Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 157 pptx

Leaching, 686Los Angeles Aqueduct, 702 Manufacturing, energy use in, 717 Marine mining, 722 Metals and metallurgy, 728 Oil and natural gas drilling and wells, 861 Oil and natural gas exp

Asbestos, 68

Barite, 96

Beryllium, 101

Biopyriboles, 117

Bismuth, 129

Borax, 130

Boron, 133

Bromine, 142

Cadmium, 157

Calcium compounds, 160

Carbonate minerals, 179

Cesium, 190

Chlorites, 202

Chromium, 202

Clays, 207

Cobalt, 230

Copper, 250

Corundum and emery, 261

Crystals, 265

Diamond, 305

Diatomite, 309

Dimension stone, 313

Evaporites, 406

Feldspars, 417

Ferroalloys, 421

Fluorite, 446

Gallium, 475

Garnet, 476

Gases, inert or noble, 477

Gems, 482

Geodes, 497

Germanium, 510

Gneiss, 524

Gold, 525

Granite, 531

Graphite, 532

Groundwater, 548

Gypsum, 553

Helium, 568

Hydrogen, 583

Hydrothermal solutions and

mineralization, 590

Igneous processes, rocks, and

mineral deposits, 592

Indium, 605

Iodine, 621

Iron, 628

Isotopes, radioactive, 636

Isotopes, stable, 639

Kyanite, 660

Lead, 688 Lime, 693 Limestone, 695 Lithium, 697 Magnesium, 708 Magnetic materials, 712 Manganese, 713 Marble, 720 Mercury, 725 Metals and metallurgy, 728 Metamorphic processes, rocks, and mineral deposits, 732 Methane, 738

Mica, 745 Minerals, structure and physical properties of, 756 Mohs hardness scale, 771 Molybdenum, 772 Native elements, 801 Nickel, 813

Niobium, 816 Nitrogen and ammonia, 818 Olivine, 883

Orthosilicate minerals, 893 Oxides, 897

Oxygen, 898 Pegmatites, 916 Perlite, 917 Placer deposits, 938 Platinum and the platinum group metals, 951 Plutonic rocks and mineral deposits, 954

Plutonium, 956 Potash, 969 Quartz, 987 Radium, 990 Rare earth elements, 999 Residual mineral deposits, 1013 Rhenium, 1028

Rubidium, 1042 Salt, 1049 Sand and gravel, 1054 Sandstone, 1057 Scandium, 1063 Sedimentary processes, rocks, and mineral deposits, 1068 Selenium, 1076

Shale, 1082 Silicates, 1084

Silicon, 1085 Silver, 1088 Slate, 1094 Soda ash, 1096 Strontium, 1170 Tantalum, 1207 Tellurium, 1209 Thallium, 1220 Thorium, 1222 Tin, 1232 Titanium, 1236 Tungsten, 1243 Uranium, 1283 Vanadium, 1289 Vermiculite, 1296 Water, 1307 Wollastonite, 1350 Zeolites, 1364 Zinc, 1371 Zirconium, 1374

Obtaining and using resources

Aerial photography, 5 Agriculture industry, 16 Alaska pipeline, 27 Bessemer process, 103 Canning and refrigeration of food, 168

Clear-cutting, 212 Coal gasification and liquefaction, 224 Dams, 269

Deep drilling projects, 273 Desalination plants and technology, 294 Dynamite, 320 Electrical power, 343 Energy storage, 367 Freeze-drying of food, 471 Genetic prospecting, 490 Geothermal and hydrothermal energy, 503

Haber-Bosch process, 556 Hall-Héroult process, 558 Internal combustion engine, 617

Irrigation, 634 Landsat satellites and satellite technologies, 680

Leaching, 686

Los Angeles Aqueduct, 702

Manufacturing, energy use in,

717

Marine mining, 722

Metals and metallurgy, 728

Oil and natural gas drilling and

wells, 861

Oil and natural gas

exploration, 864

Oil industry, 875

Open-pit mining, 884

Petroleum refining and

processing, 928

Photovoltaic cells, 934

Quarrying, 986

Remote sensing, 1007

Seismographic technology and

resource exploitation, 1073

Slash-and-burn agriculture,

1092

Smelting, 1095

Space resources, 1132

Steam and steam turbines, 1143

Steam engine, 1145

Steel industry, 1150

Strip mining, 1167

Sustainable development, 1183

Three Gorges Dam, 1223

Timber industry, 1229

Transportation, energy use in,

1238

Underground mining, 1255

Water supply systems, 1318

Whales and whaling, 1331

Organizations, agencies, and

programs

American Chemistry Council,

35

American Farm Bureau

Federation, 36

American Forest and Paper

Association, 37

American Gas Association, 37

American Mining Congress, 38

American Petroleum Institute,

39

Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.,

65

Atomic Energy Commission, 84

Bureau of Land Management, U.S., 152

Bureau of Mines, U.S., 153 Bureau of Reclamation, U.S., 155

Central Arizona Project, 187 Civilian Conservation Corps, 205

Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S., 226

Conservation International, 248

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 249

Council of Energy Resource Tribes, 264

Department of Agriculture, U.S., 287

Department of Energy, U.S., 289

Department of the Interior, U.S., 291

Department of Transportation, U.S., 293

Earth First!, 321 Earthwatch Institute, 326 Edison Electric Institute, 341 Environment and Natural Resources Division, 371 Environmental Protection Agency, 394

