Textbooks write English correctly_07 ppt

The For-Expletive as the Subject of a Sentence Đï̉ cho con gai nho chung töi tiḯp tuc hoc ơ hoa ky la mong muö́n cua chung töi trong nhiï̀u năm qua.. For there to be a fire es

THE EXPLET

Hònh như khöng co ai trong nha ca

There seems to be no one in the house

Luc ₫o tònh cơ co möt chiḯc tăc xi ₫ang trơ tơi

There happened then to be an approaching taxi

Giưa hai ngươi hònh như chăng con gò

There seems to be nothing left between two of them

Phai co nhưng biïn phap manh hơn ₫ï̉ chö́ng tham nhung

There should be stronger measures to fight corruption

Cền phai co möt kḯ hoach ro rang ₫ï̉ giup nhưng gia ₫ònh trong khu vưc tư giup mònh

There should be a definite project to help the poor families in this area to help themselves

NOTE 1

Khöng thï̉ ₫oan trươc ngay mai se ra sao

There is no predicting that what will happen tomorrow

Khöng thï̉ nao hiï̉u ₫ươc trai tim cua möt ngươi ₫an ba

There is no understanding a woman’ s heart

There is no probing a woman’s heart

Khöng thï̉ nao tiïu diït ₫ươc töi ac

There is no eliminating the evil altogethe

NOTE 2

Cư luön than phiï̀n thò chăng ñch gò

There is no use/good in complaining all the time

Cư tiḯp tuc chơ ₫ơi thḯ nay thò chăng ly gò hḯt

There is no point in waiting on like this

Cho ai thư gò mònh khöng cền nưa thò chăng tö́t lanh gò

THERE BE NO DOING ST = IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ST

THERE IS NO ( GOOD/POINT/USE/MERIT ) IN DOING ST

THE EXPLET

There is no merit in giving away something one no longer need

Chung töi mong se co thïm nhiï̀u cai tö̉ tai Viït Nam trong năm tơi

We expect there to be more reforms in VN next year

Töi tin la ₫a co möt chut hiï̉u lềm giưa hai ngươi

I believe there to have been some misunderstanding between two of you

Chung töi, tre con, chỉ muö́n co hoa bònh trïn thḯ giơi khö́n khö̉ nay

We, children, only want there to be peace in this miserable

There comes the bus

There it comes!

There come the bride and the groom!

There goes the last bus

There is the status I was talking to you about

There it is: just to the right of the church

There goes the school bell, I must run

The THERE interjection expresses annoyance or ment.

encourage-Đo, ₫êu co ₫au lăm ₫êu, phai khöng?

Clauses of this kind normally appear after such verbs

as BELIEVE, EXPECT, HATE, HOPE, LIKE, MEAN, WANT etc.

Never confuse the adverb THERE in initial position with the THERE-Expletive

Never confuse the interjection THERE in initial position with the THERE-Expletive

Đo, anh lai lam be dêy rö̀i kòa.

There, you are waking up the baby!

3 T HE FOR E XPLETIVE

The FOR-Expletive is very commonly used to introduce an

Infinitive Clause which functions as a noun As a noun, this

clause is used as the subject of sentence, the object of verb or a subjective complement.

a The For-Expletive as the Subject of a Sentence

Đï̉ cho con gai nho chung töi tiḯp tuc hoc ơ hoa ky la mong muö́n cua chung töi trong nhiï̀u năm qua

For our younger daughter to continue her studies in the US has been our wish for many years now

Đï̉ anh quan ly dư an nay la y kiḯn cua öng chu tịch HĐQT

For you to take charge of this project is the idea of the chair man of the BOD

Co möt cai thang cưu hö ơ phña sau toa nha la cền thiḯt

For there to be a fire escape at the back of the building is essential.Töi ma lếy möt tïn như thḯ thò khöng thï̉ ₫ươc

For me to marry such a man is unthinkable

Đï̉ öng ta trơ thanh ngươi lanh ₫ao la chñnh xac ₫iï̀u chung töi ₫ang nghĩ

For him to become our leader is exactly what we have in mind

Đï̉ töi ra ₫i bêy giơ la khöng thï̉

For me to go now is impossible

con-Co möt cai thang cưu hö ơ phña sau toa nha la cền thiḯt.

