Crest english 6 workbook full

Crest English 6 workbook ôn thi olympiad tiếng Anh do Ấn Độ tổ chức thi. Tài liệu này là bản đầy đủ giúp các em ôn thi tốt hơn Crest English 6 workbook ôn thi olympiad tiếng Anh do Ấn Độ tổ chức thi. Tài liệu này là bản đầy đủ giúp các em ôn thi tốt hơn

Contents

1 Nouns 5

2 Pronouns 14

3 Verbs and Phrasal Verbs 22

4 Tenses 30

5 Subject-Verb Agreement 38

6 Adjectives 44

7 Adverbs 51

8 Articles 58

9 Prepositions 64

10 Conjunctions 73

11 Voice and Narration 79

12 Punctuation 86

13 Jumbled Words 92

14 Short Compositions: Notices and Messages 98

15 Comprehension: Prose and Poetry 103

16 Spellings 107

17 Idioms and Expressions 111

18 Previous Year Paper (2021-22) 116

19 Previous Year Paper (2022-23) 123

20 Answer Key 130

Preface

We are pleased to launch a thoroughly revised edition of this workbook We welcome feedback from students, teachers, educators and parents For improvements in the next edition, please send your suggestions at info@crestolympiads.com Our team will make an effort to work on these

improvements The status of the improvements can be checked at

https://www.crestolympiads.com/corrections-class6-726

CREST Olympiads is one of the largest Olympiad Exams with students from more than 25 countries The objective of these exams is to build competitive spirit while evaluating students on conceptual understanding of the concepts

We strive to provide a superior learning experience, and this workbook is designed to complement the school studies and prepare the students for various competitive exams including the CREST Olympiads This workbook provides a crisp summary of the topics followed by the practice questions These questions encourage the students to think analytically, to be creative and to come up with solutions of their own There’s a previous year paper given at the end of this workbook for the

students to attempt after completing the syllabus This paper should be attempted in 1 hour to get an assessment of the student’s preparation for the final exam

Publishers

Nouns

A noun is a naming word used as the name of a person, place, animal or thing

Examples: Charles Darwin was a revolutionary naturalist who gave the theory of evolution of man The given sentence has many nouns: Charles Darwin, naturalist, theory, evolution and man

Based on the usage of nouns, these are of the following types:

i Proper noun

ii Common noun

iii Collective noun

iv Abstract noun

v Material noun

vi Countable noun

vii Un-countable noun

Proper Noun

A proper noun is the name of a particular person or place

Examples: Jasper, New York, Paris, Nicole, Mexico, etc

Examples:

• Charles Babbage is called the “father of computers”

• Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa

In the given sentences, Charles Babbage, Nelson Mandela and South Africa are proper

nouns

Identification of Proper Noun

Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter

Chapter

1

Charles Babbage Nelson Mandela

Examples of proper noun

Example: He is the Einstein of the modern times

Note: Collective nouns, abstract nouns and material nouns are also included in common

nouns

Collective Noun

A collective noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole

Examples: team, jury, crowd, nation, family, etc

Different names are given to different groups

Examples:

• An army of soldiers • A board of directors

• A fleet of ships • A class of students

• A flock of birds • A pack of wolves

• A swarm of bees • A gang of thieves

• A litter of puppies • A team of players

• A pack of hounds

Jury Family Examples of collective noun Dog Man Village Examples of common noun

Abstract Noun

Things that cannot be touched but can be felt are abstract nouns Abstract nouns are usually the name of a quality, action, or state

Examples: wisdom, honesty, bravery, laughter, hatred, childhood, infancy, richness, poverty, etc

Formation of Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives, common nouns and verbs

i From adjectives: bravery from brave, wisdom from wise, honesty from honest, etc

ii From common nouns: childhood from child, poverty from poor, etc

iii From verbs: laughter from laugh, hatred from hate, growth from grow, etc

Material Noun

A material noun is the name of the matter or substance of which other things are made up of

Examples: plastic, gold, iron, wood, wrought iron, clay, silver, copper, bamboo etc