European Union Natura 2000, 404

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 413 Forest Service, U.S., 458 Friends of the Earth International, 472 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 523 Greenpeace, 548 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 615

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 615 International Association for Impact Assessment, 619

International Atomic Energy Agency, 620

International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 621 Izaak Walton League of America, 648 Land Institute, 668 Minerals Management Service, 762

National Audubon Society, 788 National Biological Service, 788

National Mining Association, 791

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 791 National Park Service, 793 National Wildlife Federation, 801

Natural Resources Canada, 803 Natural Resources

Conservation Service, 804 Natural Resources Defense Council, 806

Nature Conservancy, 806 Nuclear Energy Institute, 836 Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, 837 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 888 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, 890 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 890 Resources for the Future, 1027 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 1065

Seed Savers Exchange, 1072 Sierra Club, 1084

Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 1185

Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 1195

Tennessee Valley Authority, 1210

United Nations Environment Programme, 1272

United Nations Food and

Agriculture Organization,

1274

U.S Geological Survey, 1286

Western Wood Products

Association, 1327

Wilderness Society, 1342

World Bank, 1359

World Commission on

Environment and

Development, 1360

World Resources Institute, 1361

World Wide Fund for Nature,

1362

People

Aspinall, Wayne, 75

Astor, John Jacob, 76

Carnegie, Andrew, 181

Carson, Rachel, 182

Carter, Jimmy, 182

Carver, George Washington,

183

Commoner, Barry, 232

Daly, Marcus, 269

Dow, Herbert H., 315

Edison, Thomas, 340

Fermi, Enrico, 420

Ford, Henry, 453

Getty, J Paul, 516

Gore, Al, 530

Guggenheim family, 552

Hall, Charles Martin, 557

Hill, James Jerome, 575

Ickes, Harold, 592

Jackson, Wes, 649

Kaiser, Henry J., 655

Leopold, Aldo, 692

Maathai, Wangari, 704

McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 705

Mittal, Lakshmi, 770

Muir, John, 783

Nobel, Alfred, 823

Norris, George W., 825

Pinchot, Gifford, 937

Powell, John Wesley, 971

Rhodes, Cecil, 1029

Rockefeller, John D., 1034

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1035

Roosevelt, Theodore, 1036

Siemens, William, 1083 Stephenson, George, 1154 Watt, James, 1321

Weyerhäuser, Friedrich, 1330

Plant and animal resources

Agricultural products, 13 Agriculture industry, 16 Animal breeding, 39 Animal domestication, 42 Animal power, 47

Animals as a medical resource, 50

Carbon, 172 Composting, 233 Coral reefs, 255 Corn, 258 Cotton, 262 Ecozones and biogeographic realms, 338

Endangered species, 348 Environmental biotechnology, 372

Ethanol, 400 Fertilizers, 423 Fisheries, 430 Flax, 438 Food chain, 447 Forests, 464 Genetic resources, 490 Grasslands, 535 Guano, 550 Hemp, 570 Ivory, 645 Livestock and animal husbandry, 699 Monoculture agriculture, 775 Peat, 913

Plant domestication and breeding, 941

Plant fibers, 943 Plants as a medical resource, 945

Rain forests, 992 Rice, 1030 Rubber, natural, 1036 Sugars, 1171

Timber industry, 1229 Whales and whaling, 1331 Wheat, 1334

Wildlife, 1342 Wood and charcoal as fuel resources, 1353

Wood and timber, 1355

Pollution and waste disposal

Acid precipitation, 3 Air pollution and air pollution control, 22

Biological invasions, 112 Environmental degradation, resource exploitation and, 375

Eutrophication, 406 Greenhouse gases and global climate change, 544 Hazardous waste disposal, 558 Health, resource exploitation and, 563

Herbicides, 573 Incineration of wastes, 597 Internal combustion engine, 617

Landfills, 677 Mining wastes and mine reclamation, 767 Nuclear waste and its disposal, 838

Oil spills, 881 Pesticides and pest control, 923 Recycling, 1001

Solid waste management, 1119 Superfund legislation and cleanup activities, 1177 Thermal pollution and thermal pollution control, 1221 Waste management and sewage disposal, 1304