It is essential for there to be a fire escape at the back of the ing

build-b The For-Expletive as the Object of a Verb that also takes an OC

True O is normally a PHRASE or a CLAUSE, in which a FOR CLAUSE expresses a thing/situation that doesn’t happen at the moment of speaking and a THAT CLAUSE epresses a thing/situation that already happened.

Töi nghĩ nha nươc khöng thay ₫ö̉i chñnh sach ngoai giao thò rết kho

I think it very hard for the government not to make a few changes

in its foreign policy

Töi nghĩ möt cö gai tre sö́ng möt mònh ơ sai gon thò khöng an toan

I don’t think it safe for a younger to live alone in SG

The above constructions are very formal and mainly used in formal writing The use of the dummy IT will make the construction less formal In other words, the dummy subject IT is more frequently used in this case

to move FOR CLAUSE to the end of the sentence.

M

S M P: V IT OC trueO

THE EXPLET

Đï̉ thḯ giơi khöng thay ₫ö̉i sau chiḯn tranh Iraq la ₫iï̀u khöng thï̉

I think it impossible for the world to remain unchanged after the war

in Iraq has come to an end

c The FOR-Expletive as the SC

SC is normally a PHRASE: GP/IP

or a CLAUSE: FOR/ THAT/ WH

Muc ₫ñch cua dư an nay nhăm giup nhưng gia ₫ònh ngheo tư giup mònh

The aim of this project is for poor family help themselves

Y cua xḯp la ₫ï̉ anh thuyïn chuyï̉n sang möt bö phên khac

The manager’s idea is for you to transfer to another department

Ươc muö́n cua ho la ₫ï̉ cö con gai cai quan cöng viïc khi cö ta tö́t nghiïp ₫ai hoc

Their wish is for their daughter to take over their business when

she finishes college

Săp ₫ăt cua chung töi la ₫ï̉ anh găp anh ta ơ phi trương

Our arrangement is for you to meet him at the airport

Đêy la cơ höi ₫ï̉ ban chưng to kha năng cua mònh

This is an opportunity for you to prove your abilities

Nang mơ cưa ₫ï̉ anh năng ban mai tran vao phong

She opened the windows for the sunshine to stream in

Nang mơ cưa sö́ ₫ï̉ khöng khñ trong lanh ban ₫ïm ua vao phong

She opened the window for the fresh night air to flow in

M

Do not mistake the FOR-Expletive for the preposition

which normally introduces a phrase that functions as an adjective or an adverb.

THE EXPLET

Kha năng chung ta tham gia vao dư an nay la rết ñt

The chance for us to take part in the project is very little

Co vai chuyïn töi cền giai quyḯt trươc khi ₫i

There are a few things for me to settle before I leave

Mon tiï̀n nay ₫u ₫ï̉ cho hăn sö́ng suö́t ₫ơi ma khöng lam gò ca.This sum is enough for him to live all his life without working hard

Cö ta ₫a phến ₫ếu ₫u ₫ï̉ chung ta tăng lương cho cö ta

She has been working hard enough for us to give her a rise.Căn nha khöng ₫u lơn ₫ï̉ tết ca chung ta sö́ng

The house is not big enough for all of us to live in

Cha me thơi nay khöng nong long cho con gai mònh thanh gia thêt băng như cha me cach ₫êy 30 năm

Parents today are not so anxious for their daughter to get married as parents 30 years ago

Hăn gia qua töi lếy hăn sao ₫ươc

He is too old for me to marry

Chung ta phai ha gia ₫ï̉ doanh sö́ tăng lïn

We have to lower our prices for our sales to increase

4 T HE AS E XPLETIVE

The AS-Expletive introduces an oppositive as an OC It mally occurs after such verb as: APPOINT, BAPTIZE, BELIEVE, CALL, CHOOSE, CONSIDER, DESCRIBE, ELECT, FIND, FEEL, KEEP, NAME, MAKE, PAINT, PROVE, REGARD, SEE, THINK, VIEW VOTE In other words, AS usually appears in pattern 4.

nor-Möt sö́ ngươi xem ₫ơi la möt bi kịch; möt sö́ ngươi khac xem ₫ơi la möt vơ hai kịch; möt sö́ khac nưa xem ₫ơi la möt bi hai kịch.Some people view life as a tragedy; some others view it as a comedy; some others still view it as a tragicomedy

