the SketchUp Version 5Student Workbook phần 9 pot

Move the window so that its lower midpoint sits at the endpoint of the lower left corner of the face.. Push/Pull the face up 6” to create the top rail.. Right-click on the face and selec

14 Move the window so that its lower midpoint sits at

the endpoint of the lower left corner of the face Start

to move the window again by its lower midpoint

15 To place it exactly relative to the face corner, we will

use the angle bracket format Enter <4’,0,14’2>

Don’t forget the foot symbols, because the units are

now set to architectural Also, the movement is in the

red-blue plane, so don’t forget to include a zero

placeholder for the green direction

16 Copy this window anywhere in the lateral direction

Type 6’ to set the window spacing

17 Now type 5x This creates a total of five copies, evenly spaced at 6’

18 We can squeeze in one more window on this face, so type 6x

19 This won’t work at the current spacing, so try 5’-4”

T IP : Even though you’re working in architectural units, you can still type in decimal values - in this case, 5.33’.

Using Exact Dimensions

259

20 This face is 40’ long, and we want 4’ from each side

to the window centers Therefore, the spacing

between the first and last window is 32’ Enter this

value

21 Type 6/ (note the division symbol) to divide this 32’

length into six spaces between windows (seven total

N OTE : Like with the other tools where exact values are used, you can continue to update the offset distance.

24 Push/Pull this face upward 13’.

25 Copy the arched door to the top floor, by dragging its lower midpoint to the midpoint of Edge A-B

26 Let’s make this door a bit wider Use Scale with

Ctrl/Option so that the scaling will be relative to the

center of the door The scale factor appears in the

VCB, but you cannot update it while Ctrl/Option is

pressed So click anywhere to scale the door, and the

factor will be adjusted afterward

27 Type 1.25 to increase the original width by 25%

If you want, you can verify the new width by

switching to decimal mm units, and measuring the

width It should be 2125mm, which is 1.25 times

1700 mm If you do this step, be sure to switch back

to architectural units

Exact Rotated Copies

1 Now for the roof deck Draw a horizontal half-circle

arc whose diameter is Edge A-B

2 Offset the arc inward 9” (for inches you do not need

to include the “ symbol) The inner arc has thick lines, indicating that it is not aligned in the plane of the lower roof

3 To resolve this arc, zoom in closely to the ends of the arc and fix them

4 Push/Pull this parapet to a height of 1’-6” You can

type 18, or 1’6, or 1.5’

5 We will now add some railing posts Zoom in on the first segment of the parapet wall To place the post exactly in the center of the wall, create a construction line parallel to Edge A-B, that passes through the midpoint of Edge A-C

Using Exact Dimensions

261

6 We want to locate the midpoint of Edge A-B, but you

cannot do this while the arc is a “pure” arc

Right-click on the outer arc, and select Explode

Curve This breaks the arc into separate segments

whose midpoints can be found

7 Place a circle centered on the construction line, in the

red direction from the midpoint of Edge A-B Either

before or after clicking the second point to create the

circle, type 3 to define the radius as 3”

8 As always, you can still change this value A 6”

diameter post is a bit large, so type 2 (for a 4”

diameter post) This is a good size

9 Use Push/Pull to make a 2’ post from this circle Make the post a group In Windows, Entity Info tells

you how many faces and edges are in this group The edge count includes edges along the cylinder that are currently hidden

Mac: Entity Info tells you only that a group has been

selected.

10 Use Rotate to make rotated copies of the post

11 Type (or snap to) 15 degrees

12 To make an array, we use the same format as for

linear copies Type 8x for eight copies (nine posts)

13 Not enough to go all the way around, so type 11x

14 You can still change the rotation angle as well Enter

30 to double the spacing, and remove every other

post Because the number of copies was not changed,

they are all still there, as you can see in X-Ray mode.

15 Undo the copies

16 Rotate-copy the same post once more As with linear copies, you can set the angle between the first and last copy and set number of spaces in between Type

165 to place the last copy

17 Now type 8/ to create eight spaces (nine posts)

18 This looks nice, but the posts are wide enough to for someone to fall through Change the spacing to 25/

Using Exact Dimensions

263

19 This looks much safer, but we can check to make

sure Activate Measure and click two points to

measure the clear distance between posts

It should be about one foot - a pretty safe clear

distance

20 Now for the top rail Copy the top face of the parapet

wall to the top of the posts

T IP : You could also enter a relative move value of <0,0,2’>.

Note the circles on this face, indicating where the

posts meet the face If the posts had not been

grouped, these circles would be separate faces within

the rail face But since they are groups, the posts do

not affect this rail face; the face is a single face

21 Push/Pull the face up 6” to create the top rail The

outer face of the top rail is segmented because we exploded the original outer arc (The inner face is smooth.)

