Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 83 ppt

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Bold page numbers indicate definition

1 + 1 0 C h protection, 569, 570, 574-575

bandwidth and, 574

illustrated, 575

lightpaths in, 574

See also optical layer protection

1 § protection, 569, 570

1 § protection comparison, 570

illustrated, 570

1§ protection, 544-546, 586

cut fiber and, 544

dedicated, 580

illustrated, 545

shared, distinction, 580

1 : 1 0 M S protection, 571

1:1 protection, 546

advantages, 546

illustrated, 545

I:N transponder protection, 573

10-Gigabit Ethernet, 389, 398

absorption coefficient, 193

acceptance angle, 52

access networks, 4-5, 591-612

architecture illustration, 594

architecture overview, 593-598

cable, 595

classifications, 595

enhanced HFC, 598-599 fiber to the curb (FTTC), 599-609 high-capacity, 591

summary, 610-611 telephone, 595 types of, 595, 600 accounting management, 497 acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs), 143-147, 230

channel attenuation, 292 illustrated, 143

polarization-independent integrated-optics, 144 power transfer function illustration, 146 power transmitted by, 145

principle of operation, 144-145

RF drive power, 292 transfer function, 145-146

as wavelength crossconnect, 146-147 acronyms, this book, 711-716

active region, 163 adaptation management, 496, 524-526 adaptation interfaces, 525-526 functions, 524-525

See also connection management; network management

797

add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), 22, 378, 547

architectures, 230-231

connection of dropsides of, 555

linear, 379

OC-48, 378

ring, 379

use of, 378

agile opaque networks, 704

alarm indication signal (AIS), 510

alarm management, 510-512

alarm indication signal (AIS), 510

backward defect indicator (BDI) signal, 510

defect condition, 510

defect indicators, 510-511

forward defect indicator (FDI) signal, 510-512

See also fault management

All-Optical Network (AON) testbed, 655

all-optical networks, 24-26, 345,704-705

agile, 704-705

crosstalk susceptibility, 345

design considerations, 345-346

reach requirement, 345

all-optical OXC configurations, 422,

424, 425-428 comparison, 423

cost effectiveness, 425

electrical core crossconnect, 425, 426

illustrated, 422

physical layer design, 424

See also optical crossconnects (OXCs)

all-optical topology, 442

example, 445-446

four-node configuration, 446

illustrated, 442

number of wavelengths, 448

AllWave fiber, 66

American National Standards Institute (ANSI),

724-725 ESCON and Fibre Channel standards,

724-725 SONET standards, 724

See also standards

amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), 153

implications, 153

noise effects, 337

amplifier cascades, 293-294

gain, 294

illustrated, 295

power transients, 296

amplifier spacing, 294-296, 325 design and, 342-343

in existing systems, 343 APD receivers

gain, 260 noise variance, 286 sensitivity, 261,277 shot noise, 285 apodized grating, 124 ARPANET, 466 arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), 137, 139-143, 228,229, 606, 641

couplers used in, 142

as demultiplexer, 140 free spectral range (FSR), 141 illustrated, 140

loss, 140 operating wavelengths, 141 principle of operation, 141-143 sizes, 140

as static wavelength crossconnect, 140 arrayed waveguides, 141

assured forwarding (AF) packets, 392 asymmetric services, 592

asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 19, 363, 381-388

AAL-1,385-386 AAL-5, 386

adaptation layers (AAL), 385-386 admission control, 382, 387

advantages, 381-382 cell forwarding, 383-384 connections, 383-384, 388 data transmission, 382 flow control, 387 functions, 382-385 header, 382, 383 MPLS and, 394-395 networks, 9, 381 network-to-network interface (NNI),

382, 385 physical layer interfaces, 382

physical layer standards, 382 PNNI (private network-to-network interface) routing, 387-388

private user-network interfaces, 382

public user-network interfaces, 382

quality-of-service (QoS), 386-387 signaling and routing, 387-388

switches, 384, 388, 615

switching, 382

traffic shaping, 386

user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385

VCIs, 383-384, 387

virtual channels, 383

VPIs, 384-385, 387

See also ATM layer; client layers

ATM layer

as common service layer, 674

direct virtual connections, 676

maturity, 675

use reasons, 675-676

attenuation coefficient measurement, 349

augmented model, 523,524

autocorrelation

photocurrent, 758

random process, 754

automatic gain control (AGC), 296-298

circuit illustration, 298

couplers, 297

system types, 297

automatic protection-switching (APS) protocol,

541-542

automatic repeat request (ARQ), 268

availability, 537

avalanche breakdown, 197

avalanche multiplication, 197

avalanche photodetectors (APDs)

excess noise factor, 255,275

noise, 255

See also APD receivers

avalanche photodiodes, 197

back-to-back interconnection, 557

backward defect indicator (BDI) signal, 510

band drop OADM architecture, 413, 416

banding

drawback, 149

multistage, 148-149

bandwidth, 29

average, 7

bit rate ratio, 30

Bragg gratings, 126

dedicated, 594

dial up, 521

EDFA gain, 289

enhanced HFC, 598

erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 66

growth in different types of networks, 11 lightpath, 502

loss and, 65-68 optical layer protection, 563 optical networks, 10 peak, 7

photodetectors, 194 photodiodes, 198 semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), 163

shared, 594, 595 specification, 29 statistical multiplexing and, 8 trading, 521

wasted, 671 bandwidth-on-demand service, 655 baseband modulated fiber coax bus (BMFCB), 600

Bayes' theorem, 752 beat noise

signal-spontaneous, 256 spontaneous-spontaneous, 256

See also noise bending loss, 67-68 bend radius, 68 Bene~ architecture, 206-207 best-effort service, 8 bidirectional line switched rings (BLSRs), 380,

454, 544, 550-555 BLSR/2, 551,552, 554, 584-585, 586 BLSR/4, 549, 551,552, 585, 586 complexity, 553

deployment, 552 efficiency, 552 equivalent, 550 low-priority traffic in, 554-555 maximum ring length limitation, 551 node failures, 553-554

node support, 551 SONET, 564-566 span switching in, 552 spatial reuse capabilities, 551 spatial reuse illustration, 555

See also unidirectional path-switched rings (UPSRs)

bidirectional protection switching, 540, 541,542

APS protocol, 542 fiber cut detection, 542