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International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter D Drill Collars, Kellys, Subs and Heavy Weight Drill Pipe... D-14 International Association of Drilling ContractorsFigure D1-3 B

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International Association of Drilling Contractors

Chapter D Drill Collars, Kellys, Subs and Heavy

Weight Drill Pipe

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D-2 International Association of Drilling Contractors

Table of Contents - Chapter D Drill Collars, Kellys, Subs and Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Preface D-3 D1 Drill Collars: Specifications & Usage D-4

I Specifications D-4 D2 Drill Collars: Care And Maintenance D-36

I Recommended Drill Collar Care And Maintenance D-36 D3 Kellys: Specifications D-59

I Specifications D-59 D4 Kellys: Care And Maintenance D-66

I Care And Maintenance D-66 D5 Drill Stem Subs: Specifications D-71

I Class And Type D-71

II Dimensions For Type A & B Subs D-77 III Dimensions For Type C (Swivel) Subs D-79

IV Mechanical Properties Of Drill Stem Subs D-79

V Kelly Saver Subs D-80 D6 Kelly Valves: Specifications D-81

I Upper Kelly Cocks D-81

II Lower Kelly Cocks D-85 III Automatic Mud Saver Valves D-87

IV Kelly Saver Subs D-87 D-7 Specifications Of Heavy Weight Drill Pipe D-88 Care and Maintenance of HWDP D-89 D8 - Glossary of Drill String Terms D-90

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Table D1-1 Drill Collar Dimensions

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Notes on Table D1-1

* The drill collar number (column 1) consists of two parts separated by a hyphen

The first part is the connection number in the NC style

The second part, consisting of 2 (or 3) digits, indicates the drill collar outside diameter in units and tenths of inches.The connections shown in parentheses in column 1 are not a part of the drill collar number; they indicate inter-changeability of drill collars made with the standard (NC) connections as shown

If the connections shown in parentheses in column 1 are made with the V-0.038R thread, the connections and drillcollars, are identical with those in the NC style

Drill collars with 8-1/4 and 9-1/2 inches outside diameters are shown with 6-5/8 and 7-5/8 REG connections, sincethere are no NC connections in the recommended bending strength ratio range

The drill collar sizes listed in Table D1-1 were adopted in order to provide a full range of collars with improvedconnections, as replacement for the collars with the various connections specified in previous editions of API Spec

7 Purchase orders for collars with the improved connections should state the drill collar number or size and style,bore and length Purchase orders for collars with optional connections should state the outside diameter, bore,length, connection size and style, and bevel diameter

NOTE 1: Tensile properties shall be determined by tests on cylindrical specimens conforming to the requirements

of the current ASTM A-370, 2% offset method

NOTE 2: Tensile specimens from drill collars shall be taken within 3 feet of the end of the drill collar in a nal direction, having the centerline of the tensile specimen 1 inch from the outside surface or midwall, whichever isless

longitudi-NOTE 3: Hardness test shall be on OD of drill collar using Brinell Hardness (Rockwell-C acceptable alternative)test methods in compliance with current ASTM A-370 requirements

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The latest edition of API Spec 7 should be consulted for method and location of tests

Drill collars having "hot rolled, mill finished" outside diameters should meet the following stipulations:

1) Outside Diameter: the outside diameter shall comply with the tolerances of Table D1-3

Table D1-3 Drill Collar OD Tolerances

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D-9

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Values in the table may be used to provide the basic information required to calculate the weights of drill collarstrings

G Stress-Relief Features for Drill Collar Connections

Table D1-6 Stress-Relief Features for Drill Collar Connections

Notes on Table D1-6

* Numbered connections 23, 26 and 31 (2-3/8 IF and 2-7/8 IF) do not have sufficient metal to accommodatestress-relief features