22 To soften these vertical segment edges, use Erase

with Ctrl/Option on the edges Here is what your roof

deck should look like

1 Continuing on, we will join the main building with

the two side buildings Start by copying the doorway

on the top floor onto the side of the box that faces the

main building Don’t worry about exact placement -

you already know how

2 To copy this doorway onto the main building, align

the axes to the outbuilding first

3 You can now copy the doorway from the cube,

straight along the red axis, until it hits the parallel

face of the main building

You can now create a bridge linking these two

doorways One way is to draw the shape for the

bridge on one face (like the larger building) while the

other building is hidden

4 The one shown below (with faces reversed) has the same overall dimensions as the rail on the roof deck: 9” width, 1’-6” parapet, 2’-0” posts, 6” top rail

5 The posts are copied from the main building, and are spaced about 1’ apart You can create something simpler, but this looks pretty nice and ties the structures together This picture shows the view when the front face and its windows are hidden

Using Exact Dimensions

265

6 To place the same bridge on the other side, make a

copy of the bridge plus the adjacent doorways and

walls Reset the axes, then flip the copy

inside-out.Use Scale to turn this copy inside out.

7 Erase the faces on the main building and box where

the copied faces will be placed (moving a face on top

of another face can get unnecessarily messy)

8 Select the copy again, and move it into place Easy!

Measuring Length and Area

You can check lengths of edges and areas of faces, and use

the Text tool to label these measurements.

1 On one of the out-buildings, check the Entity Info

window for the edge shown The length of the edge is displayed, in the current units

The units should still be Architectural, which is the

format of the measurement

2 Do the same calculation on the edge shown

3 Now activate the Text tool Click first on the 24’

edge and move the cursor away from the edge The length of the edge is shown

4 Click again to place the text At this point you can

change the text, but leave it as is Click outside the

text area to create the label As with all

measurements, the text is created in the current units

If you change the units, all subsequent labels will

reflect the change Existing labels will not update,

however

5 Apply a similar label to the 19’-8” edge

N OTE : Text works well for labeling dimensions, but labels are

not associative (they will not update if there are geometric or unit

changes) A better way to show measurements is to use

Dimensions

6 Now for area measurements Right-click on the face

and select Area / Selection.

The area is displayed: 24.00 * 19.67 = 472

7 Another way to get the area of a face is through its

Entity Info, similar to edges

8 To label the face, use Text and click anywhere on the

face for the first point The default text for a face is its area

The Area / Selection method works for a multiple

faces as well If you want the area of multiple faces,

you can also use Entity Info (which can also

calculate the length of multiple edges) Or you can assign materials or manipulate layers, as described below

9 Open the Materials Browser and assign any material

to the four front faces shown below

Using Exact Dimensions

267

10 Right-click any of these faces and select Area /

Material The combined area of all four faces is

calculated

N OTE : You can also right-click on the material thumbnail in the

In Model tab of the Material Browser, and select Area.

11 Another way to get a multiple-face area calculation is

to place all faces on the same layer Create a new

layer (Window / Layers, click Add) called

something like “Outbuilding Facade.”

12 Place the two front out-building faces on the new layer

13 Right-click on either of the faces Select Area /

Layer to see the combined area of the faces

14 Remember, the area of one face was 472, and 944 is twice that value

Scaling in 3D

This last, short section demonstrates using exact scale values when scaling in 3D You can replace the modified materials and layers, or leave them as they are

1 Align the axes once again to the box (right out-building) form Select the two faces shown and

activate Scale.

2 Select the corner midpoint handle shown.

Because this handle allows non-uniform scaling by

default (though you can change this by pressing

Shift), you can change the scale factor in two

dimensions - red and green

3 Move the cursor to see how this handle can be

moved, and note the two comma-separated values in

the VCB Enter 0.5,3 to reduce the red dimension to

one-half, and multiple the green dimension by three

4 Now click the corner handle shown By default this

handle scales uniformly But press Shift, and you can

change the scale in all three directions

5 You cannot enter values while Shift is pressed, but you can click anywhere to scale, then enter values to modify the scaling Don’t forget to separate the values by a comma, and to list them in order of red, green, blue

Note that adjacent faces are automatically folded when required by the scaled faces

11 In-Depth Projects

Domed Apse

Here is a neat way to create a domed apse Extruding a

face along a curve that is less than a complete circle is

slightly problematic, as you’ll see This method shows

you how to extrude a face along a 180-degree arc

1 Create the base as a half-cylinder Create a vertical

construction line starting from the center of the

cylinder Group the base to keep it from sticking to

other objects

2 Use arcs to create the shape of the dome Try using

Follow Me (you need to first explode the base to use

its arc edge.)