Some nouns can be counted and some nouns cannot be counted On this basis, nouns can

be classified in two categories:

i Countable nouns: The name of objects or things that can be counted

Examples: boy, girl, man, bag, curtain, laptop, etc

ii Uncountable nouns: The name of objects or things that cannot be counted

Examples: sugar, milk, water, air, honesty, gold, hair, scenery, advice, information, work, etc

Note: Countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not have plural forms

Bamboo wrought iron copper

Examples of material noun Childhood Richness

Examples of abstract noun

Changing Singular to Plural

Rule 1: Nouns ending in f/fe are made plural by changing ‘f/fe’ into ‘ves’

• Wife- wives • Leaf- leaves

• Knife- knives • Wolf- wolves

• Calf- calves • Thief- thieves

• Half- halves • Life- lives

Rule 5: Nouns ending in ‘y’ and having a vowel before ‘y’ are made plural by adding ‘s’

Examples:

• Storey-storeys • Ray-rays

• Donkey-donkeys • Toy-toys

Possessive Nouns: The nouns that possess something are possessive nouns Possessive

nouns show ownership Possessive nouns are of two types:

• Singular Possessive: ‘s is added to a singular noun to show possession

Examples: boy’s pencil, Raymond’s wife, etc

If a singular noun ends in ‘s’, it is still necessary to add ‘s’

Examples: Bus’s tyre, for Jesus’s sake, etc

• Plural Possessive: The possessive of a plural noun is formed by adding only an apostrophe

when the noun ends in s, and by adding both an apostrophe and s when it ends in a letter other than s

Examples: two years’ experience, dogs’ home, cars’ engines, children’s homework, etc

Noun Gender

Gender is divided into four categories:

• Masculine Gender: It denotes the male gender

Examples: father, tiger, lion, grandfather, bull, etc

• Feminine Gender: It denotes the female gender

Examples: mother, tigress, lioness, waitress, cow, etc

Examples of masculine gender

• Common Gender: It denotes both the male and female gender

Examples: teacher, baby, child, cousin, student, servant, infant, etc

• Neuter Gender: It denotes non-living things It is neither male nor female

Examples: Book, laptop, table, copy, mobile, room, etc

Important Rules

i Some nouns exist only in plural forms Therefore, we cannot remove ‘s’ from their end Examples: goggles, pants, spectacles, trousers, etc

ii Uncountable nouns cannot be made plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end

Examples: poetry, scenery, information, work, etc

iii Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning

Examples: mathematics, news, politics, economics, etc

iv Material nouns generally do not take any article before them

Examples: my wife likes gold and not silver

Practice Questions

Direction (for questions 1-9): Fill in the blanks with the most suitable option:

1 He is often called of Nigeria

2 These ladies went to a restaurant for a get together A group of ladies is known as a

Examples of neuter gender

Laptop Mobile

Teacher Infant Examples of common gender

3 Politics _ my favourite subject

4 My uncle has two goats and three

5 I have two sisters and my _ birthdays are in January and April

7 Ken is a globetrotter He knows there are more than 40 _ in Asia Ken

wants to visit them all

8 A thief is hiding behind this group of bushes John wants to report to the police

What should he say- A thief is hiding behind a of bushes

Direction (for questions 10-14): Identify which part of the given sentence has an

error If there is no error, choose D as the answer:

10 I have many (A) / task to complete (B) / before tomorrow (C) / No error (D)

11 Jack was wearing (A) / black trouser and (B) / a white shirt in the party (C) / No

15 Find out the nouns and their types in the given sentence:

The natural scenery of Kashmir has its own charm

a Charm- material noun, Kashmir- proper noun

b Scenery- material noun, charm- abstract noun

c Kashmir- proper noun, charm- abstract noun

d Scenery- countable noun, Kashmir- proper noun

16 Choose the collective noun that can be used for describing ‘a group of cannons’:

17 Find out the nouns and their types in the given sentence:

Wood is used for making fine furniture

a Wood- common noun, furniture- proper noun

b Wood- countable noun, furniture- uncountable noun

c Wood- material noun, furniture- uncountable noun

d Wood- abstract noun, furniture- countable noun

18 Choose the correct sentence:

a Unlike my father’s hair, your uncles hair are white

b Unlike my father’s hair, your uncle’s hair is white

c Unlike my fathers hair, your uncles’ hair are white

d Unlike my fathers hair, your uncles hair is white

19 Choose the correct plural form of the word underlined and highlighted in bold:

She hurriedly reached the studio just in the nick of time

20 Identify the type of noun for the word given in bold in the following sentence:

Brian was praised by all for the exemplary courage he showed in the difficult times