Also See Figure D1-2a DC Connections - Stress Relief Features in Box

Also See Figure D1-2b DC Connections - Stress Relief Features in Pin

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H Cold Working Thread Roots

Gage standoff will change after cold working of threads This will not affect the interchangeability of connectionsand will improve connection performance It is therefore permissible for a connection to be marked with the APImonogram if it meets the API specification before cold working In such event, the connection should also bestamped with a circle enclosing 'CW' to indicate cold working after gaging

I Selection of Connections

Many drill collar connection failures are a result of bending stresses rather than torsional stresses

Following are bending strength ratio charts (Figures D1-3 through D1-9) which may be used for determining themost suitable connection to be used on new drill collars or for selecting the new connection to be used on collarswhich have been worn down on the outside diameter

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Figure D1-3 Bending Strength Ratios of 1-1/2" and 1-3/4" Drill Collars

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Figure D1-4 Bending Strength Ratios of 2" and 2-1/4" Drill Collars

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Figure D1-5 Bending Strength Ratios of 2-1/2" Drill Collars

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Figure D1-7 Bending Strength Ratios of 3" Drill Collars

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B.S.R Guidelines:

1) For small drill collars 6" (152.4 mm) OD and below, try to avoid B.S.R.'s above 2.75:1 or below 2.25:1

2) For high rpm, soft formations, and when drill collar OD is small compared to hole size (Example: 8" (203.2 mm)

OD in 12-1/4" (311.2 mm) hole, 6" (152.4 mm) OD in 8-1/4" (209.6 mm) hole, avoid B.S.R.'s above 2.85:1 orbelow 2.25:1

3) For hard formations, low rpm and when drill collar OD is close to hole size (Example: 10" (254.0 mm) OD in 1/4" (311.2 mm) hole, 8-1/4" (209.6 mm) OD in 9-7/8" (250.8 mm) hole, avoid B.S.R.'s above 3.20:1 or below2.25:1 However, when low torque features are used on large drill collars, B.S.R.'s as large as 3.40:1 will performsatisfactorily

12-4) For very abrasive conditions where loss of OD is severe, favor combinations of 2.50:1 to 3.00:1

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5) For extremely corrosive environments, favor combinations of 2.50:1 to 3.00:1

A connection that has a bending strength ratio of 2.50:1 is generally accepted as an average balanced connection.However, the acceptable range may vary from 3.20:1 to 1.90:1 depending upon the drilling conditions

As the outside diameter of the box will wear more rapidly than the pin inside diameter, the resulting bending

strength ratio will be reduced accordingly When the bending strength ratio falls below 2.00:1, connection troublesmay begin These troubles may consist of swollen boxes, split boxes, or fatigue cracks in the boxes at the lastengaged thread

The minimum bending strength ratio acceptable in one operating area may not be acceptable in another Localoperating practices experience based on recent predominance of failures and other conditions should be consideredwhen determining the minimum acceptable bending strength ratios for a particular area and type of connection.Certain other precautions should be observed in using these charts It is imperative that adequate shoulder widthand area at the end of the pin be maintained The calculations involving bending strength ratios are based onstandard dimensions for all connections

Minor differences between measured inside diameter and inside diameters listed in the charts are of little cance; therefore, select the chart with the inside diameter closest to measured inside diameter

signifi-J Connection Interchangeability

Many connections have the same thread form, taper, lead, and pitch diameters but are identified by various mon names If all of the above are the same on two connections, they are interchangeable

com-K Identification of Connections.

