Tiếng anh chuyên ngành tài chính ngân hàng

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành tài chính ngân hàng, tài liệu chuẩn ôn thi của Học viện Ngân hàng. MẸo làm bài thi tiếng anh chuyên ngành 3. Định nghĩa về các nghiệp vụ ngân hàng, tài chính, kế toán, kiểm toán. depository institution: tgtc nhận tiền gửi; contractual institution: tgtc theo hợp đồng; investment institution: tgtc đầu tư.Bài viết mẫu chuẩn về hoạt động của một ngân hàng, đặc biệt thích hợp cho bài kiểm tra 45 phút. Các cấu trúc ngữ pháp cần ôn tập khi làm bài. Phần điền từ vào chỗ trống không cho trước từ hoặc không có gợi ý, Phần viết lại câu với nghĩa không đổi,Phần nối từ với định nghĩa và trắc nghiệm

English for Finance II Revision

Part 1: Concepts & Definition (định nghĩa & khái niệm)

Unit 1: Banking (Nghiệp vụ ngân hàng):

Table 1: Type of Financial Institution/Intermediary (Các loại hình tổ chức tài chính/trung gian tài chính) :

( Lưu ý: trong ngoặc thể hiện các lựa chọn khác nhau có thể sử dụng khi làm bài định nghĩa)

Notes: depository institution: tgtc nhận tiền gửi; contractual institution: tgtc theo hợp đồng; investment institution: tgtc đầu tư.N

Type of customers/clients(loạihình khách hàng)

Services provided (dịch vụcung cấp)

1 Retail Bank( ngân hàng

bán lẻ)

A retail bank is a (bank/financial institution/

depository institution) providing

- Non-profit organizations

- Accounts (savings & current)

- Cards ATM)

(credit-debit Loans (có thể chia theo 2 cách):

* By purpose of using: educational (vay đi học), expenditure (vay chi dùng),…

* By characteristics: personal, mortgages, overdraft

- Transfers & Payments: cash and non-cash payments ( checks, cards, direct debit, standing order)

- Insurance

- Foreign Exchange

2 Commercial (or

Wholesale) Bank

A commercial bank is a (bank/financial

institution/depository institution) providing

(banking/financial) services to (small and

medium enterprises-SMEs/ business customers/businesses) such as (…)

- Businesses/businesscustomers( lưu ý: từ businesses để số nhiều cũng có nghĩa

là doanh nghiệp)

- SMEs (doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ)

3 Investment Bank An investment bank is a (bank/financial

institution/investment institution) providing

(banking/financial) services to international

and corporate customers such as (…)

- Large international companies

- Corporations

- Large-scale organizations (governments, …)

- Stockbroking

- M&A (Mergers &

Acquisitions)

- Special Advisory services

4 Building society A building society is a mutual financial (and

depository) institution providing financial

services to ordinary customers, including

savings & mortgages

- Ordinary &

personal customers - Savings & mortgages

5 Supermarket bank A supermarket bank is a supermarket - Individual - Loans, cards, electronic

providing financial services to its customers

from retail shops, along with traditional buying and selling services

1 số điều cần lưu ý khác:

Universal Bank= Commercial + Investment Bank (có thể có cả Retail Bank)

Ngoài ra còn có thể hỏi thêm 1 số tổ chức tài chính trung gian khác như:

1 Insurance company/Insurer: a financial (contractual) institution providing protection for customers’ properties, life, business, … against risks

2 Pension fund: a financial (contractual) institution providing financial assurance for customers when they’re retired

3 Hedge fund: a financial and investment institution that operates with extreme caution and uses various methods to limit the losses

on its investment

4 Merger is a legal combination/consolidation of two or more business entities into one larger company/corporations

5 Acquisition (or takeover) refers to the purchase of one company by another company/business entity

6 Factoring: a way of financing using Accounts Receivables as a collateral/guarantee to obtain a loan from a bank/financial

9 Asset finance: refers to ways of financing using assets listed on balance sheet (inventories, accounts receivable,…) to obtain a quick loan from the bank/financial institution.

Table 2: Banking divisions (phòng ban ngân hàng):

No Name of division Functions & Services

1 Personal Finance - Providing financial services to individuals and families

- Services: payments, savings, insurance, accounts, loans

2 Wealth Management - Providing financial & investment services to wealthy individuals and businesses

- Services: portfolio management, tax planning, stock broking

3 Business and commercial - Providing financial services and financing methods to businesses and SMEs

- Services: property leasing (or leasing), factoring, advisory, accounts, payments,

“tailored products”, loans.