Pronouns Pronouns

Pronouns are the words that are used in place of nouns to avoid the repetition

Look at the sentences given below:

Terry is my best friend Terry lives in my neighbourhood Terry studies in class 6th Terry is a very creative boy

In the above-given sentences, the noun ‘Terry’ has been repeated many times It makes the writing redundant and grammatically wrong To avoid this, we use pronouns

Examples: Terry is my best friend He lives in my neighbourhood He studies in class 6th He is a

very creative boy

‘He’ is the pronoun in the above-mentioned sentences The use of pronouns makes the writing look

good and grammatically correct

Based on their usages, pronouns can be divided into the following types:

• Personal pronoun • Indefinite pronoun

• Relative pronoun • Distributive pronoun

• Reflexive pronoun • Possessive pronoun

• Intensive pronoun • Interrogative pronoun

• Demonstrative pronoun

Personal Pronouns: These pronouns include first person, second person and third person

Personal pronouns have two cases - subjective case and objective case

Subjective Case Objective Case

• If a noun is singular, persons of the male gender are referred to by ‘he, him and

himself’ Persons of the female gender take, ‘she, her and herself’

Non-living things are referred to by ‘it and itself.’

• If a noun is a plural, persons of either gender as also the non-living things, are referred to by

‘they, them, their and themselves’

• An animal is generally referred to by the neuter ‘it’

• The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun

Example: A boy is standing outside the class He is very shy

Demonstrative Pronouns: Pronouns that refer to specific objects are called demonstrative

pronouns ‘This’, ‘these’, ‘that’ and ‘those’ are words that are generally used to point to various

things

For example: This is the dress that I wore last evening

Possessive Pronouns: Pronouns that show possession of something are called as possessive

pronouns Possessive pronouns primarily include mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its and theirs

Study the following sentences:

• The wallet is mine

• The house next door is hers

Indefinite Pronouns: An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific beings, objects,

or places Words like anything, someone, something, anyone, everyone, etc are indefinite pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns: Interrogative pronouns introduce questions They are used to ask

questions and primarily include: what, who, whom, that, which and whose

‘Who’, ‘whom’ and ‘whose’ are generally used to refer to people

For example:

• Who is the man standing at the doorway?

• Whom are you going to take along with you?

• Whose shoes are these?

Note: “Whom” is used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition and “who” is used only as the

subject of the sentence

For example:

• ‘What’ is generally used to refer to things What is in the box?

• What are you going to purchase?

• ‘Which’ is used to refer to both people and things

Which is usually used to ask about preferences among specific things or to ask for particular

information

For example:

• Which one would you like to have? Tea or coffee?

• Which outfit would you like to purchase?

Compound Subjects and Objects

If we have a compound subject (two or more subjects) or a compound object (two or more objects) that includes I or me, in that case, these pronouns are always put in the last in a sentence

• Examples: You, he and I will go to the party

Note: The correct order to use pronouns if we have a compound subject is - second person, third

person and first person

Reflexive Pronoun: Reflexive pronouns are words ending in ‘self’ or ‘selves’ that are used

when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same It means that subject of the

sentence is the receiver of the action of the verb

Example: She accidentally hurt herself

Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject form of the personal pronoun

Example: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, etc

Use of Reflexive Pronouns

We often use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of the verb refer to the same person or thing

Example: He looked at himself in the mirror

Emphatic or Intensive Pronouns

Intensive pronouns look like reflexive pronouns but are different in usage Intensive or emphatic pronouns are used to add emphasis to the subject or antecedent of the sentence and are

generally placed right after the noun or pronoun it is modifying but not necessarily so

Examples: I myself cooked the food

Identification of Emphatic or Intensive Pronouns

To differentiate between reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns, remove it from the sentence

If the sentence still makes sense, it is an intensive pronoun and if it doesn’t make sense, it is a reflexive pronoun

Examples:

• My brother himself built this house (Intensive/Emphatic pronoun)