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Table D1-7 Interchangeability List of Rotary Shouldered Connections

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Table D1-8 Pin Connection - Identification of Dimensions

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Figure D1-10 Pin Connection - Identification of Dimensions

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Table D1-9 Box Connection - Identification of Dimensions

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Table D1-10 Drill Collar Dimensions - Ideal Range

Notes on Table D1-10

* The minimum size drill collar, calculated from the Lubinski and Hock equation, with the specific sizes of hole andcasing combination, is too large for conventional fishing tools When the minimum drill collar diameter is too large

to washover and/or catch with an overshot, other steps should be taken Some of the possibilities are as follows:

- Use turned down casing couplings

- Use integral joints on casing

- Underream the hole

- Run smaller size casing

- Use a packed hole assembly instead of a pendulum

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** Not API standard size drill collar

L Drill Collar Size Selection

Woods (with Hughes) and Lubinski (with Amoco) pointed out that an unstabilized bit with small drill collars cancause an undersized or misaligned hole, making it difficult or impossible to run the casing They determined that theactual drift, or useful diameter, of the hole would be equal to the bit diameter plus the drill collar diameter divided

by two (refer to Figure D1-12)

Figure D1-12 Effective Hole Size vs Drill Collar Size

Drift Diameter = 0.5 (Bit OD + Drill Collar OD)

Therefore, they recommended larger drill collars near the bit Robert S Hock (Research Engineer with PhillipsPetroleum Co.) rewrote the above equation to solve for the minimum size drill collars needed to ensure the running

of their casing

Min Drill Collar OD= 2 (Casing Coupling O.D.) - Bit O.D

This is the minimum size drill collar near the bit, but what is the maximum size? Drill collars the same size as thehole would be ideal but this is not practical Clearance is needed for circulation of drilling fluid and fishing, shouldthe drill collars become stuck

(See Table D1-10, which shows ideal drill collar sizes based on the Hock equation and the ability to fish them out

of the hole.)

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Before selecting drill collars, it is always a good idea to make sure fishing tools are available If not, you may need

to bring fishing tools into the area or reduce drill collar size to match the fishing equipment that is available

M Tapered Drill Collar Strings

Experience has shown that too much change in size going from large drill collars to the drill pipe or smaller drillcollars can cause rapid fatigue damage and failures A rule of thumb is to never reduce the diameter more thantwo inches or the connection more than one size and always run at least one stand of the smaller size

N Rig Equipment for Running Drill Collars

Having the proper equipment on the rig to make-up and run drill collars is equally as important as selecting thecorrect size The following equipment must be checked to match the desired drill collar sizes: rotary table, bush-ings, insert bowls, slips, safety clamp and tongs Note: Tables matching this equipment to drill collar sizes can befound in Section P of the Drilling Manual

All of this rig equipment must be checked for wear and must be in a good working condition before making-up andrunning drill collars This can be a very dangerous operation and all safety precautions should be taken

O Drill Collar Weight Needed

The following equation can be used to calculate the required drill collar weight:

Drill Collar = Bit Weight Required x Safety Factor

Weight in Air Buoyancy Factor x Cosine of Hole Angle

Example:

Requirements:

Bit Weight Required = 55,000 lbs

Buoyancy Factor for 12 lb/gal = 0.82

15% Safety Factor = 1.15

Vertical Hole = 0 degrees inclination (Cosine 0 = 1)

From the Equation:

Drill Collar Weight in Air = 55,000 x 1.15/(0.82) = 77,134 lbs

Example

If nine 8-inch drill collars weighing 4,650 lbs each (total weight of 41,850 lbs), are to be run - how many 6-3/4 inchweighing 3,000 lbs each would be needed to give 77,134 total air weight?

77,134 - 41,850 = 35,284 lbs required weight of 6-3/4 drill collars

35,284 divided by 3,000 lbs/each = 11.76 or 12 drill collars

Note: This problem can be solved without any calculations by using one of the nomographs (Figure D1-13 orFigure D1-14)

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P Weight Available in Directional Holes

The nomograph makes it possible to select any combination of drill collars and heavy weight drill pipe with anymud weight and any hole angle to make-up the required weight for the bit

For example, enter the nomograph (Figure D1-14) at point A on the bottom left-hand side at 55,000 lb weight onbit

Draw a vertical line up to the zero degree hole inclination line (vertical hole)

Draw a horizontal line over to point C, 12 lb/gal drilling mud

Draw a perpendicular line through point C from the top of the page to the bottom

The weight of drill collars in air (77,134 lb) can be read at both the top and bottom at point D