TOO/ENOUGH FOR CLAUSE

Đưng xem ₫ơi như möt tham hö̀ng; ma cung ₫ưng xem no như möt

gram-Địa chết hoc, hay la mön hoc vï̀ vo trai ₫ết, ₫a co khoang 10 thḯ ky nay

Geography, or the science of the earth’s crust, is more than 10 turies old

cen-Đa lat, hay la thanh phö́ hoa anh ₫ao, mat me quanh năm

Dalat, or the city of cherry blossom, is cool all the year round

Cên năng 10kg, hay la hơn 2 pound möt chut

It weights 10kg, or just more than 2 pounds

Samuel Clement, hay la Mark Twain, viḯt rết nhiï̀u vï̀ dong söng

Misisipie

Samuel Clement, or Mark Twain, wrote a lot about the Misisipie river

6 T HE OF E XPLETIVE

The OF-Expletive also introduces an appositive.

Thanh phö́ Luên Đön năm bïn bơ söng Thames

The city of London is located on the Thames River

Thị trến Đơn Dương năm cach thanh phö́ Đa Lat khoang 30 km vï̀ phña ₫öng nam

The town of Dơn Dương is about 30km southeast of the city of Dalat

THE INVERSIONS

Cang Hai phong ₫ang trơ thanh möt cang bên rön nhết nươc.The port of Haiphong is becoming the busiest port in Vietnam.Möt cuö́n sach vï̀ giao duc

A book on the issue of education

II THE INVERSIONS

A W HAT I S AN I NVERSION ?

An inversion is an instance of placing a syntactical element out

of its normal position, place or order In reality, an inversion usually means placing a V before its S in an affirmative state- ment

Then we get the question: what are the inversions for? The answer is that inversions are done for emphasis (1) or for rhetor- ical reason (2).

1 I NVERSIONS D ONE FOR E MPHASIS R EASON

a Inversion with Negative Adverbial Expressions in the Initial Position

(a) Single Negative Adverbs

The most common negative adverbs are: NEVER, NO WHERE, NO SOONER, NO MORE, NEITHER (NOR) RARELY, BARELY, SCARELY, HARDLY, LITTLE (less, least), SELDOM, etc.

Normal position

Inversion

S HAD scarely/barely/hardlyDONE STwhen + simple past

THE INVERSIONS

Or

Inversion

Töi va vơ töi chưa bao giơ ₫i Ha Nöi

My wife and I have never been to Hanoi

Never have my wife and I been to HN

Chưa bao giơ nhiï̀u ăn xin trïn ₫ương phö́ như thḯ nay

There have never been so many beggars on streets like this

Never have there been so many beggars on streets like this

Töi khöng cền anh nưa

I need you no more

No more do I need you

Ban khöng tòm thiïn ₫ương ơ ₫êu ngoai thḯ gian nay

You could find Heaven no where except right on this earth

No where could you find Heaven except right on this earth

Töi chưa kịp ngö̀i ₫a nghe tiḯng go cưa

I had hardly sat down when there was a knock at the door

Hardly had I sat down when here was a knock at the door

Dao gền ₫êy töi ñt ra ngoai vao ban ₫ïm

I have rarely gone out recently

Rarely have I gone out recently

Töi ñt ₫i chơi sau 10 giơ ₫ïm

I seldom stay out later than 10 pm

Seldom do I stay out later than 10pm

scarely/barely/hardly HAD S DONE STwhen + simple past

S HAD NO SOONER DONE ST THAN + simple past

NO SOONER HAD S DONE ST THAN + simple past

THE INVERSIONS

Little The adverb LITTLE is used before BELIEVE, EXPECT, HOPE, SUSPECT, THINK, etc

Töi ₫a ñt hy vong la party se thanh cöng

I little expected that the party would be a success

Little did I expect that the party would be a success

Töi hều như khöng nghĩ răng cö ta se lương gat töi

I little thought that she would deceive me

Little did I think that she would deceive me

Luc ₫o töi khöng chut nghi ngơ răng hăn ₫a ăn căp tiï̀n cua töi

I little suspected that he had stolen my money

Little did I suspect that he had stolen my money/

Cöng viïc nay khöng con la trach nhiïm cua töi nưa

This affair is no longer in my hand

No longer is this affair inmy hand

Chưa vui sum hop ₫a sều chia tay

We had no sooner delighted in being reunited than we felt sorry of being separated again

No sooner had we delighted in being reunited than we felf sorry of being separated again

(b) Inversion with NEGATIVE ADVERBIAL PHRASES in the Initial Position.