Water pollution and water pollution control, 1312

Products from resources

Agricultural products, 13 Alloys, 28

Asphalt, 73 Brass, 136 Brick, 142 Bronze, 145 Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes, 176

Cement and concrete, 184

Ceramics, 188

Ethanol, 400

Fertilizers, 423

Fiberglass, 425

Gasoline and other petroleum

fuels, 480

Glass, 520

Methanol, 739

Paper, 904

Paper, alternative sources of,

909

Petrochemical products, 925

Rubber, synthetic, 1041

Semiconductors, 1079

Steel, 1147

Steel industry, 1150

Textiles and fabrics, 1211

Scientific disciplines

Agronomy, 21

Biotechnology, 124

Botany, 135

Conservation biology, 246

Ecology, 327

Environmental biotechnology,

372

Genetic prospecting, 490

Geographic information

systems, 498

Geology, 500

Horticulture, 576 Hydrology and the hydrologic cycle, 585

Hydroponics, 588 Mohs hardness scale, 771 Monoculture agriculture, 775 Oceanography, 848

Remote sensing, 1007 Risk assessment, 1031 Seismographic technology and resource exploitation, 1073

Wildlife biology, 1344

Social, economic, and political issues

Capitalism and resource exploitation, 169 Developing countries, 301 Energy economics, 357 Energy politics, 362 Environmental biotechnology, 372

Environmental ethics, 381 Environmental law in the United States, 384 Federalism and resource management, 414 Food shortages, 449 Health, resource exploitation and, 563

Land ethic, 667 Land-use regulation and control, 675

Mineral resource ownership, 747

Mineral resource use, early history of, 752

Mining safety and health issues, 763

Ozone layer and ozone hole debate, 900

Population growth, 963 Primary sector, 974 Public trust doctrine, 983 Resource accounting, 1015 Resource curse, 1019 Resources as a medium of economic exchange, 1020 Resources as a source of international conflict, 1023 Risk assessment, 1031

Space resources, 1132 Strategic resources, 1158 Superfund legislation and cleanup activities, 1177 Takings law and eminent domain, 1201

Water rights, 1315 Wilderness, 1336 World Wide Fund for Nature, 1362

Abaca, 909

Abiotic environment, 335

Abrasion, 771

Abrasives, 1-3; corundum and

emergy, 261, 264; diatomite,

309; garnet, 476-477; pumice,

985; world production, 1

Abyssal zone, 852

Acaracides, 923

Accumulation of capital, 170

Acheson, Edward Goodrich, 534

Acid mine drainage, 376, 687,

767-768, 1089, 1168

Acid precipitation, 3-5, 32, 277,

386, 690, 1032, 1177, 1312,

1323

Acidity in oceans, 620

Acrylic acid, 927

Acrylics, 927

Acrylonitrile, 927

Active Cavity Radiometer

Irradiance Monitor Satellite,

683

Active solar heating, 1115

Aerial photography, 5-7

Africa; conflict related to

resources, 1023; Democratic

Republic of the Congo,

235-239; desertification, 296;

diamonds, 305; monsoons, 778;

oil, 867; plate tectonics, 949;

South Africa, 1121-1126;

southern, 1029-1030;

Zimbabwe, 1366-1370 See also

nation names

Agar, 431

Agencies See Category Index

under “Organizations,

agencies, and programs”

Agenda 21, 7-8, 121, 304, 321-323,

1272

Agent Orange, 574

Aggregates, 8-13; sand and gravel,

1055

Agins v City of Tiburon (1980), 1202

Agribusiness; developing nations,

304; livestock, 701

Agricola, Georgius, 765, 988

Agricultural products, 13-16 Agricultural revolution, 47, 611 Agriculture, 16-21; agronomy, 21;

Argentina, 60; Australia, 89;

Austria, 95; beginnings, 241, 941; Belgium, 101; Brazil, 139;

Chile, 196; China, 200;

deforestation, 279; deltas, 282;

developing nations, 302, 304;

drought, 316; ecological, 668-670; erosion control, 399;

extractive, 650; farmland, 410-413; floodplains, 443; France, 469-470; Green Revolution, 542-544; horticulture, 576-579;

India, 602; Iran, 627; irrigation, 634-636; Italy, 644; livestock,

39-47, 699-702; Netherlands, 812;

plant domestication, 941-943;

plow’s impact, 241; Poland, 961; population growth, 126;

primary production and, 974;

slash-and-burn, 1092-1094; soil degradation, 1103-1106;

Taiwan, 1197; Thailand, 1219;

Turkey, 1250; Ukraine, 1251, 1254

Agroecology, 650 Agrofuels, 240 Agronomy, 18, 21-22 Air-conditioning, 147; solar chimneys, 1110

Air pollution, 22-26, 538, 771,

1120, 1193; abatement, 374;