The buoyed weight of all the collars can be read at point E (63,250 lb)

This would be the weight of the collars hanging in the elevators with the hole full of mud

Select the 8 inch drill collar line and scale off nine 8 inch drill collars between points 1 and 2

Draw a perpendicular line up to the 6-3/4 inch drill collar line and count the number of 6-3/4 inch drill collar neededbetween point 3 and 4, at the intersection of the 63/4 inch drill collar line with the perpendicular line that goesthrough point C

As can be seen, the line goes from 13-1/2 to 25-1/2 for a total of twelve 6-3/4 inch drill collars This is the samenumber calculated mathematically

For directional holes, point B would not be 0 degrees but would be the degrees of inclination from vertical pated A directionally drilled hole requires that a correction be made in total drill collar weight, because only aportion of the total weight will be available to the bit (Figure D1-15)

antici-Figure D1-15 Bit Weight Available in Directional Holes

Using the equation in Figure D1-15, (P = W x Cos B)

for a 45 deg hole: P = 0.7071 x W

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for a 60 deg hole: P = 0.5 x W

for a 90 deg hole: P = 0 x W = 0

From the equation, in a 60 degree hole deviation, only half of the drill collar weight is available for the bit, so twice

as many drill collars would be required over the number needed in a vertical hole, to load the bit with the sameweight, without placing some of the drill pipe in compression

A safety factor of 15% is built into the nomograph, so no additional weight adjustment is necessary The drillingweight planner shows the available weight for the bit, but should not be confused with the actual weight on the bit.Once the driller tags bottom, with the pump running, the amount of indicated weight slacked off is the actual drillingweight

When only a fixed number of drill collars are available, the nomograph can be worked backwards to determine theamount of drilling weight available for the bit

When drilling high angle holes, it is possible to use less than the 15% safety factor on the chart, as the drill pipe willlie on the low side of the hole, and thus requires a greater compressive load to cause a helical buckle

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2) A recently calibrated line-pull measuring device should be used in making up drill collars It is important that theline-pull be measured when the line is at right angle (90 degrees) to the tong handle, if the tong arm is to be fullyeffective, Figure D2-1 and Figure D2-2

Figure D2-1 Fully Effective Tong Arm

EFFECTIVE TONG ARM TORQUE = 4 ft x 3,000 lb = 12,000 ft-lb

3) With a 4 foot tong arm and 3,000 lb line pull at the end of the tong, you produce 4 ft times 3,000 lbs, or a total of12,000 ft-lbs of torque, when measured at 90 degrees, Figure D2-1

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3) Before storing, the drill collars should be cleaned, shoulder refaced with a shoulder refacing tool if necessary,fins removed and shoulders rebeveled, and a good rust preventative applied

E Field Inspection of Drill Collars

The purpose of drill collar field inspection is to keep connections in service as long as possible and at the same timeminimize down hole failures This practice has been exceptionally successful in accomplishing both of these goals.The reasons: Fatigue is usually a slow process, therefore, frequency of inspection intervals does not need to be sooften as to become impractical The interval of time between such inspections may best be determined from

experience A one month interval is fairly typical; however, adjustments should be considered depending on howmany cracks are found or if failures continue to occur in the hole Ideally, when one to three cracks are found, theinspection interval is about right If more than three cracks are found, inspections should be more often If no

cracks are found, inspections should be reduced Fatigue cracks will almost always occur in a small localized area

in the thread toots Very close attention can be given these critical areas to detect cracks and the work can still bedone at a reasonable cost

When an indication of a crack is found, it should be polished with a very fine grinding disc and re-inspected

Sometimes rolled over metal will give an indication of a crack If it is a crack it can be removed by grinding but donot grind below the depth of the adjacent thread This will enable the collars to remain in service for a little longer

if no other collars are available

Drill collar inspection should be more than just looking for cracks Thread profile should be checked with a profilegage to detect stretched pins and worn threads Boxes should be checked for swelling and shoulders should beinspected for leaks or conditions that may cause leaks