5 Group services - Managing inside operations of a financial institution, including research &

development, property portfolio, technical problems (phân biệt cái portfolio này với

cái portfolio ở trên, 1 cái là danh mục đầu tư vào các tổ chức khác, 1 cái là danh mục tài sản của chính tổ chức)

Unit 2: Stock markets (TTCK):

Table 1: Characteristics of a stock market (các đặc trưng của 1 thị trường chứng khoán):

Stock

Market (or Equity

market): The place

where the ownership

- Investors:

* Retail investors: individual investors who are inexperienced,

ill-informed and shaky

* Professional (or institutional) investors: experienced,

well-informed and stable investors They are hedge funds,

insurance companies, pension funds, investment banks, financialcompanies, securities companies, etc…

- Market regulators: organizations who set the regulations in the stock market and protect investors from fraudulence

- Brokers: people or institutions (investment banks, brokerage

firms) who connect buyers and sellers on the stock markets

- Market maker: a firm who is both buyer and seller on the

- Underwriting: the process by which the investment bank will

raise capital on behalf of organizations that issue securities

- Brokerage: the process of matching buyers and sellers on the

stock market in order to profit from matching fee

- Securities quotation: the latest price at which securities are

- Shares (UK) or stocks (US): a certificate of capital

contribution of an investor in a company An individual or

organization owns shares in a company is called shareholder.

* Rights of a common (or ordinary) shareholder: receiving

dividends, voting at AGM ( Annual General Meeting)

- Preferred shares: a certificate of capital contribution with the

rights to receive dividends before common shareholders, but their owners are not allowed to vote at AGMs.

- Bonds: a certificate of debt obligation by which the issuer (the borrower) will pay the buyer (the lender) a fixed amount of

money plus interest at the maturity date.

- Derivatives: financial contracts with values depending on

another entities ( assets, securities, …)Another characteristics - Index (pl: indices): the average value of top 100 (200, 250,

500,…) shares listed on the stock market

- Market capitalization (or market cap.): The total value of shares issued by a public listed company, calculated on market

price

- Capital increase: refers to any methods used by corporations

or public traded companies to raise capital, including rights issue or secondary offering

- Bullish investors (or bull): investors who expect the shares price to go up in the future (or optimistic investors)

- Bullish market: the stock market with the main trend is upward

- Bearish investors (or bear): investors who expect the shares price to fall in the future (or pessimistic investors)

- Bearish market: a stock market with the main trend is downward

- Day trader: an investor who buys and sells shares quickly

- Rogue trader: an investor who intends to make risky investment in return for huge profit

- Dividend: part of a company’s profit distributed to shareholders

- Retained Earnings: part of a company’s profit kept to further development

- Macro data: the data at macro level( inflation rate, unemployment figures, legal, ….)

- Micro data: refers to the performance of a company

Unit 3: Accountancy (Accounting) & Auditing.

Table 1: Accountancy (or accounting):

(lưu ý: những gì cần học t sẽ bôi đen, còn lại thì để tham khảo):

Type of accounting ( or financial accounting) - Financial accounting: the branch of

accounting that concentrates on a company’s financial performance, including changes in assets, liabilities, equity, as well as its profitability

- Management accounting: the branch of

accounting that concentrates on a company’s in-house activities to support managers on decision-making

Tools of accounting - Double-entry system: an accounting

system by which the accountant debit one

or more accounts and credit another one

or more accounts with the same amount

- Bookkeeping: the process of recording

day-to-day financial transactions ( sales, purchases, payments, …)

- General journal (sổ nhật kí chung): is

where the double-entry bookkeeping entries are recorded

- Ledgers: a book or file recording and

summarizing transactions by accounts, with a beginning balance and ending balance for each account (beginning balance: dư đầu kì, ending balance: số dư cuối kì)

Assets: everything that a company owns ( định nghĩa ngắn gọn)

- Assets : the economic resource that a company possess and

can be used to produce economic value in the future

Assets = Current assets + Fixed assets + Intangible assets

* Current assets (ts ngắn hạn): including

- Cash (tiền mặt)

- Cash equivalents (khoản tương đương

tiền

company - Short-term investment (đầu tư ngắn

hạn)

- Accounts receivable (khoản phải thu =

debtor): a category of assets representing the amount of money owed by a

company's customers on the sale of products or credit

* Fixed assets (ts dài hạn/ts cố định) =

machines ( máy móc ) + premises ( bất động sản ) + depreciation ( khấu hao) + long-term investment ( đầu tư dài hạn )

* Intangible assets (ts vô hình)

Liabilities: debt obligations that arises from past transaction and

must be paid by a company’s resources

Nợ phải trả ( liabilities ) = tax ( thuế -

gồm import-export tax , value added tax

on imported goods - thuế gtgt trên hàng nhập khẩu , ) + short-term & long-term

loans ( nợ ngắn-dài hạn ) + accounts

payable ( khoản phải trả ) + bonds

issuing( phát hành trái phiếu ) ,

Owner’s equity: calculated by a company’s assets minus its liabilities

Costs & Income:

Costs: the value of money used to produce something

Revenue: the economic value that a company produce in a specific

amount of time

Costs: Costs ( chi phí ) = historical ( purchasing ) costs ( chi phí hàng bán - chi phí giá gốc ) + operating costs ( chi phí sản xuất ) + managing costs ( chi phí quản lý ) + selling costs ( chi phí bán hàng) + other costs ( chi phí khác )

Revenue ( thu nhập ) = sales ( doanh thu ) + investment income ( doanh thu từ đầu tưtài chính ) - discount ( giảm giá ) + other income ( doanh thu khác )

Principals & Assumption: Principals (nguyên tắc kế toán)

1 Consistency: A company should use

the same accounting method unless there’s a better method to follow

2 Prudent :

- The carefulness in assessing a company’s assets (định nghĩa của cô Phương Lan)

- An accounting principal that makes sure assets and income are not overstated, liabilities and costs are not understated (nguyên tắc kế toán đảm bảo rằng tài sản

và lợi nhuận không bị đánh giá quá cao,

nợ phải trả và chi phí không bị đánh giá quá thấp)

1 Going concern: a business entity (or

company) is in good financial condition and able to do business in the future

2 Economic entity: accounting records reflect the financial activities of a business or organization, not its owners oremployees

3 Periodicity ( or accounting period)

4 Monetary Unit ( or money measurement)

Accounts & Statements Accounts: 2 sets: Financial Accounts –

Management Accounts

1 Management accounts: the set of

accounts created for providing information for business management

2 Statutory Financial Accounts:

including 3 main statements:

- Balance sheet (or Statement of

Financial Position): a summary of a

company’s financial aspects, including assets, liabilities and owner’s equity

- Income statement (or “Profit and loss

accounts” in UK): a financial document

showing a company’s revenues and expenses over a specific period

- Cash flow statement (or “Statement of

Cash flows”): a financial statement

showing changes in a company’s cash andcash equivalents

Documents and billing records: 1 Issued by purchaser:

- Purchase order: an internal documents

listing items to buy and signed by an

- Sales invoices: issued to the purchaser

(and also signed by the purchaser)

requesting payment and describing all items purchased

- Credit note: issued if the purchaser

return any items as defective goods or wrong order

- Statement of account: gives the client a

summary of all their purchase for the month and the amount owned

- Remittance advice: used if supplier

requesting payment by cheques/checks

- Cash receipt: issued to confirm

payments (signed by the purchaser)

Steps of an audit: 1 Defining the scope of the audit:

- Interviews with top management

- Making plans and setting up timetable

Auditing: the process of

assessing a company’s internal

control and financial position

for specific purposes

for the audit

2 Examining accounting system:

- Comparing figures recorded in financial accounts with figures in books and

ledgers

- Accessing company’s books and bank statements

3 Examining internal controls:

- Checking the rule book which explain the systems

- Examining real documents ( invoices & purchasing documents)

4 Proceeding substantive tests:

- Checking company’s fixed assets, including stocks (or inventories), machinery, premises

5 Collecting information, making total assessment, and writing the “letter to management”

6 Final meeting with management to discuss responses, including systems changing plans

7 “Signing off” the audit report

Other concepts 1 Substantive test: a physical

examination of a company’s assets to check for misstatement or fraudulence

2 “True and fair view”: a company’s financial statements truly reflect its financial position

3 “Signing off”: to conclude the auditing process

4 “Qualified opinion”: is given when the auditor finds the misstatement or

fraudulence in a company’s activities; or when the auditing process is uncompleted due to lack of necessary information

5 “Unqualified opinion”: given when the auditor states that a company’s financial statements give a “true and fair view” of its financial position

6 “Tax planning”: taking the advantages from lower tax rate by expanding the business offshore

7 “Tax avoidance”: taking advantages

from lower tax rate to reduce the amount

of payable tax without doing business offshore

8 Internal auditor: an individual or organization working independently and responsible for checking a company's financial position, as well as internal control They are usually appointed by managers

9 External auditor: an individual or organization usually appointed by legal entity, government entity or shareholders

to inspect a company's financial position and statements

Mẫu 1 số bài Bank profile:

Bài số 1:

Standard Chartered PLC is a multi-national, banking and financial services company, headquartered in London, United

Kingdom It now serves the financial needs of around 41 million customers worldwide, with a network of over 1700 branches with 89058 employees across 70 countries By reaching the market capitalization of 59 billion US$ at the end of 2012, it’s

currently the 4th largest bank and 13th biggest public listed company in the world