optical transport networks a physical layer perspective

... 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 173-174 advantages, 173 drawbacks, 173 tunable, 180-181 two-dimensional array, ... network reliability, 22 path layer, 370, 543 physical layer, 370 pointers, 367-368, 369 protection schemes, 544 rings, 454 scrambling, 274 signal rate, 367 standard optical interface, 366 standards, ... 324-325 scrambling, 241 advantage of, 241 SONET standard, 274 SDH networks, 12, 278, 364 basic signal rate, 367 channel layer, 543 extra traffic support, 546 high-reliability services, 366 management...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... these amplifiers are usually realized as separate devices, rather than as a single device In a practical system application, the C- and L-band wavelengths on a fiber are first separated by a demultiplexer, ... converts the optical signal to an electrical signal, cleans it up, and converts it back into an optical signal for onward transmission Optical amplifiers offer several advantages over regenerators Regenerators ... reflections can convert the amplifier into a laser, making it unusable as an amplifier A combination of several factors has made the EDFA the amplifier of choice in today's optical communication systems:...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... assume that the two ends of the cavity are plane and parallel to each other Thus the gain medium is placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity (see Section 3.3.5) Such an optical amplifier is called a Fabry-Perot ... im- portant one is the laser, of which there are many different types Lasers are used as transmitters and also to pump both erbium-doped and Raman amplifiers Trang 7When using a laser as a light ... relatively fast compared to the propagation time of the signal across the fiber, the Trang 23.4.5 gain variations average out, and by the time the signal exits the fiber, it has seen a constant gain Another...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... affordable for many applications where the data rates are low and distances are short This is the case in many data communi- cations applications (see Chapter 6) and in some access networks (Chapter ... integrated on a single substrate This is the main motivation for the development of arrayed lasers such as the DFB laser arrays that we discussed earlier Moreover, an arrayed laser can be used as a ... desired wavelength) These lasers can all be grown on a single substrate in the form of an array Four- and eight-wavelength laser arrays have been fabricated in research laboratories, but have not...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... is an attractive alternative to lithium niobate modulators because it can be fabricated using the same material and techniques used to fabricate semiconductor lasers This allows an EA modulator ... packaging cost In fact, transmitter packages that include a laser, external modulator, and wavelength stabilization circuits are becoming commercially available for use in WDM systems External ... undesirable effects, particularly chirp Several types of external modulators are commercially available and are increasingly being integrated with the laser itself inside a single package Trang...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... multiplicative gain and denoted by Gm The multiplicative gain of an APD can be made quite large and even infinite a condition called avalanche breakdown However, a large value of Gm is also accompanied ... wavelengths for a number of semiconductor materials In l_xGaxAs is a ternary compound semiconductor material where a fraction 1 - x of the Ga atoms in GaAs are replaced by In atoms In l-xGaxAsyPl_y ... is a quaternary compound semiconductor material where, in addition, a fraction 1 - y of the As atoms are replaced by P atoms By varying x and y, the band gap energies and cutoff wavelengths can...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... which means that these mirrors can be manufac- tured and packaged as arrays Moreover, the mirrors can be fabricated using fairly standard semiconductor manufacturing processes These mirrors are deflected ... technologies available today Larger switches can be realized by cascading small bulk mechanical switches, as we saw in Section 3.7.1, but there are better ways of realizing larger port count switches, as ... large switches as a measure of the switch cost W h a t makes the Spanke architecture attractive is that, in many cases, a 1 x n optical switch can be built using a single switch element and does not...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... streams The basic unit of this serial approach is a crossbar fabricated as a single IC Today, 64 x 64 crossbar ICs operating at 2.5 Gb/s line rates are commercially available The practical considerations ... nonlinear effect in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) This approach works over a wide range of signal and probe wavelengths, as long as they are within the amplifier gain bandwidth, which is about ... the practical "optical" or wavelength crossconnects today actually use electronic switch fabrics The main reason for this approach is that large-scale optical switch fabrics are only now...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... data or is complementary The advantage of this approach over CGM is that much less signal power is required to achieve a large phase shift compared to a large gain shift In fact, a low signal ... receivers are both available today Large-scale MEMS-based optical switches for use in wavelength crossconnects are now emerging as commercial devices, and a variety of technologies are avail- able ... between a fixed-input waveguide and any two successive arrayed waveguides is a constant Assume that the length of the arc on which the arrayed waveguides are located is much smaller than the diameter...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Grubb et al High power 1.48/~m cascaded Raman laser in germanosilicate fibers In Optical Amplifiers and Applications, page 197, 1995 [Gui98] C Guillemot et al Transparent optical packet switching: ... [Kam96] I.P Kaminow et al A wideband all-optical WDM network IEEE JSAC/JLT Special Issue on Optical Networks, 14(5):780-799, June 1996 [Kas95] N Kashima Passive Optical Components for Optical ... Takahashi, K Oda, and H Toba Impact of crosstalk in an arrayed-waveguide multiplexer on n • n optical interconnection IEEE/OSA JLT/JSA C Special Issue on Multiwavelength Optical Technology and...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... criteria in all -optical wavelength-routed WDM networks Bin Zhou and Hussein T Mouftah Chapter 19 Optical transport networks: A physical layer perspective M Yasin Akhtar Raja and Mohammad Ilyas Chapter ... Design aspects of optical communication networks Kanna Potharlanka, Toshit Antani, Byrav Ramamurthy, Laxman Sahasrabuddhe, and Biswanath Mukherjee Chapter Evolution to an optical broadband services ... restoration in WDM mesh networks Chava Vijaya Saradhi and C Siva Ram Murthy Chapter 17 Restoration in optical WDM mesh networks Shirshanka Das and Mario Gerla Chapter 18 Shared alternate-path protection...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 17:52