• The student blamed himself for his failure (Reflexive pronoun)

Possessive Pronouns: Pronouns that show possession are known as possessive pronouns

Examples: mine, yours, ours, his, etc

Examples:

• This book is mine

• This house is ours

Difference Between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive

Adjectives

If there is no noun after it, it is possessive pronoun and if it has a noun after it, it is possessive adjective

Examples:

• My brother sold his car (Possessive adjective)

• The choice is his (Possessive pronoun)

Note: In possessive pronouns apostrophe is not used before ‘s’

Examples: its, yours, ours, etc

Relative Pronouns: The pronouns that connect a clause or phrase to a noun or a pronoun

are called relative pronouns Relative pronouns introduce extra information The most

common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that The type of relative

pronoun used depends on what kind of noun is being described

• Who: Refers to a person (as the verb’s subject)

• Whom: Refers to a person (as the verb’s object)

• Whose: Refers to people and animals usually (possessive meaning)

• Which: Refers to an animal or thing

• That: Refers to a person, animal, or thing

Examples:

• We don’t know the person who owns this house

• I am not sure to whom this laptop belongs

• He is the man whose opinion I respect

• The houses, which overlook the sea, cost more

• I finally visited the restaurant that had such great reviews

Vague Pronoun References

A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible

antecedent The noun coming before the pronoun is called the pronoun’s antecedent

Example: Take the shirt out of the machine and let it dry

In the above-given sentence, we cannot say to which noun (shirt) ‘it’ is referring to as there

can be many shirts

Practice Questions

1 Identify the pronoun:

Ken has lost his dog and cannot find it

2 Tell the reflexive and emphatic pronouns in the following sentences:

1 Some people always talk about themselves

2 We ourselves are responsible for our success or failure in life

a 1-Themselves-reflexive;2-our-emphatic

b 1-Themselves-emphatic;2-Ourselves- emphatic

c 1-Themselves-reflexive;2-ourselves-emphatic

d 1-Themselves-reflexive;2-our-reflexive

Direction (for questions 3-5): Replace the incorrect highlighted pronoun with the

correct pronoun from the given options:

3 Did you bring you laptop to the office yesterday?

5 If you need anything regarding the project, call the project manager directly and ask his

Direction (for questions 6-15): Fill in the blanks with the correct pronoun:

6 _ will go to the market and collect the accessories needed for the project

7 The students went to a zoo where _ saw a tiger

10 They don’t eat green vegetables because don’t like

11 That is the student _ everyone admires

12 Their house is similar to _ but _ is bigger

13 It was the situation for _ he wasn’t prepared at all

a whom b which

Direction (for questions 16-20): Identify which part of the given sentence has an

error If there is no error, choose D as the answer:

16 The old mother gave her (A) / only son his blessing while (B) / he was leaving for his

20 You, he and I shall concentrate (A) / on our studies if we want to (B) / pass with

flying colours (C) / No error (D)

Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or a thing

Examples:

• The man is typing

• The girls are dancing

Look at the sentences given below:

I The boy writes a letter

II The girl is laughing

In sentence I, the action of writing passes over to the letter It means that the verb has a subject as

well as an object Therefore, the verb ‘write’ is a transitive verb

In sentence II, the action of laughing stops with the subject girl and does not passes over to an

object Therefore, the verb ‘laugh’ is an intransitive verb

Transitive Verb: A transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action that passes over from the doer or

subject to an object

Intransitive Verb: An intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to

an object or which expresses a state or being

Identification of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Transitive verbs require an object to give the complete meaning

In the second sentence, we can ask, “what did he write?” The answer may be ‘a letter, a story, etc.’ Therefore, ‘write’ is a transitive verb

Intransitive verbs are opposite of transitive verbs These verbs do not require an object

Example: The boy ran

Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

Main Verb: The main verb is also called the principal verb The main verb refers to the important

verb in the sentence, the one that is used to show the action or state of being of the subject

Helping Verb: Helping verbs are also called auxiliary verbs As the name indicates, helping

verbs help the main verb The primary helping verbs are: be, do and have These helping verbs have different forms

