introduction to spss RESEARCH METHODS & STATISTICS HANDBOOK PHẦN 5 docx

The rest is as before:  Click the STATISTICS button, and turn on the “Descriptive” option.. Open up the e-mail, and then, one at a time, click the Word icons once with your right mouse

the mean age is 31.77) The next table contains the correlation (Pearson‟s) for the two variables, just as if you had run the correlation procedure The coefficient is -0.57, so

it is fairly high and is negative (as one goes up, the other decreases)

For the meantime, ignore the table labelled „variables entered/removed‟

The next important table is “Model Summary” The R and R-squared values are given for the equation (0.571, as above, and 0.325) Don‟t worry too much about the other values in this table

The next table contains the regression ANOVA This test indicates how good the model is - whether there is some overall relationship between the dependent and independent variable(s) The key element is the F score For this regression, the F score has an associated p value of 0.017, well below the 05 cut-off This indicates that there is a linear relationship It should be noted however that only an examination of the scatter plot of the variables can confirm that the relationship between two variables is linear

The next table contains some really important information! The table is labelled

“Coefficients” and contains the regression equation The regression coefficient and constant are given in column B of the table The equation therefore is:

Predicted height to weight ratio = -.00368(AGE) + 602

The t value indicates whether each independent variable has a significant individual impact on the regression equation In simple regression, there is only one independent variable, and, for this one, it has a significant influence (a t score with an associated p value of 0.0168 - notice it‟s the same as the ANOVA score)

The next section begins with “Residual Statistics.” This gives means, SDs and other information about the unstandardised and standardised predictor and residual scores in the regression

You could follow up the regression by doing up a scatter plot Look at your scatter plot Basically, all you need to know is that if the plot shows no obvious pattern than this confirms that the assumptions of linearity and homogeneity of variance have been met Where you get into trouble is if the points form a crescent or funnel shape If this is the case, further screening of your data is necessary

Multiple Regression

Often, it is too simplistic to assume that a single independent variable is all that is required to make some sort of prediction about the scores for a dependent variable This is where you have to run multiple regression

For now, the regression will look at the impact of age (AGE), height to weight ratio post-plan (HWRATIO2) and height to weight ratio long after the plan (HWRATIO3)

on the dependent variable, the subjects‟ initial height to weight ratio (HWRATIO) To

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As before, move HWRATIO to the “Dependent” The “Independent(s)” box is where you move AGE, HWRATIO2 and HWRATIO3 The rest is as before:

 Click the STATISTICS button, and turn on the “Descriptive” option

 Click on “Case-wise diagnostics” to obtain a listing of any exceptionally large residuals

 Now click on CONTINUE

 Now click on the PLOTS button Since systematic patterns between the predicted

values and the residuals can indicate possible violation of the assumption of linearity you should plot the standardised residuals against the standardised predicted values

To do this transfer *ZRESID into the Y: box and *ZPRED into the X: box and then

click CONTINUE

 Now click OK

Note: we are only doing a general, all-inclusive multiple regression There is a box located directly beneath the “Independent(s)” box called “Method” which gives you a series of additional methods for running the statistics - stepwise, remove, forward and backward

Output

Again, the first thing to look for is outliers Again, there are none

With that out of the way, the next section to look at is at the top Everything that follows is the same as for the simple regression The first part gives the means and standard deviations for the four variables (e.g the mean HWRATIO3 is 526) The next part gives the correlation (Pearson‟s) for all of the variables You can see that HWRATIO is strongly correlated with the two other height-to-weight ratio variables (i.e., both over 9)

The next section is under the heading “Model Summary” The R and R-squared values are given for the equation (.98 and 967)

An ANOVA is carried out that indicates how good the model is - whether there is some overall relationship between the dependent and all of the independent variables The key element is the F score The F score is significant (p=0.00), so there is a strong overall relationship

The next table (Coefficients) contains information that indicates the individual role of each independent variable The values in the column labelled B give the scores to put into the regression equation:

y‟ = b1(x1) + b2(x2) + b3(x3) + bo

For this regression, then, the regression equation is

HWRATIO = -.0009(AGE) + 99(HWRATIO2) -.135(HWRATIO3) + 0.063

Note that since the B score for HWRATIO3 is negative, the plus sign turns to a minus one

