introduction to spss RESEARCH METHODS & STATISTICS HANDBOOK PHẦN 6 ppsx

Select the table and go to Table, Cell Height and Width and change it to something suitable.. To insert a column select the OBSERVED column by pointing above the word OBSERVED until it c

Trang 1

Go to Edit, Replace and change O into Observed and then E into Expected Make sure you click on More and check that the „Find Whole Words Only‟ box is checked

Note that if you had not selected the table, Word would have changed everything in the document

As you can see, the columns are no longer wide enough Select the table and go to

Table, Cell Height and Width and change it to something suitable Try at least one

inch

Now try formatting the table Just as with Excel, you must select the line you want

and then add the bordering The slow way to do that is to go to Format, Borders and

Shading each time The fast way to do it is to use the borders icon in toolbar at the

top of your screen

Now select the top row Point to the left of the word „OBSERVED‟, so that the insertion point turns into an arrow Click, and the row is selected Put a ¾ point line

on the bottom of the row, and change the line width option to a 2¼ point line for the top of the row

(By the way, to put in special characters like ½ or  go to Insert, Symbol and then

choose what you want While we‟re on the subject, to put an equation into Word, go

to, Insert, Object „Microsoft Equation 3.0‟ Play with it, if you want)

Returning to the table On the bottom row, put in a 2¼ point line To insert a column select the OBSERVED column by pointing above the word OBSERVED until it changes to a black arrow, then click Now using the right mouse button, insert a column Enter in the information, as given on the spreadsheet

It is also possible to vertically centre text, such as the table, by going to File, Page

Setup, Layout and changing vertical alignment to centre You might need to go to File, Print Preview or Page Layout view in order to see the full effects

If the table sticks out over the edge of the page Select the table and autofit it from

Table, Cell Height and Width, Column As you can see, the titles are now too big

You can get round that by shrinking the font size or abbreviating the titles Improvise

Graphics and Arrows

Well, actually just arrows If you need to do a few graphic bits in Word, such as arrows and boxes, your best bet is do use the Drawing facility Turn the Drawing toolbar on in a similar way to turning on the Borders toolbar

Type the return key a few times under the table This now allows us to enter freeform text using the Drawing facility Click on text box, towards the left of the toolbar Now drag an area under the table and type the text into the box The size and font of the text in the box is formatted in the normal way Make it 14 point Double click on the edge of the text box and increase the box to one point and the edge to dashed Choose fill colour and choose light gray

Trang 2

52

Now draw an arrow pointing to the last column Double click on the arrow to change the options such as its width, size of arrowhead etc Make the arrowhead wider and longer, and make the line 2 points

SOURCE OBSERVED EXPECTED

OBSERVED-EXPECTED

(OBSERVED-EXPECTED)^

2

(OBSERVED-EXPECTED)^ 2/EXPECTED

Creating Tables in Word

To create Tables in Word, go to the point in the document where you want the table inserted and go

Table

Insert Table

You will then be asked how many columns and rows you want Select the number of

each that you want then press the AutoFormat button This is basically a step by step

guide to creating the layout of a table Selection the options you want and then click the “Continue” button for each dialogue box, until you come to the end You should then have a table you can add rows/columns to and do all the editing described in the lesson above

Creating Templates

So far we have seen how you can format styles to make typing large bodies of text both pretty and functional But as you have no doubt noticed by now, when you leave

a document you also leave the formatting with it How can you change that?

Templates

When you open a new document, Word defaults to the normal template The normal template basically is a document with no formatting and with everything set to default To make things a little more exciting we have to define a template

Go to File, New and choose template Go to File, Save As and see how it selects save

as document template? Cancel that last command Now, set up some styles that will

be useful for when you eventually come to type up your next few pieces of work

Chi-Square Table

Trang 3

Think back to the session where you created those styles In this template, do the same You don‟t actually need any text, though it may help if you type in a few lines

to show what the different styles actually do

The whole point of doing this is that when you come to do future work, anything saved in the template will be present So, if you want a standardised title page then create it now, obviously leaving gaps for titles and dates, etc

When you are happy with your template, go to File, Save As Call it something like

„Essays‟ or „Coursework‟ All the styles and any standard text will now be saved as the template Close the template down, and close Word Now, when you re-enter

Word it still gives you the default „Normal‟ template Go to File, New and choose the

template name and OK As if by magic, the formatting and styles appear

When you open a new document, several other templates are offered to you Try opening Elegant Letter.dot Note the blanks you have to fill in to create quick letter?