• Be- is, am, are, was, were

• Do- do, does, did

• Have- has, have and had

Example: I am writing a letter

In the above sentence, the main verb is ‘write’ and the helping verb is ‘am’ It indicates that the action

of writing a letter is done continuously

Modal Verbs: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs and are used before ordinary verbs and express

meanings such as permission, possibility, certainty and necessity Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must and ought are called modal verbs Need and dare can sometimes be used like modal verbs

Examples:

• May I come in, Sir? (Permission)

• I can lift this box (Ability)

• It may rain today (Possibility)

• You will pass the examination, if you work hard (Certainty)

• You should exercise daily (Suggestion)

Linking Verbs: A linking verb is called a linking verb because it links the subject to a subject

complement A linking verb is used to re-identify or to describe its subject These verbs are not followed by objects Instead, they are followed by phrases, which give extra information about the subject (Examples: noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases) Most common linking verbs are: look, seem, feel, appear, be, taste, sound, smell, remain, become, etc

Examples:

• The food tastes good

• She remained outside while her brother went into the examination hall

• Our new neighbour seems a nice guy

Predicate Noun

A noun that follows a linking verb and defines the subject is called a predicate noun

Examples: My brother is a great runner

In the above sentence, ‘is’ is the linking verb and ‘runner’ is the predicate noun

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject is the predicate adjective

Examples: The food tastes good

In the above sentence ‘tastes’ is the linking verb and ‘good’ is the predicate adjective

Forms of Verb: There are up to five forms for each verb: root, third-person singular,

present participle, past simple, and past participle

Examples:

• Root: jump

• Third person singular: jumps

• Present participle: jumping

• Past simple: jumped

• Past participle: jumped

Regular Verbs: Some verbs can be converted to simple past and past participle forms by adding

‘ed/d’ at the end These verbs are called regular verbs Examples: jump, increase, stop, etc

Irregular Verbs: Some verbs cannot be converted to simple past and past participle forms by adding ‘ed/d’ at the end These verbs are called irregular verbs Examples: keep, stand, buy, etc

Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs are a combination of a verb and one or two other words such as a

preposition or an adverb Examples: look up, look after, keep up with, look forward to, etc

Phrasal verbs can have different meanings depending upon the usage

• Literal Meaning: Some phrasal verbs have a literal meaning They can be easily understood Example: I was walking across the road when I heard someone calling my name

• Idiomatic Meaning: Some phrasal verbs have an idiomatic meaning, which makes them difficult to understand

Examples: come down with- to get ill

Phrasal verbs are of two types depending upon the placement of preposition or adverb:

• Separable: Sometimes, the preposition/adverb is placed either after the verb or after the object

Examples: The boss has called the meeting off

• Inseparable: Some phrasal verbs cannot be separated

Examples: I came across an old friend in the market last evening

List of some important phrasal verbs

i Ask around- ask many people the same question

ii Back somebody up- support

iii Blow up- explode

iv Break down- stop functioning

v Break down- to lose control of your feelings and start crying

vi Break down- to fail

vii Break in- forced entry to a building

viii Break out- to escape

ix Bring somebody up- to raise a child

x Bring something up- to mention a subject or start to talk about it

xi Call something off- cancel

xii Calm down- relax after being angry

xiii Come across- to meet or find somebody/something by chance

xiv Count on- rely on

xv Cut something off- stop providing

*Note: This is just a representative and in-exhaustive list meant for guidance purpose only

Students are requested to visit https://www.crestolympiads.com/spellbee-winter-csbw-syllabus

and https://www.crestolympiads.com/spellbee-summer-csb-syllabus for more such words

Practice Questions

1 Identify the type of verb in the following sentence:

The manager discussed the strategy for the next month in the meeting

2 Identify the predicate noun in the following sentence:

Mr Jackson is the chief architect of this building

3 Identify the verb in the given sentence and say if it is regular or irregular:

I'll wait until they arrive

a Wait- regular, arrive- regular b Wait-irregular, arrive-irregular

c Wait-regular, arrive-irregular d Wait-irregular, arrive-regular

4 Identify whether the verb in the following sentence is transitive or intransitive:

The mayor addressed the people in the seminar

5 Identify the linking verb in the given sentence:

The audience fell silent when the conductor walked on the stage

6 Choose the main verbs in the given sentence:

I had finished my dinner before my mother arrived

7 Which form of the verb is ‘began’?

8 What is the meaning of the phrasal verb ‘break down’?

9 Which form of the verb is ‘trying’?

10 Which of the following is a regular verb?

11 Fill in the blank with the correct modal verb (to show possibility):

Parliament _ pass the bill today

12 Fill in the blank with the suitable phrasal verb:

Why didn’t you bring this topic _ in the meeting?