The t-test indicates that AGE, as before, is a significant predictor, as is HWRATIO2, but that HWRATIO3 as a single predictor has no significant influence (p>0.05) The next section is labelled “Residual Statistics.” This gives means, SDs and other information about the unstandardised and standardised predictor and residual scores in the regression You should have been taught what, if anything, to do with them

Scatter plots and Regression Lines

A regression line can easily be added to a scatter plot As before, to create a

scatterplot go to GRAPH and SCATTER

You want to leave the graph layout as simple, so just click the DEFINE button

Move HEIGHT into x-axis box Move WEIGHT into Y-axis Now, click the TITLE

button You can now put in a title in the “Line 1” box You can add an additional title

and sub-title lines if you want Now press the CONTINUE button and then click the

OK button The graph should now appear The window where all the graphs are

stored is called the Chart Carousel, and can be saved as a separate file The extension for chart files is always “.cht”

What is the line of best fit and what does the value of R2 tell you?

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Chi-Square

There are two ways to run Chi-square The first is when looking at differences in frequencies across levels in one variable In this case, we want to see if there are differences in the frequencies for the three levels of the variable AGEGRP (age groups) - child, adult and elderly You do this through:

Analyze

Nonparametric Tests

Chi-Square

To run a basic Chi-Square, just move the variable(s) to analyse across and click Ok In

this case, move the variable AGEGRP over and run the analysis

[NOTE: If you‟re interested in the various options, information about them can be

found by pressing the Help button when you are in a dialogue box]

OUTPUT

The results present the observed and expected frequencies for each of the three levels,

as well as the Chi-Square value, the degrees of freedom (d.f.) and the significance level Is there a difference between the three groups in terms of their observed frequencies?

The second way to run a Chi-Square is when carrying out a crosstab The only change

is that before running the crosstab, you have to turn the Chi-Square option on

So, go

Analyze

Descriptive Statistics

Crosstabs

Move the variables NSEX in the column box and NCARS in the row box Make sure

to turn on the Chi-Square option, by clicking the Statistics button, and turning on the Chi-Square option Press the Continue and Ok buttons, then run the analysis

OUTPUT

The crosstabs box is displayed, along with a variety of results The one to be concerned with is the significance level for the Pearson‟s value

Microsoft Word Exercises

This exercise shows you how to copy and format a document To save time here‟s one

we prepared earlier A cast list is given below Your task is to format the document (top of page 80) into an organised piece of work (bottom of page 80) As you do this, note the different techniques you use - they will come in handy as the course progresses

These are „hands on‟ sessions, meaning that you should be discovering what to do yourself Of course, if you have any difficulties then we are here to assist you Good luck, and remember the Help facility

The Help Facility

Normally you will want to go to the Help menu, then choose Contents and Index Click on Index and type in a relevant key word

The Opening Screen

Word offers a number of ways of viewing the document The most usual is „Normal‟

So, go to the View menu, and select Normal

Alternatively, use the shortcut button at the bottom left of the screen If you are not sure what a particular button does then you should hold the pointer arrow over the button for a second or two without pressing anything Word will then give a short description of the button

The other view often used is Page Layout, which shows how the page will be printed Using Zoom from the View menu will allow you to enlarge the screen

Opening Files

We‟re going to be e-mailing you two documents entitled play.doc and actone.txt Open up the e-mail, and then, one at a time, click the Word icons once with your right

mouse button Now save the documents by clicking on Save Find the Msoffice icon

and click on it Now save your documents in the Msoffice folder under suitable names (e.g play.doc and actone.txt)

Now go into word To open the file you just saved go to File, Open, click on your M:

drive and find your Msoffice folder Click on the Msoffice folder and find play.doc Double click on play.doc

Hidden Codes

Certain characters or text in Word are „hidden‟ That is to say, they will only appear

on the screen but not in the final printed version To turn this option on and off, click

on the reversed „P‟ button on the toolbar That marker is the paragraph marker,

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Now show the hidden codes Can you spot the deliberate mistake? Yes, it‟s one of those errors in conversion Double click on {PRIVATE} and the whole word is selected (This is a handy trick worth noting) Delete this word

