Textbooks write English correctly_09 ppt

THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY In this case, the phrase functions as absolute adverb and mally governs the idea of the whole statement in which it appears: IN SHORT / AFTER ALL

THE ABSOLU

Sadly enough, the party was a great failure

Fortunately enough, our team won the play off match

Our team, fortunately enough, won

5 SINGLE WORDS USED AS TRANSITIONAL

AND / OR / BUT / NOR / FOR / SO (no comma) BESIDES / MOREOVER / HOWEVER

ALSO SIMILARLY / SPECIALLY

CONTRAWISE / LIKEWISE CONSEQUENTLY

B PHRASES AS ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION

1 THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY

In this case, the phrase functions as absolute adverb and mally governs the idea of the whole statement in which it appears: IN SHORT / AFTER ALL / IN GENERAL / ON THE WHOLE / IN FACT etc.

nor-In fact, he’s really a good man

In short, you don’t love me a bit; you love yourself only

After all, he’s your son

Noi cho cung, con ngươi ta sinh ra tay trăng va rö̀i chḯt ₫i cung trăng tay

After all, men are born with empty hands and then die also with empty hands

Life is neither kind nor mean to anybody Infact, it is fair to body

every-The phrase also functions as trasitional adverbs: ON THE CONTRARY, IN THE SAME WAY, IN CONTRAST, IN ADDITION, ON ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND, AS

2 THE INFINITIVE PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY

In this case, the phrase usually expresses the writer’s or the

speaker’s attitude towards what is being spoken or written: TO

BE FRANK, TO TELL THE TRUTH, TO COME TO THE

POINT, TO SUM UP, TO CONCLUDE, TO BE TIVE, TO SAY AT LEAST etc.

CONSERVA-My house, to be sure, can not compare with yours

Đi thăng vao vến ₫ï̀, anh muö́n gò?

To come to the point, just what do you want?

Noi tom lai, cö ếy rết thöng minh

To sum up, she is very clever

Thăng thăn ma noi, anh hònh như khöng biḯt mònh muö́n gò nưa

To be frank, you don’t seem to know what you want

Thanh thưc ma noi, töi hoan toan thết vong vï̀ anh

To be honest/sincere, I am quite disapointed with you

To be conservative, our losses have come up to nearly 1 million lars

dol-His conduct, to say at least, is a bit perculiar

To tell the truth, you don’t seem to know your own mind at all

3 THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PHRASE

In the initial position, NAP is normally ‘cause’ and the rest is

normally is ‘result’ in relationship.

In middle and final position, NAP is in posessive case.

His father having died, he is now the bread-winner of his family

Autumn getting late, leaves are beginning to drop

The old man, his only son killed in the war, now feels so lonely and helpless

C CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY

Clauses, main or subordinate, may be used absolutely These clauses are inserted parenthically into sentences in which they have no grammatical function at all In other words, they can be omitted without changing the grammatical nature of these sen- tences in which they appear As absolute construction, they nor- mally express the writer’s or speaker’s attitude towards that is being spoken or writen.

1 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USED AS ABSOLUTELY

Subordinate clauses which are adverbial in appearance are very commonyly used.

• WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT

• WHETHER YOU BELIEVE IT OR NOT

Anh thñch hay khöng, ngay mai măt trơi vễn lïn

Whether you like it or not, the sun will rise tomorrow

The sun, whether you like it or not, will rise tomorrow

Du thñch hay khöng, ₫öi chung ta ₫a bị bai trong giai GL vưa rö̀i.Our team, whether you like it or not, was defeated in the last GL Cup

Mưa hay khöng mưa, chu nhêt nay töi cung chơi bong ₫a

Whether it rains or not, I will be playing football this Sunday.Chung ta, du ban co tin hay kh6ong, la sinh vêt yḯu ₫uö̀i nhết vï̀ măt vêt ly

We are, whether you like it or not, physicaly the weakest animal on the earth

• IF I MAY BE SO BOLD

• IF I MAY BE SO BOLD AS TO MAKE/OFFER THE SUGGESTION

Your girlfriend, if I may be so bold, is somewhat portly

Your boyfriend, if I may be so bold, is a bit talkative/show off

We may delay the meeting to next Friday, if I may be so bold to

make the suggestin

• AS .