Minor repairs can be performed in the field to keep the collars running Shoulders can be polished with refacingtools if the damage is not too severe Small indentations on the shoulder are not disastrous as long as they are notcontinuous across the face Remember, this shoulder surface is the only seal Any raised places cannot be toler-ated Fins, burrs and small galls can be removed with a small grinder or file

F Recommended Make-Up Torque

Recommended make-up torque values for rotary shouldered drill collar, RS DC, connections are listed in Table D2-1

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TD2-1b MU Torque for RS DC Connections, 3-1/2 IF 4-1/2 MO

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TD2-1c MU Torque for RS DC Connections, 4-1/2 H90 6-5/8 API Reg

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TD2-1d MU Torque for RS DC Connections, 6-5/8 H90 7-5/8 API Reg

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TD2-1e MU Torque for RS DC Connections, 7-5/8 H90 8-5/8 H90

1) Basis of calculations for recommended make-up torque assumed the use of a thread compound containing 60% by weight of finely powdered metallic zinc or 60% by weight of finely powdered metallic lead, with not morethan 0.3% total active sulfur, applied thoroughly to all threads and shoulders and using the modified Screw Jackformula in Appendix A, paragraph A.8 of API RP 7G, and a unit stress of 62.500 psi in the box or pin, whichever

For a 6-3/4 OD X 2-13/16 ID with NC50 connections, the table indicates a torque of 32,000 ft-lbs

Type Conn O.D 2-1/4 2-1/2 2-13/16 3 3-1/4

NC50 6-3/4 36,000 35,500 32,000 30,000 26,500

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It should be emphasized that the torque values shown in the tables are minimum requirements

The range of torque values is the tabulated figure plus 10%

From the example above, the required torque range is {32,000 + (32,000 x 10%)} or 32,000 to 35,200 ft-lbs

HERE IS THE WAY TO FIGURE THE DRILL COLLAR MAKE-UP TORQUE YOU NEED

As discussed in Section D2-C, you must use the proper amount of make-up torque and this amount must be

measured There are two steps that must be worked out for all hook-ups:

Step #1 Look up, in the appropriate Torque Tables, D2-1, above, and find the amount of make-up torque mended for your size drill collars and type of connections

recom-Step #2 Divide this amount by the number of feet* in the effective length of your tong arm This will give you thetotal line pull at the end of the arm

* For 36" Tongs, Divide by 3

* For 48" Tongs, Divide by 4

* For 54" Tongs, Divide by 4.5

Example:

EXAMPLE: For collars with 6-3/4" O.D X 2-13/16 I.D and 5" E.H connections, the tables recommend 32,000foot pounds of make-up torque

Let's say your "effective" tong arm length is 48."

See Figure - An Example of a Tong Arm

32,000 divided by 4 = 8,000 (pounds of line pull)

The 8,000 pounds of line pull is the total pull required on the end of your 48" tong

This may or may not be the amount of line pull reading on your Torque Indicator, as this depends on the location ofthe indicator in your hookup

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Following are 15 examples of hook-ups used to make-up drill collar connections

Select the one that is best for you and follow the steps outlined

Figure Tong Arm - Example 1

The amount of cathead pull will be the same as the line-pull reading on your Torque Indicator.Step No 1 Look up the minimum recommended torque required

Step No 2 Divide this torque value by the effective tong length

The answer is pounds pull reading for the linepull indicator when in this position

Figure Tong Arm - Example 2

The amount of cathead pull will be the same as the line-pull reading on your Torque Indicator

Tiêu đề	Chapter D: Drill Collars, Kellys, Subs, and Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Trường học	International Association of Drilling Contractors
Chuyên ngành	Drilling Engineering
Thể loại	manual
Năm xuất bản	Eleventh Edition

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