9 Each, every + danh từ số ít V số ít Eg: Each book and magazin is listed in the card catolog
10 None of, neither of, either of + danh từ số nhiều V số ít.
Eg: None of the students has failed the test
* Có thể dùng V số nhiều nhưng không trang trọng (informal English)
11 Đại từ bất định như Something, everything, nothing… V số ít
Eg: Someone was waiting at the door
12 Danh từ không đếm được V số ít. Eg: This water is not safe enough to drink
13 Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nhưng mang nghĩa số ít V số ít.
Eg: Mathematics is one of my core subjects
14 There is/was + danh từ số ít.
There are/were + danh từ số nhiều
Eg: There are twenty five students in my class
There was an accident last night
15 Một số danh từ có hình thức số ít nhưng mang nghĩa số nhiều V số nhiều.
Eg: The police are investigating the crime
16 The + tính từ làm chủ ngữ V số nhiều. Eg: The sick are well cared in the hospital
Exercise 1: Circle the best answer.
1 One of a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table
2 Every love
a man, woman and child needs c man, woman and child need
b men, women and children needs d men, women and children need
3 One of the girls who in this office my niece
4 Neither Lan nor her parents the film
5 Each the same as the day before
6 More men than left handed
7 Every one of the students on time for class
8 There some money on the table
9 This information about taxes helpful
Trang 3110 The vegetables in the bowl on the table fresh.
11 Writing her happy
a letter makes b letters makes c letter make d letters make
12 None of the money robbed from the banks last year yet
a has been found b have been found c has found d have found
13 My father and mother for the same company
14 The elderly this kind of music, but the young
a don’t like / does b doesn’t like / does c don’t like / do d doesn’t like / do
Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 The news about Mr Hogan (be) surprising
2 Fifty minutes (be) the maximum length of the time allowed for the exam
3 Many people in the world (not have) enough food to eat
4 The poor (need) help from the community
5 Listening to loud music at rock concerts (cause) hearing loss in some teenagers these days
6 There (be) a lot of sheep in the field
7 Ten miles (be) too far to walk
8 Not only John but also his friends (want) to buy this race horse
9 A number of students (recently participate) in intensive language programs abroad
10 Sarah, along with 20 students, (plan) a party now
11 The number of students who (withdraw) from class since the term began (be) quite high
12 There (be) at least one window in every room
13 A lot of students in my class (speak) and (undrstand) Spanish
14 The trousers Lan’s bought (not, go) best with her shirt
15 The information she gave me (be not) valuable
16 The number of days in a week (be) seven
17 Either you or he (have) to do the task
18 Two years without a job (be) too long to be
19 Every girl and boy (be) required to have certain immunizations before enrolling in public school
20 Neither of John’s parents (be) English
Exercise 3: Find the incorrect part A, B, C and D.
1 Each of the rooms have its own bathroom
8 Result clauses Result clauses
* Dùng : so, so that, or such … that
Ex: The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.
Ex: Their dog was so fierce that no one dared to come near it
Ex: His speech went on so long that people began to fall asleep
Our neighbours play their radio so loudly that we can’t sleep
Study, study more, study forever ! So + adjective + a\an Noun + that page 31 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
So + adverb + that
So + adjective + that
Trang 32Ex: It is so good a story that I’ll never forget it.
He is so honest a man that he never tells lies
Ex: There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening
He made so many mistakes that I’m really disappointed.
He made so few mistakes that we are all surprised.
She has so little patience that he can’t tolerate any noise.
Ex: They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house
They are such careful students that they rarely make mistakes.
He writes with such great care that he rarely makes mistakes
* Ngòai ra có thể dùng : Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this/that reason,
* Trong một vài trường hợp có thể dùng : and as a result or with the result that.
Ex: The lecture was boring, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep
The lecture was boring, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep
* As a result có thể được sử dụng ở đầu câu.