IN NO WAY / AT NO TIME / IN NO CIRCUMSTANCE / BY

NO MEANS / UNDER NO CONDITION/ IN NO CASE etc.

She is not in any way to blame for what had happened

In no way is she to blame for

Cöng ty chung töi khöng pham luêt luc nao ca

The company did not break the law at any time

PREPOSITION NO NOUN

THE INVERSIONS

At no time did our company break the law

You should not sign the form in any circumstance

In no circumstance should you sign the form

You should not try to become rich by any means

By any means should you try to become rich

Con khöng nïn mết y chñ muö́n sö́ng trong bết cư hoan canh nao

In no circumstances should you lose your will to live

Anh khöng nïn noi cho hăn nghe chuyïn gò ₫a xay ra trong bết cư

₫iï̀u kiïn nao

You should not tell him what happed on any condition

Under no condition should you tell him what happened

Khöng thï̉ co ngoai lï trong bết cư trương hơp nao

An exception can not be made in any case

In no case can an exception be made

NOT UNTIL THEN / NOT OUT OF PITY / NOT IN ANY

PLACE / NOT BECAUSE OF STH etc.

Cho ₫ḯn luc ₫o töi ₫a khöng hiï̉u ra răng tònh yïu cua cö ta danh cho töi ₫a khöng con nưa

I didn’t realize until then that her love for me was gone

Not until then did I realize that her love for me was gone

Cö ta lếy hăn khöng phai vò thương hai

She didnt marry him out of pity

Not out of pity did she marry him

Ho khöng phai chia tay vò hiï̉u lềm

They didnt separate because of misunderstanding

Not because of misundertanding did they separate

(c) Inversion with NEGATIVE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES in the Initial Position.

NOT PREPOSITION PHRASE

The world peace will not be secured until all nuclear weapons have been eliminated.

Not until all nuclear weapons have been eliminated will the world peace be secured

(d) Inversion with the adverb SO and NEITHER in Initial Position.

Töi chưa ₫i Ha nöi lền nao, va vơ töi cung thḯ

I have never been to Hanoi, and neither has my wife

Cuöc ₫ơi khöng tö́t vơi ai, ma cuöc ₫ơi cung cha xếu vơi ai

Life is not kind to anyone, and neither is it mean to anyone.Töi khöng thñch nhac rap, va con gai töi cung thḯ

I don’t like rap music, and neither does my daughter

NOT ADVERBICAL CLAUSE MC

IC 1 , AND NEITHER inversion IC2

IC 1 , AND SO inversion IC2

THE INVERSIONS

Töi thñch nhac pop, va con gai töi cung thḯ

I like pop music, and so does my daughter

Töi khöng phai ban anh, ma töi cung khöng phai la ke thu cua anh.I’am not a friend of yours, neither am I an enemy of yours

(e) Inversion Both Clauses with the Pairs of Coordinators NEITHER , NOR

Thiïn ₫ương khöng gền, ma thiïn ₫ương cung cha xa

Heaven is not near, nor is it far

Heaven is not near, and it is not far, either

Neither is the Heaven near, nor is it far

Töi khöng phai la ban anh, ma töi cung chăng phai ke thu cua anh

I am not a friend of yours, nor am I an enemy of yours

I am not a friend of yours, and I am not an enemy of yours,

either

Neither am I a friend of yours, nor am I an enemy of yours

Khöng nhưng cö ta thöng minh, ma me cö ta cung vêy

Not only she is intelligent, but her mother is, too

(no inversion because of 2 different subjects)Khöng nhưng töi la ngươi ₫ều tiïn ₫ḯn vơi anh ma töi con la ngươi sau cung rơi bo anh

Not only was I the first to come to you, but I am also the last to leave you

(there is inversion in the 1st cls because the same S is used in both cases

Khöng nhưng sư ghen tuöng mu quang cua cö ta ₫a giḯt chḯt tònh cam cua hăn danh cho cö ta , ma con lam cö ta mết ₫i tònh yïu cuöc sö́ng

Not only have her petty jealousy killed his love for her, but they have also killed her love of life

NOT ONLY + IC 1 , BUT (ALSO) + ICS

There is an inversion in the first clause when the same S

is used in both clauses.