• AS I SAID/MENTIONED ABOVE/BEFORE

As I said before, my house is not to compare with yours

As I mentioned above, this is one the the major problems facing the government

• WHEN

• WHEN ALL IS DONE AND SAID

Rö́t rao ma noi, öng ta la möt nha ngư văn hơn la möt nha hoa hoc

He is, when all is done and said, a philologist rather than a chemist.Rö́t rao ma noi, ba ta la möt nha văn thanh cöng hơn la möt cö giao.She is successful, when all is done and said, a novelist rather than a teacher

2 MAIN CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY

Main clauses are normally set off by the dashes or by the thes [( )] The use of parenthes is more formal than the use of the dashes; of courses, they can be set off by the comma.

paren-Văn chương va nghï thuêt ,/- töi hoan toan tin tương như vêy ,/ - se giup sư hiïn sinh cua con ngươi tươi ₫ep hơn

Literuture and art ,/- I’m totally convinced ,/- will help enhance

Moi viïc, theo töi, rö̀i se ö̉n thöi.

Everything, I think/believe/ will come to a good end

3 THE OR-EPLEXTIVE

Dalat, or the city of cherry flowers, is cool all the year round

It weighs a kilo, or just over 2 pounds

Chicago, or the Windy city, is in the state of Illinois

Samuel Clemens, or Mark Twain, wrote a lot about Mississipie river

Review of the Dependent Clause

THE NOMI

WHAT IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE?

A dependent clause is a group of words which has the Subject and the Predicate of its own, but it functions as a grammatical unit in the sentence only In other words, a dependent clause can not stand by itself as an independent sentence, it must depend

on an IC for its existence and is usually introduced by a tive of some kinds Based on its use, DC’s are devided roughly into 3 kinds:

connec-DC’s used as N’s called NOMICAL CLAUSES

DC’s used as ADJ’s called ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES DC’s used as ADV’s ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

What you said yesterday is untrue

(what you said = N = S)

He said that he meant to do better

(that he meant to do better = N = O)

Take care not to use a dependent clause as an adverb in place of

a noun clause.

A famine is when there is a great shortage of food

Wrong! unacceptable in written English when an adverb is used

as a noun clause

A famine is a great shortage of food

The reason (why) he could not finish college because he was drafted

1

2.

3.

THE NOMI

Wrong! we must use the pronoun ‘THAT’ to introduce a noun

clause which functions as a subjective complement (appositive) and can not be contracted

The reason he could not finish college was that he was drafted

That he was drafted was the reason he could not finish college

DRAFT = CONSCRIPT: to make sb join the armed forces

Democracy is where the government power is retained by the ple

peo-Wrong! ‘where the government ’ is an adverbial clause, not a noun clause so that it can not function as subjective complement (appositive) to ‘democracy’ at all The sentence therefore must

be recast as follows:

Democracy is government in which power is retained by the people.

A THE INTRODUCERS OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE

1 SIMPLE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

These simple subordinate conjunctions have only one function, and it is to introduce the nominal clause: THAT, IF,

WHETHER.

Chuyïn ma anh phai long cö ta ro rang qua rö̀i

It’s quite obvious that you have fallen in love with her

That you have fallen in love with her is quite obvious

Khöng con nghi ngơ gò nưa la moi thư ₫ang trơ nïn tö̀i tï

There is no doubt that things are getting worse

Em ₫i hay ơ ₫ö́i vơi töi cung chăng quan trong gò nưa

It doesn’t matter to me whether you leave or stay

Töi mơ cưa sö̉ co phiï̀n anh khöng?

Do you mind if I open the window?

Chị chơ ơ ₫êy möt chut co phiï̀n gò khöng?

Do you mind if I wait here?