Other Bits

Made a mistake? In Word we undo mistakes by going to Edit, Undo You can also redo things by going to Edit, Redo If you had a long list of variables on consecutive

lines and wanted to sort them alphabetically (make sure there is a „hard return‟ after

each variable, using Edit, Replace if necessary by replacing a space with a hard return from Special Characters), you can select what you want sorted and go to Table,

Sort You can also splice the document into two windows, for those fancy multi-task

operations, by using Window, Split and then clicking where you want to have the split Get rid of it by moving the split into the toolbar Now, from Tools, choose

Spelling and run a spell check You can also run a Grammar check Open a

document With that document open, do a word count, from Tools, Word Count.

Trang 4

54

MS Excel Exercises

A spreadsheet is a cross between a calculator and a word processor, with a bit of statistical package thrown in Its main use is in automating repetitive number crunching tasks or for formatting and cleaning data files A spreadsheet consists of a matrix of rows and columns, each identified by a cell name (its „address‟) As you move around the sheet, you are selecting different cells, and you can type in data and formulae

Entering Data and Using Formulae

Your mission today is to copy in the spreadsheet (exactly – including bold print, larger font, border lines, etc.) and learn how to use formulae and names to demonstrate different coefficients

Entering Text

Most text is entered just as in Word Note that if a line is too long for a cell then it will run over the other cells This usually causes no problems, though it may seem counter-intuitive Copy the top half of the spreadsheet, and don‟t forget to use

formatting Change the print layout to landscape from File, Page Setup, Landscape

This is very similar to Word Watch out for the borders - look on the toolbar towards

the right hand side Don't forget to use Edit, Undo if it goes pear-shaped

Don't bother entering the numbers in the second part of the sheet (where it starts with Phi) - these will change later Do note that the formatting for the coefficients is

different - select these four cells and go to Format, Cells, Number and then switch

the decimal places to 2

Most of the sheet is text, but some cells are named or are formulae This is where the fun begins

Names and Formulae

Basically, a named cell is one which has a pseudonym Hence, when referring to a name cell, rather than type in cell addresses, which are not meaningful, we can use names, which are

In the Data Entry Area, name cell D23 as „PP‟ by going to Insert, Name, Define and

calling it PP, meaning variable 1 Present and variable 2 Present Name E23 as „PA‟ etc See how just under „Arial‟ the cell address changes to the name

Trang 5

Formulae are used in cells to perform calculations If you type in the formula then the coefficients will change automatically as you change the data entry area Hence you can see for example how joint non-occurrence is not used by Jaccard‟s, even the figure is huge compared to the rest

A formula always starts with an „=„ sign So, in cell G24 (named „Sum‟) the line should be „=PP+AP+PA+AA‟ If you enter data into the named cells in the data entry area, you will see that the Sum automatically changes

The Formulae

If we weren‟t using names, the formula for Jaccard‟s would be

=D23/(D23+D24+E23) Note the use of brackets - this is highly important but not very useful Using the names created earlier, you can now type into cell C33 the formula =PP/(PP+AP+PA) This is more meaningful, and emphasises the simplicity

of Jaccard‟s as well as the fact that it ignores joint non-occurrence (i.e AA) Provided there are values in the data entry area, Jaccard‟s coefficient will be calculated instantly

Try entering the formulae for the other coefficients These are:

(Looks vaguely familiar? It‟s Pearson‟s dichotomised Squareroot is achieved by raising to the power of 0.5 i.e ^0.5)

Don‟t forget - careful with those brackets

Testing the Formulae

Enter different values into the data entry area and see how the different coefficients give wildly different results Moral of the story: make sure the coefficient you use is appropriate or risk completely invalid results

Định dạng
Số trang	10
Dung lượng	129,48 KB