Correct any other deliberate mistakes

Page Layout

The original document has margins of 2 inches Make sure the measurement units are

in inches by going to Tools, Options, General, and clicking „inches‟ in the box called measurement units if it isn‟t already done so Now go to File, Page Setup and increase left and right margins to 2 inches from the Margins option If it asks you if you want your margins fixed respond with yes Also note that under Paper Size you

can change the orientation of the paper Briefly, portrait is upright (for text mainly) and landscape is horizontal (for graphs and pictures)

To change the justification, select everything by going to Edit, Select All or by

dragging the mouse over the whole document (only if it‟s a small document) Now,

click the right mouse button over any part of the selected area Choose Paragraph from the menu that appears and choose „Justified‟ from the Alignment option You

can also do this from the toolbar Centre alignment is useful for headings Change

„The Play‟ to centre alignment

Formatting

Italicise „What The Butler Saw‟ by clicking on „What‟ and dragging over the other

three words Now use the toolbar to italicise by hitting the „I‟ button

Highlight all of the text and change the font size to 12 pts

Type in the other characters, leaving a space between the character and actor names Similarly, change the characters names to small caps by selecting the name and using

the right mouse button From Font choose the „Small caps‟ option For the other character names, simply select the name and go to Edit, Repeat Select the cast and

add a tab into the ruler at two inches by double clicking on the ruler at the two inch

mark Place your cursor before Stanley Go to Format and Tabs and add the „leader‟ option 2 (i.e lots of full stops) Press Ok and then press the tab key Do this for each

cast member For the director and designer, the tab is set at 1.5 inches with no leader Separate the pieces of text with two hard returns and don‟t forget to save your work

The Play

The first London performance of What The Butler Saw was given at the Queen  s Theatre by

Lewnstein-Delfont Ltd and H.M Tennnant on 5th March, 1969, with the following cast in order of appearance

Dr Prentice Stanley Baxter

Geraldine Barclay Julia Foster

Mrs Prentice Coral Browne

Directed by Robert Chetwyn

Designed by Hutchinson Scott

The final version should look something like this:

The Play

The first London performance of What The Butler Saw was given at the

Queen‟s Theatre by Lewnstein-Delfont Ltd and H.M Tennent Ltd on 5th March, 1969, with the following cast in order of appearance:

DR PRENTICE Stanley Baxter

GERALDINE BARCLAY Julia Foster

MRS PRENTICE Coral Browne

NICHOLAS BECKETT Hayward Morse

DR RANGE Ralph Richardson

SERGEANT MATCH Peter Bayliss

Directed by Robert Chetwyn

Designed by Hutchinson Scott

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Styles, Headers/Footers and Page Numbering

SET AUTOSAVE ON OR LOSE YOUR DOCUMENT! Do this by going to Tools,

Options, Save Set it to save every 5 minutes or so

“Styles” in Word can save you a great deal of time that you might spend formatting Hence it is highly advisable to use them

Basically, a style is a shortcut way to format large chunks of text All you have to do

is to type in the text and then apply the style of your choice

Page Control and Inserting Files

To demonstrate this feature, open your copy of the cast list Put the insertion point

(the flashing vertical line) at the end of the cast list Press return From Insert, choose

Break and then Continuous Section Break Now Insert a Page Break This splits

the text onto different pages and allows different page layouts to be used (It might be

an idea to turn hidden codes on so you can see the break) If you had just inserted a

Page Break, then there would be a new page but the same formatting Important

difference and worth noting

Put the insertion point after the break Now you need to discover where the files in

msoffice are kept, since you will be inserting one To do this, choose Insert and File Scan around m: drive, and ask for text file types (i.e *.txt) Now open the file

„actone.txt‟ (This was saved as a generic text file.)

The reason we are inserting rather than opening the file is so that the text is continuous and not as two separate documents

Now save the new big document as a Word 6 document by going to File, then Save

As Make sure under „File Type‟ that „Word Document‟ is selected Name it

something new

If you can spot any deliberate mistakes delete them

Change the Margins to all 2” for the second section, similar to how you did last week

(File, Page Setup, Margins) See how the different sections have different

formatting?