Donora, Pennsylvania, 23;

environmental engineering, 380; greenhouse gas emissions, 24; London, England, 23;

metals, 730; mining, 768;

motor vehicles, 565; New York City, 23; nitrogen oxides, 820;

photochemical smog, 23;

United Nations, 1268-1269;

wood smoke, 1355; world

levels, 23 See also Atmosphere

Air Quality Act (1967), 24 Air Quality Control Regions, 211 Air transportation, 1240, 1242

Alabaster, 553, 610 Alaska; oil, 878; Prince William Sound, 408-409

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980), 1337, 1341-1342

Alaska pipeline, 27-28 Alaskite, 532

Alberta, Canada, 77, 866, 880 Albertus Magnus, 67

Alchemy, 529

ALCOA See Aluminum Company

of America Alcohol; ethanol, 400-403;

isopropyl, 926; methanol, 739-741; sugar fermentation, 1172 Algae, 431, 972; food source, 437 Algeria, 890

Alkanes, 977 Alley, Edward, 1298 Alloys, 28-30; aluminum, 34; beryllium, 101; brass, 136, 254; bronze, 145-146, 254; cadmium, 159; chromium, 204; copper, 254; ferroalloys, 421-423; fusible, 130; gold, 526; iron, 633; lithium, 698; magnesium, 711; molybdenum, 774; nickel,

254, 815; niobium, 817;

palladium, 954; platinum, 954; rhenium, 1028; scandium, 1064; silver, 1091; tellurium, 1209; tin, 1235; tungsten, 1243; vanadium, 1290; zirconium, 1375

Almandite, 2 Alpacas, 45 Alpha decay, 637 Alternating current, 343 Alternative energy, 893, 1118; fuels, 1242; ocean currents, 843-844; ocean thermal, 844-846; solar, 1112-1119; tidal, 1225-1229; wind, 1345-1349 Aluar Aluminio Argentino, 63 Alum, 33, 1175

Alumina, 557-558; Argentina, 63; Greece, 538; Russia, 1048; synthetic, 261

Alumina-zirconia oxide, 3

Aluminum, 29-35, 557, 728-729;

Argentina, 63; bronze, 146,

255; Canada, 165; end-use

statistics, 34; gallium from, 475;

Hall-Héroult process, 557-558;

plant life, 4; recycling, 1003;

world production, 31

Aluminum Company of America,

557

Aluminum oxide, 261, 264

Aluminum 26, 35

Amazon River, 1163

Amazon River basin, 992, 1093,

1163

Ambergris, 1333

Ambursen, Nils, 270

American Chemistry Council,

35-36

American Farm Bureau

Federation, 36-37

American Forest and Paper

Association, 37

American Fur Company, 77

American Gas Association, 37-38

American Indians See Native

Americans

American Mining Congress, 38,

791

American Nuclear Energy

Council, 837

American Petroleum Institute, 39

American Plastics Council, 36

American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act (2009), 151,

1180, 1240, 1349

Ammonia, 818-821; Haber-Bosch

process, 556; world production,

819

Ammonification, 822

Amory, Cleveland, 1065

Amphiboles, 69, 117-118

Anaconda mine, 269

Anatexis, 737

Andalusite, 660-662, 894

Andes Mountains, 779, 950

Andesite, 594

Andesitic volcanoes, 1301

Angola, 890, 1026

Anholt wind farm, 287

Anhydrite, 555, 1175-1176 Animal husbandry, 699-702 Animal power, 46-50, 241, 1239

Animal resources See Category

Index under “Plant and animal resources”

Animal rights movement, 51 Animals; breeding, 39-41; in deserts, 300; domesticated species, 44; domestication, 42-47; endangered, 348-353;

endangered and threatened, 349; fibers from, 1211; food products, 14; grazers, 895;

medical resource, 50-52;

products, 18; reproduction, 125; wild, 42

Annex I nations, 1264, 1277 Antarctic treaties, 52-54 Antarctic Treaty System, 52-54 Antarctica, 53

Anthracite, 217, 960, 1246 Anthropocentrism, 381 Antiasthma drugs, 947 Anticlines, 173, 871 Anti-inflammatories, 946 Antimony, 54-56; end-use statistics, 55

Antiquities Act (1906), 56-57, 793 Apatite, 761, 932-933

API gravity unit, 39 Aplite, 532

Appalachian Regional Development Act (1965), 769 Apples, 660

Appliances, energy-efficient, 146-152

Applied ecology, 330 Appropriative law; water rights, 1316

Aqua regia, 526, 953 Aqua satellite, 683 Aquaculture, 166, 437, 506;