13 Fill in the blank with the correct verb:

They English at their home

14 Fill in the blank with an appropriate phrasal verb:

Agatha has her mother Martha for she has got the same large blue eyes,

long brown hair and tall height

15 Fill in the blank with the suitable modal verb:

He _ have been more careful while driving

16 Fill in the blank with the suitable phrasal verb:

I am _ you to help me

17 Fill in the blank with the appropriate phrasal verb:

No one _ for the protest the next day

18 Fill in the blank with a suitable phrasal verb:

The public completely on his emotional appeal

19 Fill in the blank with the appropriate phrasal verb:

One of the students in grade six with an interesting solution to this tricky problem

20 Fill in the blank with the suitable phrasal verb:

A goon escaped narrowly when his car

Tenses

Tenses

The tense of a verb shows the time when an action takes place Tenses are of three types:

i Past tense

ii Present tense

iii Future tense

Tenses are further subdivided into four categories: Simple, continuous or progressive, perfect and

perfect continuous

Aspect

Continuous or progressive I was running I am running I will be running

Perfect continuous I had been running I have been running I will have been running

Past Tense

Past tense is used to show actions that happened in an earlier time

Simple Past Tense

The construction of simple past tense:

Positive sentence- Subject + V2 + object

Negative sentence- Subject + did not + V1 + object

Interrogative sentence- Did + subject + V1 + object

Negative interrogative sentence- Did + subject + not + V1 + object or Didn’t + subject + V1 + object

Uses of Simple Past Tense

• To show an action completed in past with reference to the time of speaking

I watched a movie on my laptop

• To show a habitual or regular action in the past

I worked in a multinational company

• To show an action which happened at a particular point in the past

I visited Delhi last Sunday

• To show an action that occupied a period of time in the past but is now ended

I worked in this company for two years

Chapter

4

Past Continuous Tense

Construction of past continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + was/ were + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + was/ were + not + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Was/were + subject + V1 + ing + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Was/were + subject + not + V1 + ing + object? Or wasn’t/ weren’t + subject + V1 + ing + object?

Uses of Past Continuous Tense

• To show an action that was happening in the past at the time of speaking The time

of the action may or may not be mentioned

The students were making a noise

• To denote that the previous action was going on when the latter action took place

My brother was playing cricket when I reached home

Past Perfect Tense

Construction of past perfect tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + had + V3 + object

Negative sentence- Subject + had not + V3+ object

Interrogative sentence- Had + subject + V3 + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Had + subject + not + V3 + object? Or hadn’t + subject + V3 + object?

Uses of Past Perfect Tense

• To show an action completed before another action took place

I had completed my work before you arrived

• To show an unfulfilled action in the past

If you had asked me, I would have helped you

• To show an unfulfilled wish in the past

I wish I had money

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Construction of past perfect continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + had been + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + had not been + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Had + subject + been + V1 + ing + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Had + subject + not + been + V1 + ing + object? Or hadn’t

+ subject + been + V1 + ing + object?

Use of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense

• To show an action that had been going on for some time in the past

Children had been playing since morning

Present Tense

Simple Present Tense

Construction of simple present tense:

Positive sentence- Subject + V1 + s/es + object

Negative sentence- Subject + do/ does + not + V1 + object

Interrogative sentence- Do/ does + subject + V1 + object?

Negative-interrogative sentence- Do/does + subject + not + V1 + object? Or don’t/ doesn’t + subject + V1 + object?

Uses of Simple Present Tense

• To show a habitual action

• I go for a run daily

• To show universal truth

• The Earth revolves around the Sun

Present Continuous Tense

Construction of present continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Is/am/are + subject + V1 + ing + object?

Negative-interrogative sentence- is/am/are + subject + not + V1 + ing + object?