Creating Style(s)

Select the paragraph starting „Dr Prentice enters briskly‟ (The quick way to select a paragraph is to double click to the left of the paragraph Or, treble click anywhere in

the paragraph) Now go to Format, Style Click on New and name the new style

„Directions‟ Format the new style (by choosing the format option in this box) as having a font of italics and size 12, a paragraph indentation of 0.5” from the left and

the right, plus spacing before and after the paragraph of 6 pt Click OK, and Apply to

see how the new style is applied to the text

Now select the spoken parts, such as the bit starting “Prentice (turning at the desk).” Name this style „Spoken‟, with a paragraph format of a Hanging Indent (from Special)

at 0.25” Don‟t forget to use the Help facility if you don‟t understand anything, such

as the last sentence

Now apply the styles to the rest of the appropriate text by selecting the text and then

going to Format, Style and Apply for the relevant style The quick way is to click on

the drop down menu above the ruler to the left which probably says Normal, Directions or Spoken If it asks you whether you want to redefine the style, then the answer is no

When you type your essays, it may be an idea to define styles for Headings (centre aligned, big font, underlined), Quotes (indented, smaller font size, paragraph spacing before and after), Text (first line indented, double spaced), etc

Headers, Footers and Page Numbers

Making sure you are in the second section of the text, go to View, Header/Footer

The header/footer toolbar appears Discover what each button does by holding the

pointer over the button with the mouse You may need to enlarge the view from View,

Zoom In the Header, type „What The Butler Saw‟ using centre alignment Close

the view down

From Insert, Page Numbers at the centre alignment at the bottom of the page Footer

Don‟t show the page number on the first page

Auto Correct

Another useful feature in Word is the Auto-Correct, which changes spelling mistakes

as you type them With Auto-Correct, you can type shortcut words and then Word will type them in full For example, every time I type „behr‟ Word changes it to behaviour hence saving me valuable time

To make this possible, go to Tools, Auto-Correct In the „Replace‟ box, put an

abbreviation for a word that you use often and in the „With‟ box put the full word Do this for as many words as you like

For this exercise, since things such as DR PRENTICE are typed quite often, and changing the font to small caps is a pain, first of all find DR PRENTICE from the previous week Make sure the space after the e OF prentice is in normal font Select

the two words and go to Tools, Auto-Correct In the „With‟ box is „Dr Prentice‟

already Click the „formatted text option‟ to keep the formatting change, and in the

„Replace‟ box type something like DP Click OK and now every time you type DP it

is replaced with DR PRENTICE

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Act One

A room in a private clinic Morning

Doors lead to the wards, the dispensary and the hall French windows open on to pleasant gardens and shrubberies

Sink Desk Consulting couch with curtains

Dr Prentice enters briskly Geraldine Barclay follows him She

carries a small cardboard box

Prentice (turning at the desk) Take a seat Is this your first hob? Geraldine (sitting) Yes, doctor

Dr Prentice puts on a pair of spectacles, stares at her He opens a drawer in the desk, takes out a notebook

Prentice (picking up a pencil and notebook) I'm going to ask you a few questions (Hands her the pencil and notebook) Who was your father?

Geraldine puts the cardboard box she is carrying to one side, crossed her legs, rests the notebook upon her knee and makes a note

Geraldine I've no idea who my father was

Dr Prentice is perturbed by her reply, though gives no indication Prentice I'd better be frank, Miss Barclay I can't employ you if you're in any way miraculous

Inserting Tables

To cut and paste material between applications is normally quite easy We are going

to insert the results of an Excel spreadsheet into a Word document, and then format the data in a table

Multi-tasking

This means doing more than one thing at once, such as drinking and smoking In computing terms it means basically having more than one application open at the same time Open Microsoft Word Push the „Alt‟ and „Tab‟ keys together

See how you cycle through the open applications? Let the keys go and you will switch

to that application

Now open Microsoft Excel at the same time and open the spreadsheet that was sent to you over email Select the results of the analysis (the columns from „O‟ to „(O-E)^2/E‟) and copy them Ensure that the results are to two decimal places Switch to Word and paste the results See how easy it is to copy between applications? Note how the default formatting is a table Also, note how the values of the cells are pasted, not the formulae

Turning the Tables

Make sure the hidden codes are on, and if you can‟t see the table gridlines go to

Table, Show Gridlines