Norway, 829; Poland, 962; U.S

production, 436 Aquamarine, 485 Aquatic ecosystems, 116, 431; acid precipitation, 4; plants, 431;

thermal pollution, 1221-1222 Aqueducts, 702-703

Aquifers, 57-59, 81, 587, 1319 Arab-Israeli War (1973), 28, 357,

363, 365, 872, 890, 1024, 1060-1061

Arab oil embargo (1973), 28, 357,

363, 391, 872, 890, 911 Arabian American Oil Company, 1060

Arable land See Farmland

Aragonite, 179

ARAMCO See Arabian American

Oil Company Arbor Day, 1007 Arcelor Mittal, 770-771 Architecture, energy-efficient, 146-152

ARCO See Atlantic Richfield

Company Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 362

Arctic tundra, 115, 299 Area mining, 1168 Arfwedson, Johan August, 697 Argentina, 59-65, 412; economic statistics, 61

Argon, 79, 478 Arizona, 187-188 Arkose, 1057 Arkwright, Richard, 263 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 65-66, 716

Arnold, Ron, 1350

Arnold v Mundy (1821), 983

Aromatic compounds, 856, 930 Arrhenius, Svante August, 173 Arsenate, 66

Arsenic, 66-68 Arsenic trioxide; world production, 67 Arsenite, 66 Artesian aquifers, 57 Artesian wells, 587 Artificial insemination, 125 Asbestos, 68-73, 564, 1085, 1211,

1298, 1352; end-use statistics, 70; lawsuits, 70; regulations controlling, 565; world production, 71

Asbestosis, 70, 565, 764 Asian-Australian monsoon, 777

Aspdin, Joseph, 184

Asphalt, 73-75; Mexico, 741

Asphaltic concrete, 73

Aspinall, Wayne, 75-76

Aspirin, 946

Assault on Reason, The (Gore), 531

Assembly line, 453

Assessment Reports (IPCC), 1264

Asset Conservation, Lender

Liability, and Deposit

Insurance Protection Act

(1996), 1180

Asteroids, 1135

Asthenosphere, 698, 948

Aston, Francis William, 639

Astor, John Jacob, 76-77

Athabasca oil sands, 77-79, 162,

880

Atlantic Richfield Company, 27

Atmosphere, 79-83; circulation,

115; copper in, 252; helium,

568; nitrogen, 822; oxygen,

898; ozone, 900-903; pollution,

22-26; sulfur dioxide, 1177 See

also Air pollution

Atolls, 257

Atomic bomb, 83, 421, 716-717,

957, 1284

Atomic energy See Nuclear energy

Atomic Energy Acts (1946, 1954),

83-84, 1346

Atomic Energy Commission,

83-85, 837

Atoms for Peace, 83, 620

Atterberg limits, 1108

Audubon, John James, 788

Augite, 118

Aura satellite, 683

Australia, 85-90; desertification,

297; economic statistics, 86;

Montreal Protocol, 782; skin

cancer, 901

Australian Ozone Protection and

Synthetic Greenhouse Gas

Management Act (1989), 782

Austria, 90-95; economic statistics,

91

Austrian Clean Water Act, 94

Austrian Sustainability Strategy, 92

Autarky, 1160

Automobile industry, 453, 613, 617-619, 876, 1154, 1241;

abrasives, 1; fuel cells, 473;

rubber use, 1037 Avicides, 923 Azurite, 180 Babbitt, Bruce, 981 Babbitt, Isaac, 1234 Babbitt metals, 55, 1234-1235

Bacillus thuringiensis, 262, 333

Bacon, Francis Thomas, 472 Bacon, Roger, 177

Baddeleyite, 1375 Balard, Antoine-Jérôme, 143 Baleen, 1333

Ball, Max, 78 Ball clays, 208 Ballistite, 824 Bamboo, 909 Ban Ki-moon, 901 Barite, 96-97, 1246; world production, 96

Barium, 97 Barley, 1141, 1253 Barrier reefs, 257 Bartlett, Neil, 479 Basalt, 594-595, 948, 955;

ophiolites, 888 Basaltic volcanoes, 1300 Basel Ban (1995), 562 Basel Convention on the Control

of Transboundary Movements

of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989), 562, 1274 Bast fibers, 439, 570, 945, 1211 Bastnäsite, 999

Batholiths, 532, 594, 954 Batteries, 343, 368, 613; cadmium

in, 159; vs fuel cells, 473; lead-acid, 688; lithium, 697; nickel,

816 See also Fuel cells;

Hydrogen; Solar cells Bauxite, 30, 557-558, 1295;

Argentina, 63; Australia, 90;

Greece, 538; India, 604;

Indonesia, 610; residual deposits, 1014; Russia, 1048;

Venezuela, 1295; world resources, 32

Bayer, Karl, 729 Bayer process, 557-558 Bazzite, 1063

Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 934

Becquerel, Antoine-Edmond, 148 Becquerel, Antoine-Henri, 637,

990, 1284 Beef industry, 700 Beer, 100

Bees, 45, 349 Behavioral ecology, 328 Belgium, 97-101; economic statistics, 98

Beneficiation, 632 Benelux nations, 97 Bennett, Hugh Hammond, 378, 804

Bennett v Spear (1997), 354

Benthic zone, 117 Bentonite, 209, 540 Benzene, 927, 930, 1313 Berg, Otto, 1028 Bergius, Friedrich, 225 Bergius process, 225 Bergman, Torbern Olaf, 230, 815 Bermudez Lake, Venezuela, 73 Beryl, 483, 486, 917