Ex: The lecture was boring As a result, some of the students began to fall asleep
Exercises:
I/Combine the sentences by using so…that or such….that:
1 This tea is good I think I’ll have another cup
II/Choose the best answer:
1 There is _noise that I can hear nothing
2 My mouth is burning! This is spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it
A such B so C very D too
3 It was raining I couldn’t go outside,
A because B So hard thatC so that D too hard that
4 My mouth is burning! This is _ spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it
5 There are planets in the universe that we can’t count them
6 He was _ tired that he slept all days
So + many\little\much\few + Noun +that
Trang 33A such B too C so D very
7 They were busy studying they couldn’t go to the restaurant with us
A so – that B such – that C very – that D too - that
8 The runners are exhausted that none of them finished the race
9 It was _ a difficult question that I couldn’t answer it
10 It was a boring speech that I fell asleep
9 9 Phrases and clauses of purpose Phrases and clauses of purpose
@ Phrases of Purpose :
Ex: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report
The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views
I went to see him so as to find out what had happened
*Dạng phủ định :
Ex: He turned off the lights before going out so as not to waste electricity.
Ex: They are learning English in order for them to study in Singapore.
@ Clauses of Purpose :
Ex: The schoolboys are in a hurry in order that they will not be late for school.
Tom is saving up so that he can buy a new car
Exercises :
I/ Combine the ideas using so that:
1 Rachel wanted to watch the news She turned on the TV
II/ Choose the best answer:
1 Peter studies hard _pass the exam
2 A small fish needs camouflage to hide itself _its enemies cannot find it
A so that B because C therefore D due to
Study, study more, study forever ! page 33 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive ( Khác chủ ngữ )
so that / lest
Main clause + in order that + S + will / would/ can / could + bare infinitive
for fear that
Main clause + not to / so as not to / in order not to + Verb (bare infinitive)
Main clause + to / so as to / in order to + Verb (bare infinitive)
Trang 343 He felt ill, _he went to bed early
A and B but C or D so
4 We decided to join the English speaking club improve our English
5 She worked hard everything would be ready by 6 o’clock
6 He gave me his address me to visit
7 She got up early _ miss the bus
8 Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese to read Kim Van Kieu
A so that not B so as to C in order not to D so as not to
9 They hurried _ catch the train
10 We learn English _ we will have better communication with other people
A so that B in order for C in order to D in case
Giáo viên dạy Anh nói chuyện với một giáo viên khác :
- Tui không thể chịu nổi sao lại có đứa học trò thế này.Chuyện là tôi có ra một bài làm là hãy kể một câu chuyện ngắn bằng tiếng Anh , rồi nó kể câu chuyện về hòang tử và công chúa
Giáo viên kia thắc mắc:
_ Vậy có gì không ổn?
_ Khơng ổn là bài làm của nó như thế này:
Hòang tử và công chúa gặp nhau tại lâu đài
Hòang tử hỏi :
- Can you speak Vietnamese?
Công chúa trả lời:
- Sure
Thế là sau đó cả bài văn nó tòan viết bằng tiếng Việt hết
10.
10.WH- questions WH- questions Các câu hỏi với từ để hỏi cho phép người nói tìm thêm thông tin về chủ đề mình quan tâm Các từ để hỏi theo thông tin muốn tìm có thể được liệt kê như sau:
When? - Time => Hỏi thông tin về thời gian
Where? - Place => Hỏi thông tin về nơi chốn
Who? - Person => Hỏi thông tin về người
Why? - Reason => Hỏi lý do
How? - Manner => Hỏi cách thức, phương thức
What? – Object / Idea / Action =>Hỏi về vật / ý kiến / hành động
Các từ khác cũng có thể được sử dụng để hỏi các thông tin cụ thể:
Which (one)? - Choice of alternatives => Hỏi thông tin về sự lựa chọn
Whose? - Possession => Hỏi thông tin về sở hữu
Whom? - Person (objective formal) => Hỏi về người (ở dạng tân ngữ)
How much? - Price, amount (non-count) => Hỏi về giá cả, lượng (không đếm được)
How many? - Quantity (count) => Hỏi về lượng (đếm được)
How long? - Duration => Hỏi về thời gian
How often? - Frequency => Hỏi về mức độ thường xuyên
How far? - Distance => Hỏi về khoảng cách
What kind (of)?- Description => Yêu cầu mô tả thông tin
Exercises 1: Make questions with the underlined words/phrases
Trang 351 I received a letter from Lan last week.