THE NOMI

2 FUNCTIONING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

a Interrogative Pronouns, Interrotive Adjective, Interrogive Adverbs

• WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW

Töi muö́n biḯt ai ₫a ₫ö̀n tin ₫o

I wish to know who spread the rumor

‘WHO’ introduces a DC which functions as the O of ‘know’

Töi muö́n biḯt töi phai re lö́i nao

I want to know which way should I take

‘WHICH’ is an interrogative adjective, modifying ‘WAY’

Chung ta co thï̉ găp nhau ơ ₫êu la cêu hoi kḯ tiḯp

Where can we meet is the next question

‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb

Hoi anh ta töi nïn ₫i ₫êu ₫ï̉ nhơ giup ₫ơ

Ask him where I should go to for help

‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb

b Indefinite Relative Pronouns / Adjectives / Adverbs

Indefinite Relative Pronouns

• WHAT, WHATEVER, WHICH, WHICHEVER, WHO, WHOEVER, etc.

Indefinite Relative Adjectives

• WHICH, WHICHEVER

This is not what I want.

(indefinite relative pronoun)

Leave this package at whichever office is handiest

(indefinite relative adjective)

I know where we can have good coffee

(indefinite relative adverb)

I know a place where we can have good coffee

(adjectival clause which modifies ‘place’)

B THE USE OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE

1 AS THE S OF A SENTENCE

Cai gò co la co; cai gò khöng co la khöng co

Whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not

Điï̀u anh noi höm qua la khöng ₫ung

What you said yesterday is untrue

What you were saying yesterday is untrue

(progressive tense shows that you still remember what was told

in details)

Tai sao MM tư tư ₫ḯn bêy giơ vễn con la möt bñ mêt

Why MM commited suicide has been a mystery

Chung ta nïn tiḯn hanh như thḯ nao mơi la vến ₫ï̀

How we should proceed is the question

Chuyïn anh phai long cö ta thò ₫a ro

That you have fallen for her is obvious

Viïc Manchester United co thï̉ giư chưc vö ₫ịch khöng khöng thï̉

chăc chăn

Whether or not M.U can retain its championship is uncertain

Điï̀u ma chung ta thương chia xe khöng con nưa

What we use to enjoy together is now gone

What you do, not what you say is important.

Note that IT is used to give emphasis to the Subject, whichmay

be a single word, a phrase or a whole clause.

It’s quite obvious that you have fallen into her love trap

Chuyïn ho khöng co con la möt ₫iï̀u ₫au buö̀n

It was a great sadness to them that they never had children.Se rết kho cho anh thuyḯt phuc cö ta thay ₫ö̉i y kiḯn

It’s going to be hard for you to persuade her to change her mind.Đï̉ con gai chung töi tiḯp tuc viïc hoc ơ My la ươc nguyïn cua chung töi

For our daughter to continue her studies in the US has been our wish

Khöng chăc la hăn co tơi khöng nưa

It’s uncertain wheter he will come

Chuyïn ma chung ta mết phương hương la chăc rö̀i

It’s certain that we have become lost

Điï̀u cac ban ₫ịnh lam thêt thu vị

It’s interesting what you intend to do

Ngươi ta thương noi tö́t gö̃ hơn tö́t nươc sơn

It often says that a good name is better than riches

Ơ khăp nơi ngươi ta tin răng thanh thưc la phương sach tö́t nhết

It is universally believed that honesty is the best policy

Đḯn bêy giơ cung chưa biḯt co bao nhiïu ngươi chḯt trong tai nan

Töi biḯt töi ₫ang lam gò.

I know what I’m doing

Töi biḯt chăc ₫ơi la ₫ịa nguc; tuy nhiïn, töi vễn yïu ₫ơi ₫iïn dai

I know for sure that life is Hell; however, I love it madly

Tre con cền phai ₫ươc day phên biït phai trai

Children must be taught what is wrong and what is right

Noi cho töi nghe ban ₫ịnh lam gò

Tell me what you intend to do

Anh se mua cho em cai em cền khi anh lanh lương

I will buy you what you need when I get paid

Alice kï̉ töi nghe nhưng gò cö nghe ₫ươc

Alice told me what she had heard

Töi se lam cho viïc anh thuyïn chuyï̉n sang bö phên khac dï̃ dang.I’ll make it easier for you to transfer to another department

Dịch vu ₫öng lanh ₫a lam cho cac cöng ty thưc phểm co thï̉ ₫ưa

nhanh hai san vao ₫ết liï̀n

Chilled service makes it possible for food companies to speed up

fresh sea fodd to inland places

Töi nghĩ se rết kho cho nha nươc khöng thay ₫ö̉i trong chñnh sach ngoai giao

I think it very hard for the government not to make a few changes in the foreign policy

Hay phat cho bết cư ai co măt möt mễu san phểm nay.