The resulting dome has a small notch in the center - not the dome we want

3 Why does this happen? Undo and activate Follow

Me, then select the arc face Zoom in closely and

manually extrude the face along the arc The face is

Push/Pull’d along the first arc segment - a

straight-line extrusion, not a curved one This first extrusion segment is the reason for the notched result

4 Undo back to the point at which the base is still

grouped, and we’ll try this using another method

huy_anh_2002

5 Display hidden edges and Push/Pull the arc form to

the first inner edge of the base

6 Select the inner arc face, and activate Move Press

Alt/Cmd for Autofold, and move the inner vertex of

the dome slice to the inner vertex of the base

The dome slice is now aligned with the base

7 With the inner face still selected, rotate it as shown

8 Rotate-copy the dome wedge enough times to cover the base This is how the apse appears with softened edges

Try It Yourself

You can create some neat variations on this For instance,

if you double the rotation angle, you can get this:

Rotate-Copied Curved Objects

For exercises such as the previous one, you need to

consider the interior walls of copied objects and how they

affect edge smoothing

1 Start with the results of the previous exercise Look

at the results in X-Ray mode Each copied segment

has side walls

This explains why, when you smooth the edges, it still has a faceted look As long as interior walls are joined to the exterior wall, the wall cannot be smoothed

2 To change this, the side faces of the rotated object should be removed

3 Rotate-copy these two faces over the 180-degree arc Replace the front faces by creating lines You can now soften the edges without the facets

N OTE : For the smooth version (without interior faces), if you smooth each edge individually by right-clicking and selecting

Soften, you will still get a faceted (not smooth) look Use the Erase tool with Ctrl/Option pressed, or select all edges,

right-click and select Soften/Smooth Edges.

Aligning Any Two Faces

This may not be a situation you run across very often, but

it’s still useful to understand how this works It’s actually

not as complex as it seems when you sit down and try it

While this example is simplistic, you might find it

applicable for components - inserting a component onto a

face that does not conform to the red-green-blue planes

1 Start with a cylinder and a small cube Rotate the top

of the cylinder The cube will be rotated to align to

this face

2 Create any two construction lines on this face Select

the cube and move it by dragging one of its corners to

meet one of the construction lines

The cube must be rotated three times to have the

correct orientation The first two rotations will

reference the construction line where the cube now

3 With the cube still selected, activate Rotate Align

the protractor with Face A, anchor it to Point B, and orient it toward Point C Rotate it by clicking anywhere on Construction Line D

Face A is now rotated (though it may be hard to tell.)

4 Face E will now be aligned to the same construction

line With the cube still selected, and Rotate active,

align the protractor with Face E, anchored at Point G, oriented to Point F Rotate it toward Construction Line D

Edge BC should now sit on Construction Line D

In-Depth Projects

273

5 The last unaligned face can now be rotated Align

with Face H, place the protractor on Point B, orient

toward Point I, and rotate to the other construction

line (J)

The cube now has the correct orientation Move the

cube to sit atop the cylinder

6 To verify that it is properly aligned, erase all but the

bottom rectangle of the cube Its lines are thin,

indicating that all four edges are coplanar with the

circular face

An example of a case in which you’d have to use this

method would be inserting a window into a rotated face -

perhaps a skylight Obviously in such a case you’d

probably rather draw the window directly into the face,

but if you need to use a certain component you may need

to know how to align it

Curvy Things

SketchUp can be used to model almost anything, using some simple tools and a bit of creativity This exercise will create a mouse, but the method can be applied to anything

1 In the red-green plane, draw a few tangent arcs plus a line across the top, to approximate the bottom face of the mouse Erase the face enclosed by the curves

2 Draw three arcs to create a vertical face representing the section of the mouse at the top

3 Now draw an arc to represent how the mouse changes shape from top to bottom

4 You now have a section face and three profile curves

Select all profile curves (do not select the face) and

group them

5 Push/Pull the section face out You can use the

endpoint of the first segment of one of the profile

curves as the limit Or you can just use an offset

distance that feels right Select the front face of this

“slice” and activate Scale.

6 You want to scale this face so that it meets each of the

three profile curves First, drag the top center handle

up so that the face meets the top profile curve

7 Move the left side handle so that the bottom corner meets the left profile curve

8 And do the same on the right side

T IP : Non-uniform scaling is required here, so that the bottom face will stay flat You can drag using a corner handle to scale two sides at once, but be sure to keep Shift pressed.

In-Depth Projects

275

9 Push/Pull this scaled face, either by the same

distance you used before (simple double-click the

face), or to the next segment endpoint Scale the front

face as before, so that the top and lower two corners

meet the profile curves

Usually a right-handed mouse has an indentation on

the left side for your thumb The way to handle this is

to scale the left arc gradually so that it turns from

convex to concave We’ll do this over three segment

iterations

10 Activate Scale on this arc, and drag the outer side

handle slightly inward

Over the next three iterations, perform the same series of steps:

11 For the remainder of the mouse, do the Push/Pull and Scale step, but leave the left arc as is - it is scaled

enough For the last segment, you may want to use divide the area into two or three iterations You can fill in the last few lines by hand, or you can

Push/Pull to the end of the profile and scale the face

almost to nothing The profile curves are no longer

needed

The basic shape is complete, but we can dress up the

mouse a bit

12 Use hidden edges as a guide and edges, and unsoften

some edges to block off the button areas

13 Use your Materials browser to color the mouse and

its three buttons

14 For the mouse wheel, bring in a Sphere component

and use Scale to adjust the overall size, and to push in the sides Use Move to place the wheel where it

belongs

This method is so flexible - it can be used to make anything Here’s another example with a section face and three profile curves:

To add another “twist,” you can even rotate the scaled faces