Beryllium, 101-103; end-use statistics, 102

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 173, 1078,

1222, 1289, 1374 Bessemer, Sir Henry, 103, 422,

1148, 1150 Bessemer process, 103-104, 181,

422, 630, 1148, 1150 Beta decay, 637

Bhopal, India, 391 Bicycles, 1240 Billion Tree Campaign, 705 Biochemical oxygen demand, 1304

Biodegradation of oil spills, 881 Biodiesel, 108-110, 375

Biodiversity, 104-108, 248, 351,

491, 619, 796, 941, 1072, 1363; Austria, 92; deforestation, 280; European Union, 404-405; genetic, 332, 488-489; marine, 1157; rain forests, 992; species

loss, 1141-1143; United

Nations, 1266-1267 See also

Genetic diversity

Bioethanol, 109

Biofuels, 20, 108-112, 240, 332,

1012, 1188, 1282, 1360; Brazil,

139; ethanol, 400-403

Biogas, 108-109, 111; Germany,

514

Biogeochemical cycles, 331, 337,

494-497, 973, 998; carbon cycle,

174-176; hydrologic cycle,

585-588; nitrogen cycle, 821-823;

phosphorus cycle, 932-934;

sulfur cycle, 1177

Biogeography, 338-340

Biohydrogen, 109

Biological invasions, 112-114 See

also Invasive species

Biomass, 108-109, 111, 374, 973

Biomes, 114-117, 119, 328, 338,

524; grasslands, 535-538 See

also Ecosystems

Bionomics, 327

Biopesticides, 924

Biopiracy, 492

Bioprospecting, 493

Biopyriboles, 117-119; types, 118

Bioreactors, 374

Bioregionalism, 277

Bioremediation, 372, 560, 882

Biosphere, 119-121

Biosphere ecology, 328

Biosphere reserves, 121-123

Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 988

Biotechnology, 124-129, 372-375,

490-494; agriculture, 20;

animals, 39-41

Biotite, 745

Birdseye, Clarence, 471

Bismuth, 129-130, 990; end-use

statistics, 129

Bison, 45

Bitumen, 77-79, 755; Mexico, 741;

tar sands, 880

Bituminous coal, 217

Black, James Wallace, 6

Black lung disease, 23, 764, 766,

1257

Black Sea, 855

Black smokers, 725 Blackfoot disease, 66 Blast furnaces, 630, 1095 Blasting gelatin, 824 Bleaching, 256 Blomstrand, Christian Wilhelm, 817

Blood diamonds, 1026 Bloomery iron, 629 Blowouts (oil), 862 Blubber, 1333 Blue baby syndrome, 566 Blue-water deserts, 432 Bohr, Niels, 830 Bolivia, 1233 Bom Futuro National Reserve, 281 Bonneville Power Project, 582 Borate minerals, 130, 133, 407,

761, 1246 Borax, 130-133 Bordeaux mixture, 573 Boreal forests, 165, 339, 464 Boron, 133-135; Argentina, 63;

Chile, 194; end-use statistics, 134; Turkey, 1246

Boron carbide, 134, 772 Borosilicate glass, 134, 520 Bort, 1

Bosch, Carl, 556, 820 Bosporus, 1250 Botanical pesticides, 923 Botany, 135-136

Bovine somatotropin, 127 Brandt, Georg, 230 Brass, 29, 136, 254, 730, 1373 Brazil, 136-141, 302; economic statistics, 138; economy, 975;

ethanol use, 110, 403; farmland, 412; manganese, 715; niobium, 817; rubber, 1037

Bricks, 142, 753 Brines, 315, 1050 Britannia metal, 55 Bromine, 142-145, 315; world production, 143

Bronze, 29, 145-146, 253-254, 755, 1232-1233, 1235

Brower, David, 472 Brown, Lester, 802 Browner, Carol M., 396

Brucite, 709, 897 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 7, 322, 1360

Brundtland Commission See

World Commission on Environment and Development Brundtland Report, 7, 243, 322,

668, 1183, 1361

BST See Bovine somatotropin

BTX compounds, 927 Buffaloes; domestication, 44 Building stone, 752; granite, 531-532; limestone, 695-697; marble, 720-722; sandstone, 1057-1058; slate, 1094-1095 Buildings, energy-efficient, 146-152 Bunsen, Robert, 190, 1042