2 Minh usually takes exercises after getting up
3 I brush my teeth twice a day
4 Nga has an appointment at 10.30 this morning
5 She goes to bed at 9 p m
6 I began to study English 6 years ago
7 They live in the city center
8 I like ‘Tom and Jerry” because it’s very interesting
9 Last night I went to disco with my friend
10 She is worried about the next examination
11 Music makes people different from all other animals
12 They do their homework at night
13 Mr Robertson came to the party alone
14 I like the red blouse, not the blue one
15 That is an English book
16 She talked to him for an hour
17 He studies piano at the university
18 It’s 063.3921680
19 My father is a teacher
20 I’m fine, thanks
Exercises 2: Choose the best answer a, b, c or d?
1 Do you know _ language is spoken in Kenya?
a which b who c what d how
2 _ is your blood type?
3 _ do you play tennis? For exercise
4 _ can I buy some milk? At the supermarket.
5 _ much do you weigh?
6 _ hat is this? It's my brother's.
7 _ can I park my car? Over there.
a where b who c what d how
8 _ tall are you?
9 _ do you expect me to do?
10 _ do you like your tea? I like it with cream and sugar.
11 _ picture do you prefer, this one or that one?
a which b who c what d how
12 _ is that woman? - I think she is a teacher.
13 _ book is this? It's mine.
14 _ do you usually eat lunch? At noon.
15 _ you wash clothes every week?
16 _ does your father work? At City Hall.
a where b who c what d how
17 _ usually gets up the earliest in your family?
18 _ do you think of this hotel? It's pretty good.
Study, study more, study forever ! page 35 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
Trang 36a which b why c what d how
19 _ does your father work at that company? Because it's near our house.
20 _ dances the best in your family?
- Đổi ngôi thứ NHẤT (I, me, my, mine &We, us ,our(s)) phù hợp với CHỦ NGỮ trong mệnh đề chính
- Đổi ngôi thứ HAI (you , your(s)) phù hợp với TÂN NGỮ trong mệnh đề chính
- Ngôi thứ BA( he, him, his, she, her(s), it(s), they, them, their(s) ) không đổi
b Thì và các trạng ngữ:
CÂU TRỰC TIẾP CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
PRESENT PERFECT / PAST
SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT (S + had + P.P)
(S + had + been + v-ing) Will / shall + bare inf Would / should + bare inf
Is / am/ are going to Was / were going to
The day after tomorrow In 2 days' time
The day before yesterday 2 days before
Last night / month / week / year The night / month / week / year before.
I Commands: Câu mệnh lệnh
Ex1: “Please give this book to him tomorrow” I said to Lan
→ I told Lan to give that book to him the following day
Ex2: The teacher said “Nam, don’t put your leg on the chair.”
→ The teacher asked Nam not to put his leg on the chair
Câu đề nghị ai đó giúp làm việc gì 1 cách lịch sự:
“ Would you mind + V-ing ?”
Would Will Can Could
+ you (please) + bare inf ?
Trang 37Ex: “Could you please show me the way to the market ?” The stranger said to the boy.
→ The stranger told / asked the boy to show him / her the way to the market
II Statements: Câu phát biểu:
Ex1: Miss Hoa said: “You should improve your English pronunciation, Lien”
→ Miss Hoa told Lien (that) she should improve her English pronunciation
Ex2: “ I did my homework yesterday” Minh said
→ Minh said he had done his homework the day before
Ex3: "Linh is repairing your bike now” I said to Lan
→ I told Lan (that) Linh was repairing her bike then
III Questions: Câu hỏi
1 WH – questions:
Ex: “ What are you doing now ?” I asked her
I asked her what she was doing then
2 Yes – No questions:
S + +
Ex: “Do you like classical music, Nam ?” Miss Hoa asked
→ Miss Hoa asked Nam if he liked classical music
IV Những trường hợp không thay đổi thì của động từ:
a Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ex: She says to me: "I like classical music"
→ She tells me she likes classical music
b Nếu câu trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3
Ex: "If the weather were fine, we could go camping", Peter said
→ Peter said if the weather were fine, they could go camping
c Nếu trong câu trực tiếp có các trợ động từ: should, would, could, ought to, might, used to, had betterEx: "You should practice speaking English every day" the teacher said to Mai
→ The teacher said that Mai should practice speaking English every day
d Thì quá khứ giả định (past subjunctive) vẫn giữ nguyên sau: (I) wish , would rather , It’s time Ex: She said “I wish I had a lot of books.”