... mapping table 70 Abbreviation AES Advanced Encryption Standard APON ATM Passive Optical Network ALM Adaptive Logic Module ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit APD Avalanche Photodiode ASIC Application ... Programmable Gate Arrays are called this because rather than having a structure similar to a PAL (Programmable Array Logic) or other programmable device, they are structured very much like a gate array ... PAL Programmable Array Logic PCS Physical Coding Sublayer PHY Gigabit Physical Layer PIN Positive-Intrinsic-Negative PLLs Phase-Locked Loops PMA Physical Medium Attachment PMD Physical Medium...

Ngày tải lên: 22/11/2015, 23:35

... see that Ramaswami and Sivarajan have reorganized and updated their outstanding 1998 traversal of this fascinating and important field and have done so in a way that accurately portrays what is ... products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks In all instances in which Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital ... Programming, and Applications Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart MPLS: Technology and Applications Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... fascinating in itself based on a medium with thousands of gigabits of capacity yet so small as to be almost invisible, transmitters no larger than a grain of salt, amplifiers that amplify vast ... 1.3.2 Second-Generation Optical Networks The Optical Layer Transparency and All -Optical Networks Optical Packet Switching ... optical networking would be a roaring success or disappear into the annals of "whatever happened to " stories of technology that had once sounded great on paper, but that had somehow never panned...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... a large amount of new material, and removed some material that is not as relevant to practical optical networks We have also updated the references and added some new problems The major changes ... also computing the detailed mesh network design example, Tapan Kumar Nayak for computing the lightpath topology design example, Parthasarathi Palai for simulating the EDFA gain curves, and Rajeev ... Johnstone, Alan Repech, George Stewart, Suresh Subramaniam, Eric Verillow, and Martin Zirngibl In addition, we would like to acknowledge Bijan Raahemi, Jim Refi, Krishna Thyagarajan, and Mark R Wilson...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... provides a "pipe" with a certain amount of bandwidth to the layer above it The physical layer may be optical, wireless, or coaxial or twisted-pair cable The next layer above is the data link layer, ... other layers There are many possible implementations and standards for each layer A given layer may work together with a variety of lower or higher layers Each of the different types of optical networks ... 1980s Imagine the layers as being vertically stacked up Each layer performs a certain set of functions 1.4 The Optical Layer 17 Figure 1.6 Layered hierarchy of a network showing the layers at each...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... several parameters of the physical layer, such as bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios For example, analog signals require much higher signal-to-noise ratios than digital signals The actual requirements ... is a practical network that handles digital signals at a range of bit rates up to a specified maximum Most optical networks being deployed today fall into this category Although we talk about optical ... It may also be able to carry analog data Transparency in the network provides several advantages An operator can provide a variety of different services using a single infrastructure We can think...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... transmission has been all about how to transmit data at the highest capacity over the longest possible distance and is remarkable for its rapid progress What is equally remarkable is the fact that researchers ... commercially viable EDFAs spurred the deployment of a completely new generation of systems A major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many wavelengths simultaneously ... These early experiments proved that optical transmission over fiber was feasible An optical fiber is a very thin cylindrical glass waveguide consisting of two parts: an inner core material and an...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... [HSS98] A. M Hill, A A M Saleh, and K Sato, editors IEEE JSAC" Special Issue on High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, volume 16, Sept 1998 [Ish83] H Ishio Japanese field trials and applications ... Dixit and R J Lin, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: Optical Networks Come of Age, volume 38, Feb 2000 [DYJ00] S.S Dixit and A Yla-Jaaski, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: WDM Optical Networks: ... of optical networks in this chapter: first-generation networks and second-generation networks First-generation networks use optical fiber as a replacement for copper cable to get higher capacities...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... wave theory approach The wave theory is more general and is applicable for all values of the fiber radius The ray theory is an approximation that holds when the optical wavelength is much smaller ... different propagation speeds for different modes has an analog in the geometrical optics approach We can think of a "mode" as one possible path that a guided ray can take Since the path lengths are different, ... Optical Fiber 53 How large can ~T be before it begins to matter? That depends on the bit rate used A rough measure of the delay variation 8T that can be tolerated at a bit rate of B b/s is half...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21