Bureau of American Ethnology, 972

Bureau of Biological Survey, 429 Bureau of Fisheries, 429

Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S.,

291, 972 Bureau of Land Management, U.S., 152-153, 291, 750, 979, 1339

Bureau of Land Reclamation, U.S., 291

Bureau of Mines, U.S., 38,

153-155, 766 Bureau of Reclamation, U.S.,

155-156, 1001 Burford, Anne M., 392 Burlap, 945

Bush, George H W., 396 Bush, George W., 291, 355, 362,

392, 396 Bushveld Complex, 1126 Bushveld intrusion, 707 Bussy, Antoine, 102, 709 Bustamite, 1352

Butadiene, 1040 Butadiene rubber, 1042 Butane, 857, 928, 977-978 Butanol, 109-111

Cadmium, 157-160, 831; end-use statistics, 159; world

production, 158 Calcia, 693

Calcined clay, 589

Calcite, 179, 407, 653, 695;

geodes, 497; marble, 721

Calcium; dietary, 730; seawater

extraction, 723

Calcium carbide, 161

Calcium carbonate, 160, 175, 179,

256, 694

Calcium compounds, 160-162

Calcium hypochlorite, 161

Calcium nitrate, 161

Calderas, 595

California, 783

Camels, 45, 49

Camp David Accords (1978), 365

Canada, 162-167; economic

statistics, 163; farmland, 411;

lakes, 664; Natural Resources

Canada, 803-804; nickel, 813;

oil reserves, 866; oil sands,

77-79, 502, 880; platinum, 952

Canadian Clean Air Act (1971),

167

Canadian Clean Water Act (1970),

167

Canadian Environmental

Protection Act (1988), 167-168

Canadian Forestry Service, 804

Canadian National Parks Act

(1930), 795-796

Canadian Office of Energy

Efficiency, 804

Cancer; drugs, 492, 994;

environmental chemicals, 396

Cannabis, 570-572

Canning, 168-169

Cap rock, 870

Capacitors, 1208

Cape Wind Project, 1347

Capitalism, 169-172; natural,

802-803; resource exploitation, 611

Capitalist economies, 1021

Capsian Sea, 971

Carbamates, 924

Carbon, 172-174; graphite, 534

Carbon cycle, 120, 174-176, 331,

333, 495, 851

Carbon dioxide, 24, 79, 108, 120,

175, 374, 392, 545, 1276;

emissions of, 1120

Carbon fiber, 176-179 Carbon fixation, 973 Carbon 14, 174, 638 Carbon monoxide, 977 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, 814 Carbon nanotubes, 176-179 Carbon sinks, 94, 258 Carbonate minerals, 97, 160, 175, 179-181, 761

Carbonation, 190, 1100 Carbonatites, 597 Carbonic acid, 173 Cárdenas, Lázaro, 743 Cardiac drugs, 947 Carnegie, Andrew, 181 Carnegie Steel Company, 181 Carnivores, 998

Carnotite, 990-991, 1289 Carrying capacity, 701, 894;

human population, 963

Cars See Automobile industry

Carson, Rachel, 182, 242, 385,

390, 790 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2003), 1266

Carter, Jimmy, 182-183, 289, 981,

1049, 1182 Carter Doctrine, 1024 Cartwright, Edmund, 612 Carver, George Washington, 183-184

Cascandite, 1063 Cash for Clunkers program, 1241 Caspian Sea, 660, 664, 1024 Cassiterite, 897, 939, 1232 Cast iron, 29, 103, 629, 633, 1150 Casting, 1150-1151

Cataclastites, 737 Catagenesis, 856 Catalytic converters, 5 Catalytic cracking, 929 Cats, 45

Cattle, 47; Australia, 90; Brazil, 139-140; domestication, 44;

grazing, 894-896; meat from, 402; reproduction, 126 Caustic lime, 693

Caustic soda, 729 Cavendish, Henry, 478, 584, 820

Caves, limestone, 285, 695, 810, 1069

Caving, 1256

CBD See Convention on

Biological Diversity Celesite, 1170

Cellulose, 895, 1171; fibers, 1211, 1213; fuel from, 109

Cement, 184-187, 752, 985; aluminum compounds, 34; end-use statistics, 186; Taiwan, 1201; world production, 185 Cementation, 1069, 1147 Central Arizona Project, 187-188 Ceramics, 188-190, 419, 597, 1082

CERCLA See Superfund

legislation Cerium, 999 Cerrusite, 180 Cesium, 190-191 Cesium 137, 190 Cetaceans, 1331

CFCs See Chlorofluorocarbons

Chalk, 180, 184, 695; Belgium, 99; Denmark, 286; United

Kingdom, 1261 Chang River, 1163, 1223-1224; floods, 443

Channeled Scablands, 443 Chaparral, 116

Chaparral fires, 428 Chapin, Daryl M., 934 Chapman oil field, 871 Charcoal, 1353-1355 Charge coupled devices, 730 Charnockite, 532

