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Once on the Network, you are in the MS DOS environment and can then use Windows or UNIX.. The printer which is probably most convenient is the one found in the Eleanor Rathbone Data Cent

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RESEARCH METHODS

&

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

First Term

Dr Alison, Mr Brent Snook

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Table of Contents

Section I: Introduction 3

Section II: Practicals 11

Section III: Extra Material 38

Appendix: Basic Statistics 60

Timetable……….70

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SECTION I INTRODUCTION

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Course Instructors

The instructors for this year will be, Brent Snook (Room 1.79), X, Y & Z Our offices are on the second floor of the Eleanor Rathbone Building

Computing Systems

The University Computing Services Help Desk (Brownlow Hill – phone extension

44567) has a full advice and backup service should you need any information and

help

Computing Environments

Communication between computers and ourselves is mediated by operating systems that allow us to access the various programmes and packages in the University The most usual environment, as the systems are known, is Windows This is controlled mainly through pointing and clicking the mouse at various icons on the screen

Another environment is UNIX, which is similar to MS DOS in that the commands are typed rather than selected with the mouse

The reason behind discussing these different environments is simply that the various packages we will be using are stored in these environments

Computers and Networks

Most computers act both as stand-alone machines, capable of independent use, and as

networked machines, which rely on a central server Generally speaking, we in

Psychology use networked machines for several reasons Three main networks are used to access the packages on the different environments: the PC Managed Network Service, the NT Managed Network and the UNIX System

The Three Networks

Access to the networks is gained by logging on with your user name and password You then have access to your own personal disk space (M: drive) at a central location

that only you can read You have separate disk space for both Windows 2000 and UNIX, so you can have two separate passwords to increase security, though your user

name remains the same At the end of a session, you must always logoff

Usually, when a computer is booted you have the option to go on Windows 2000

Once on the Network, you are in the MS DOS environment and can then use Windows or UNIX

Computer Terminals

Virtually all computers upstairs in Psychology and in the Eleanor Rathbone Teaching Centre (ERTC) are networked to Windows 2000 Also, on the first floor in Psychology is another suite of computers in the Eleanor Rathbone Data Centre

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(ERDC) There is a printer in there which you should use in preference to the ones in the department, though Computing Services doesn‟t look kindly on people sending huge printouts to their printers

INSTALLING APPLICATIONS

There are a number of applications you need to install onto your account On your screen you should have an icon labelled MNTS Applications Double click on this icon Now double click on All and you should get a screen full of icons These are all of the possible applications that you can install onto your account Each application is installed by simply double clicking on the application icon

Install the following applications:

1 Mulberry (e-mail)

2 SPSS (version 10)

3 Stanford Graphics (on L:INVPSY)

4 Microsoft Office (Word, Excel)

5 WS_FTP

6 Netterm

7 BR Journey Planner

8 The various MDS packages (LIFA2000, UNIX SSA, MSA, POSA)

9 Geographic packages (Dragnet)

Within the limited timeframe, the purpose is to familiarise you with the software that

is available and to encourage you to start using it

Registering on Windows 2000

Computing Services have all their documentation accessible through the World Wide Web You can print off any of the documents once you set up the appropriate printer The Computing Services handout will take you through all the basics of Windows

2000 including registering and changing your password

To register on Windows 2000, you can go to any computer terminal There should be

a Windows 2000 login screen Type the word register in the username box and

follow the instructions

Setting up the ERDC Printer

You have the capability to print on a local printer (a printer that is actually attached to your machine) or a network printer (a printer which is attached to the network) Since

we don‟t have enough printers for everyone it will be necessary to attach to a network printer

The printer which is probably most convenient is the one found in the Eleanor Rathbone Data Centre The network printer queue for this printer is erdc-Queue

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Your are not restricted to just this printer but it is the closest and it is reserved for postgraduate students studying in the Eleanor Rathbone Building

To connect to one of the University‟s networked printers you need to do the following:

 From the Start menu choose Settings and Printers

 Double–click on Add Printer

 Highlight the option Network printer server and click on Next

 Double-click on Netware Network

 Double-click on Novell Directory Services

 Double–click on Liv

 Double–click on O=liv

 Scroll down the list of options until you see

OU=PRINT-QUEUES

 Double–click on this option

 From the list detailed in Figure 1, select the required printer queue and double– click on it (in this case, erdc-Queue)

 Choose OK to install the required printer driver on your local machine

 From the list illustrated in Figure 1, select the required printer manufacturer and then select the printer from the list available (it should be an HP LaserJet 4Si/4Si

MX PS) Click on OK

 If this is the first time you have installed this particular type of printer then you will be asked for the location of the files to install

 Replace the line D:\i386 (this might say A:\i386) in the box Copy files from with the path line V:\NT40\i386 and click on OK

 After a few seconds you will be asked if you wish to make this your default printer Click on Yes

 Click on Next

 You will then receive a message that your printer has been successfully installed

 Click on Finish

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 The printer driver will now be installed and connected to the specified printer queue

Remember, once you have connected and installed a network printer driver, you may need to check the printer settings to ensure that the settings such as paper size and duplex printing are correct For further information, please see Configuring the Printer Settings (on the Computing Services web page)

Using UNIX

A lot of your time this year may be spent in UNIX We will go into more detail about this system in the section on UNIX Three versions of the MDS procedures (SSA, MSA & POSA) are on UNIX

 Double click the Netterm icon Login with the same username as the PCMNS

Your password is listed on the form Computing Services sent you You can change the password by typing in “passwd”

The versions of the MDS packages on the mainframe have a number of advantages over the two non-Windows PC versions They are basically more powerful and therefore more effective A second feature is flexibility In comparison to the mainframe SSA, ShyeSSA (PC package) has only two choices of measures of association - Pearson‟s and Guttman‟s Mu While PAP offers the widest variety of measures, the copy we have also tends to be the one that doesn‟t work We‟ll go into the PC packages in more detail at a later date Running the mainframe packages is fairly straight forward, but there are actually four parts to the whole process - preparing your data, uploading/downloading, using the UNIX system itself, using the ned editor and running (in this case) the SSA

The SSA package has an option for reading data as freefields (any space between numbers indicates separate variables) for UNIX SSA, we can leave the data file as is For MSA and POSA, the fields must be fixed, so:

a) you don‟t want any spaces in your rows

b) you need to have each score for each variable to start in the same column, otherwise, when the MDS programs read your data file, they won‟t be reading the variables properly - you tell the computer where each case‟s score for each variable is located by indicating the columns that variable occupies

Both of these will become apparent when we get to running the SSA A simple example:

12 42 131213

13122 71111

In this case, the second variable actually takes up three columns, but, obviously, the computer does not stick a 0 in front of a score like 42 - that‟s your job The same holds true for the third variable, which requires two columns as the score are over 9

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The correct version of the two lines of data, with 0‟s added and spaces removed should be:

12042131213

13122071111

Where columns 1-2 are variable 1, columns 3-5 are variable 2 and so on After correcting the data, you then save the file again, making sure that it is still being saved

in the generic ASCII format

Uploading/downloading files

The best way to upload (transfer files from the PC/NT Managed Network to the mainframe) or download (vice versa) is to use the WS-FTP application (in the comms window) This is a simple package to use

1) When you first start it up, a window comes up asking for information about a host

- this is the location you‟ll be accessing outside of the PC to transfer information Under host name type “UNIX.” Under host type, select the option “UNIX (standard).” Under UserID put your user name Under password enter your UNIX password

2) The format is simple On the left-hand side is the local host, through which you can change between directories and drives The right-hand side is your remote host (UNIX account), which also has directories you can move through At the very top of each, your current drives/directories are listed To transfer a file up, you select it and hit the right arrow To transfer down, you hit the left button The only trick is to make sure you have it set up for the right receiving directory, e.g selecting the winword directory on your M: drive to receive the results file from an MSA that you‟ve run So, locate the coding.dat data file and move it from the M: drive to your UNIX account