→ She told me she wished she had a lot of books
e Thì hiện tại đơn diễn tả 1 sự thật hiển nhiên, 1 chân lí
Ex: She said " Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
→ She said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius
Study, study more, study forever ! page 37 Học, học nữa, học mãi!
said (to + O )
+ S + V
wanted to know wondered asked + O
S + asked / told + O + to inf
question word + S + V ( WH-questions)
if / whether + S +V (Yes - No questions)
Trang 38Tĩm tắt Câu gián tiếp (reported speech)
A/ Statements
(Câu phát biểu)
1 * S + V1( said) + (that) + S2+ V2+( ADV of time/ place)
2 * S + V1( told )+ O + (that) + S2+ V2+( ADV of time/ place)
2* S + V + O + (not) + to infinitive
(ask, tell, order, beg, allow, remind, encourage, advise, invite, warn,wish, want, command, force, suspect, forbid, need, permit,urge, recommend…)
3* S + V +(prep) + Ving
(suggest, deny, detest, delay, postpone, fancy, imagine, keep, risk, avoid, appreciate, admit, miss, practise, dislike, enjoy, save, hate, love, mind, mention, prefer, object to, look forward to, apologize for, feel like, insist on, think of, dream of, worry about, confess to, approve of…)
1 * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clause (S+V)
2 * S + wondered + if /whether + clause (S+V)
3 * S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause (S+V) EXERCISES:
I (REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS)
Change these sentences into Reported Speech:
1 Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”
II (REPORTED SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS)
Change these questions into Reported Speech:
1 “Do you enjoy reading?” Phong asked Peter
………
2 “Does she like sports?” Hoa asked Lan
Trang 39III.(REPORTED SPEECH: WH-QUESTIONS)
Change these questions into Reported Speech:
1 “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me
IV.(REPORTED SPEECH: IMPERATIVES)
Change these sentences into Reported Speech:
1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.”
Trang 409/ She said to him : “Don’t speak to me like that and behave yourself.”
………
10/ Peter said : “Would you mind lending me your dictionary till next Monday.”
………
V.Choose the best option that best completes each sentence:
1/ Ba told me that he was leaving for the capital _
A tomorrow B the following week C tonight D next Sunday
2/ They asked me how many children _
3/ Thu said she had been _ the day before
4/ They told their parents that they their best to do the test
5/ She me whether I liked classical music or not
6/ He asked me who the editor of that book
7/ He wants to know whether I _ back tomorrow
8/ I wonder why he love his family
9/ “I didn’t witness that accident.”
A He denied not having witnessed that accident.B He denied having witnessed that accident.
C He denied not having witnessing that accident D He denied not had witnessed that accident
10/ “Would you like to join our team?”, he said.
A He said to me would you like to join our team B He told me if I would like to join their team
C He invited me to join their team. D He asked me if I would like to join our team
11/ “You cheated in the exam.” The teacher said to his students
A The teacher insisted his students on cheating in the exam
B The teacher prevented his students from cheating in the exam
C The teacher advised his students to cheat in the exam
D The teacher accused his students of cheating in the exam.
12/ “Don’t touch that flower.” the old lady said to the boy.
A The old lady wanted the boy not to touching that flower
B The old lady insisted the boy on touching that flower
C The old lady warned the boy against touching that flower.
D The old lady congratulated the boy on touching that flower
13/ “Let’s go on a walk holiday!” said Jane.
A Jane suggested going on a walking holiday. B Jane wanted us to go on a walking holiday
C Jane invited us to go on a walking holiday D Jane allowed us to go on a walking holiday
14/ " Don't forget to give the book back to Mary," he said to me.
A He reminded me to give the book back to Mary. B He reminded me to forget to give the book back to Mary
C He advised me to give the book back to Mary D He advised me to forget to give the book back to Mary
15/“If I were you, I would take the job”, said my friend.
A My friend was thinking about taking the job B My friend insisted on taking the job for me
C My friend advised me to take the job. D My friend introduced the idea of taking the job to me
12.
12.Enough/Too to inf – Used to/ Be (get) used to Enough/Too to inf – Used to/ Be (get) used to
A Structure:
S + be + adj/adv + enough + (for + O) + to-infinitive
Ex: He is tall enough to play volleyball
He drives carefully enough to be safe
The weather was fine enough for us to go on a picnic
Note: enough còn có vị trí khác là đứng trước danh từ
Enough + Noun
Ex: enough time, enough money…
TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive (quá…đến nỗi không )