Cheese; Italy, 644 Chemical industry, 613;

petrochemicals, 925-927 Chemical thermodynamics, 32 Chemoautotrophs, 973 Chemosynthesis, 725 Cheney, Dick, 396 Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986), 191-192, 337, 345, 560,

567, 835, 839, 1046 Chert, 2, 9

Chickens, 45 See also Poultry

products Chicxulub depression, 275

Chile, 192-197; economic

statistics, 193

China, 197-202, 208, 302; air

pollution, 25; chromium, 1248;

economic statistics, 198;

economy, 975; farmland, 411;

manganese, 715; papermaking,

904; solar energy, 937; Three

Gorges Dam, 1223-1224 See

also Ceramics

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 923

Chlorine, 1052

Chlorites, 202

Chlorofluorocarbons, 23, 80, 447,

900, 1132; Montreal Protocol,

780-783

Chloroprene, 1041

Chocolate, 100

Chromates, 205

Chromite, 202, 204, 1368

Chromium, 202-205, 421, 596;

China, 1248; dietary, 730;

Kazakhstan, 659; New

Caledonia, 469; South Africa,

1125; strategic value, 1158;

Turkey, 1248; world

production, 203; Zimbabwe,

1368

Chromium steel, 29

Chrysoberyl, 897

Chrysotile, 69

Cinders, 589

Cinnabar, 726

Circulations; atmospheric, 1321;

ocean currents, 1321

CITES See Convention on

International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora

Citrus fruit; Spain, 1140

City of Norwood v Horney (2005),

1204

Civilian Conservation Corps,

205-207, 242, 378, 430, 460, 1035

Clark, Colin, 975

Clark, Karl, 78

Clark, William, 1286

Clastic minerals, 1069, 1326

Claude, Georges, 845

Claude-Haber process, 424

Clay, 119, 207-210, 1071, 1085;

bricks, 142, 753; ceramics, 188-190; end-use statistics, 207;

pottery, 754; residual deposits, 1014; United Kingdom, 1261;

world production, 208 Claystone, 1082

Clean Air Act, Canadian (1971), 167

Clean Air Acts (U.S.), 24, 70,

210-211, 222, 386, 397, 565, 598 Clean Development Mechanism, 1265

Clean Skies Act (2003), 386 Clean Water Act, Canadian (1970), 167

Clean Water Acts, U.S., 211-212,

387, 1179, 1315, 1329 Clear-cutting, 212-213, 278 Cleavage of minerals, 758 Cleveland, Grover, 459 Climate, 213-215, 333; agriculture, 410; biomes, 115; China, 200;

hydrologic cycle, 850; primary production and, 973; effect on soils, 1099; role of trees, 1006;

weather, 1321-1324 Climate change, 392, 430, 974,

1021, 1032; Austria, 94;

deforestation, 280; fishing, 435;

floods, 445; greenhouse gases, 544-548; invasive species, 112;

ozone depletion, 902; United Nations, 1262-1266, 1275-1278;

water resources, 1025 See also

Global warming

Climate Change and Biodiversity

(IPCC), 616 Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act, U.K (2006), 216

Climate Change and Water (2008),

616 Climate Energy Project, 670 Clinton, Bill, 291, 430, 981, 1015, 1017

Cloning, 125 Cloud seeding, 1323 Club wheat, 1335 Cluster rule, 905

“Co-co-nuk” strategy, 364

Coal, 170, 217-224, 755, 878, 1010; Australia, 87; Belgium, 99; Brazil, 139; China, 201; electric power from, 344; exploration, 501; formation of, 219; hard, 513; India, 603; Industrial Revolution, 362; Iran, 625; Italy, 643; Kazakhstan, 658; legislation, 1182-1183; mineral rights, 749; mining, 1257; Poland, 960; railroads, 1155; Russia, 1046; South Africa, 1124; South Korea, 1127; Spain, 1138; strip mining, 1167; Sweden, 1188; Taiwan, 1200; Turkey, 1246, 1250; Ukraine, 1253; United Kingdom, 1258, 1262; United States, 1280; U.S production, 219; world consumption, 223; world production, 218; worldwide distribution of, 217

Coal gasification, 224-226 Coal liquefaction, 4, 224-226, 1195

Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969), 222

Coal mining See Mining

Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S., 226-227

Coast Survey Act (1887), 226 Coastal engineering, 227-229 Coastal erosion, 1322 Coastal flooding, 442 Coastal Zone Management Act (1972), 229-230

Cobalt, 230-232; deficiencies, 230; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 238; end-use statistics, 231; magnetic properties, 712; New Caledonia, 469; strategic value, 1158-1159

Cocoa, 15 Coffee, 15, 140 Cogeneration, 232, 346, 359, 718, 1003

Coinage metals, 528, 1090 Coke, 217, 1096

Cold drawing, 1150 Color of minerals, 758