3) When you‟ve finished, hit the exit button

The UNIX Operating System

Imagine that UNIX is set up like the file manager in Windows, but that you have to type in commands rather than click the mouse to move up and down directories, copy files, delete files and so on When you first login in, the info on the left of the dollar sign prompt indicates the user, the particular machine you‟re on (in brackets) and what directory you are in - from left to right Remember that UNIX is case sensitive -

an F is not the same thing as an f I find it very useful to start all directories with a capital letter and files with a lower case one to separate them The first thing to know

is how to find help This is done through the “man” command If you know the particular command you want help for, just type “man {command}” If you have an idea as to what type of action you want the computer to carry out, but don‟t know the specific command, type man -k {keyword} where the keyword is something related to the command, e.g password, to get a list of commands with something to do with passwords

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Here is a short list of UNIX commands:

cp {directory/filename} {newfilename}- copies a file

rm {filename}- deletes a file

mv {filename} {directory} - moves a file/renames a file

ls - lists the contents of the current directory

cd {directory} - change directory (note that cd moves you up one directory)

mkdir {directoryname} - creates a directory

rmdir {directoryname} - removes a directory

ned {filename} - activates the ned editor

pine - e-mail editor

gopher - info source

tin - newsgroups reader

Note that * is a wildcard character, just like in Windows, for selecting multiple files for commands All of this information is available in more detail on the WWW

The ned editor

I mentioned this before (briefly), but I thought I‟d go into this in more detail, as it‟s a useful tool for editing files when you are on UNIX All of these details are in the document on the ned editor on the Computing Services on-line documentation, BTW Essentially, it‟s a crude word processor, where all the function keys have various functions as do shift-function keys None of this silly bolding or italics, no sir You can type, you can move your cursor around and you can find and replace Word processing for real men Anyway, on to the lesson

To start up the ned editor, you have to edit a file on the UNIX account You do the latter by typing ned {filename}, so choose any filename and open the ned editor

A screen will come up with a brownish banner along the bottom listing the various function key options All the basic keys operate like in Word: arrow keys move the cursor around, the home key moves to the start of the line, and end to the end Page up/down are also the same As are insert/typeover, delete, backspace and so on

Right, now type out everything from “I mentioned this ” on to right here

Hit the F1 key, to get info on one of the displayed topics, move the cursor to it and hit enter For a function key, hit that key Ctrl-G exits help

Right, position your cursor at the start of the third line from the bottom, then hit the F2 key - a new line Now hit F9, which will delete the line you just created Now hit shft-F9, and the line comes back Right, now hit the F4 key to mark the start location for cutting/copying and pasting Move the cursor somewhere on the next couple of lines then hit F6 Move to the end of the document and hit enter a couple of times, then hit F5 All the text between the marking point and the cursor is copied to the new cursor location The same process is carried out for cutting text, but you hit shft-F6 instead of shft-F6

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To insert text from another file, hit shft-F7 Ned will ask for the filename, the text of which will be inserted wherever you‟re put the cursor Shft-F4 saves the file, while shft-F3 saves the file and exits F3 quits without saving changes However, the most important feature of ned for data files that you‟ve uploaded is the replace feature (F8) With this, you can change 1‟s to 0‟s and so on So, let‟s change the letter “e” to “i.” Move to the top left of the document Hit F8, then type the letter “e” [DON‟T hit enter now] Hit F8 again, and type “i.” Hit F8 one more time You‟ll be prompted to make a choice about the first “e.” If you hit the Y key, it will change it, N will make the computer jump to the next occurrence A ! will cause ned to make all possible changes You‟ll find this handy for changing numbers prior to doing analyses For example, changing 0‟s to 1‟s and 1‟s to 2‟s