Give whoever is present a copy/piece of this material

Chỉ cho bết cư ai co măt cach sư dung may nay

Show whoever is present how to operate the machine

Vến ₫ï̀ la chung ta khöng biḯt ₫ịa chỉ cua cö ta

The trouble is that we don’t know her address

Vến ₫ï̀ lơn nhết cua ban trai chị la hăn ta khöng ₫u tham vong.Your boyfriend’s greatest trouble is that he is not ambitious enough.Sư thưc la chung ta ₫a bị lương gat

The truth is that we had been deceived

Nö̃i bết bònh ₫ều tiïn cua töi la chị năng thanh kiḯn

My first objection is that you are prejudice

Măc anh noi gò ₫i nưa thò töi cung vễn la töi

No matter what you may say, I am what I am

Đêy la chö̃ anh saiThis is where you are mistaken

Đêy chñnh xac la cai töi cền

This is exact what I want

Co phai tai vêy anh vï̀ sơm?

Is that why you left early?

Đêy chñnh la ₫iï̀u ma töi sö́ng chḯt.

This has been I lived for

Vến ₫ï̀ la chung ta ₫a thua möt cach ₫ang buö̀n

The fact is that had we sadly faild

Tương lai cua ₫ết nươc nay la ₫iï̀u ma chung ta phai luön ghi nhơ trong long

The future of this country is what we must keep in mind

5 AS THE RO [P3-P9]

Chung töi khöng ₫ươc thöng bao la nïn ₫i ₫ương nao

We were not told which route we should take

Chung töi thương ₫ươc day la duc tö́c bết ₫at

We used to taught that haste makes waste

6 AS THE O OF A PREPOSITION

Em thñch ₫iï̀u anh thñch; va em sơ ₫iï̀u anh sơ

I’m intersted in what you are interested in; and I am afraid of what you are afraid of

Chơ nïn than phiï̀n vï̀ cai ban ₫ang co hoăc ₫ang lam nưa

Stop complaining about what you have or what you do

Öng chu rết bưc mònh vï̀ chuyïn ₫ang xay ra trong văn phong

The boss is very unhappy about what has happened in the office

Töi khöng bao giơ ganh ty vơi cai ban co

I’ve never been envious with what you have

Möt ngươi vơ phai hoc quan têm nhưng gò chö̀ng mònh quan têm

A wife should learn to be interested in what her husband is ested in

inter-7 AS AN APPOSITIVE

Chưa thếy dếu hiïu cho thếy doanh sö́ cua chung ta tăng lïn

THE ADJECTI

There is no sign that our sales have increased

Co cêu noi răng khöng co lưa sao co khoi

There’s a saying that there is no smoke without fire

Co tin ₫ö̀n răng thu tương săp sưa cai tö̉ nöi cac

There is a rumour that the prime minister is going to reshuffle the cabinet

Chuyïn ma lưa chay thò ai cung biḯt

The fact that fire burns is known to all

Khöng thï̉ chö́i cai ₫ươc răng chung ta dung phền lơn thơi gian ₫ï̉ chăm soc thên thï̉

There’s no denying the fact that we use the most of our time to take care of our bodies

Chung ta ky vong răng Liïn Hiïp Quö́c se thanh cöng trong viïc ngăn chăn möt cuöc chiḯn bung nö̉

We have great hope that the UN will succeed in preventing a war from happening

II T HE A DJECTIVAL C LAUSE

A THE DEFINING & NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1 DEFINITION

Adjectival Clause are classified into defining and non-defining, restrictive or non-restrictive, essential or non-essential.

a What is a Defining Adjective Clause?

A defining adjective clause functions as an attributive adjective

In other words, a defining adjective clause narrows or restricts the meaning of the noun it modifies Take it a way and the meaning of the sentence will be destroyed , and as an adjective

it never set off with comma Remember that the pronoun THAT functions as an O may be omitted by ellipses in this kind of clause.