Uses of Present Continuous Tense

• To describe an action in progress and/or the continuity of the action

The girls are dancing

• To describe an action in progress, but not necessarily at the time of speaking

Glaciers are melting due to global warming

Present Perfect Tense

Construction of present perfect tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + has/have + V3 + object

Negative sentence- Subject + has/have + not + V3 + object

Interrogative sentence- Has/have + subject + V3 + object?

Negative-interrogative sentence- Subject + has/have + not + V3 + object? Or hasn’t/Haven’t + subject + V3 + object?

Uses of Present Perfect Tense

• To show an action that has been recently completed

I have just completed the project

• To describe an action the time of which is not given

The train has arrived

• To describe a past experience

I have seen this movie many times

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Construction of present perfect continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + has/have been + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + has/have + not + been + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Has/have + subject + been + V1 + ing + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Has/have + subject + not + been + V1 + ing + object? Or hasn’t + subject + been + V1 + ing + object?

Use of Present Perfect Continuous

• To describe an action that began in the past, is still continuing and may extend into the Future

• I have been working since morning

Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense

Construction of future indefinite tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + will/shall + V1 + object

Negative sentence- Subject + will/shall + not + V1 + object

Interrogative sentence- Will/shall +subject + V1 + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Will/shall + subject + not + V1 + object?

Use of Future Indefinite Tense

• To express the action or event which is likely to happen in future

He will come to the party

Future Continuous Tense

Construction of future continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + will/shall + be + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + will/shall + not + be + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Will/shall + subject + be + V1 + ing + object?

Negative-interrogative sentence- Will/shall + subject + not + be + V1 + ing + object?

Use of Future Continuous Tense

To express an event that is expected to take place at some time in the future

We shall be going to Dehradun next week

Future Perfect Tense

Construction of future perfect tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + object

Negative sentence- Subject + will/shall + not + have + V3 + object

Interrogative sentence- Will/ shall + subject + have + V3 + object?

Negative-interrogative sentence- Will/shall +subject + have + not + V3 + object?

Use of Future Perfect Tense

To describe an action which is expected to be completed by a certain time in the future

I’ll have completed this course by the end of this month

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Construction of present perfect continuous tense-

Positive sentence- Subject + will/ shall + have been + V1 + ing + object

Negative sentence- Subject + will/shall + not + have + been + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative sentence- Will/shall + subject + have been + V1 + ing + object?

Negative interrogative sentence- Will/shall + subject + not + have been + V1 + ing + object?

Use of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

To express an action that will have been going on at or before some point of time in the future

We shall have been doing this task for three hours

Practice Questions

Direction (for questions 1-10): Fill in the blanks with the most suitable option:

1 She _ the food before I reached home

2 My mother for our video call when I called her

3 My father in a bank

4 Have you _ the payment yet?

5 _ you not _ to the party last night?

6 Were the sheep in the field?

7 She _ for the last 2 hours

a is not been studying b has been not studying

8 Whenever my aunt comes, she chocolates for me

9 The government _ the bill before April

10 The sequel to this movie on Sunday.

Direction (for questions 11-20): Identify which part of the given sentence has an

error If there is no error, choose D as the answer:

11 I have passed (A) / my graduation (B) / two years ago (C) / No error (D)

19 I have seen you (A) / in the market yesterday (B) / but you did not see me (C) / No error (D)

Subject-Verb Agreement Subject

The part of the sentence, which names the person or thing we are talking, is called the subject of the sentence

Examples: I am writing a letter

In the above sentence, we are talking about ‘I’ Hence, ‘I’ is the subject in the given sentence

Verb

A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing

In the above-mentioned sentence, ‘writing’ is the verb

Subject-Verb Agreement

In a sentence, the subject and the verb must agree with each other So, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural

Examples:

• The boys are playing in the ground (Boys- are)

• My father works in a factory (Father- works)

Note: If a noun is plural, we add an ‘s/es’ at its end but if a verb is plural, we do not add an ‘s/es’ at

the end We add an ‘s/es’ at the end of a verb if it is singular

To apply the subject verb agreement rule, we must know which verbs are singular and

which verbs are plural

Compound Subject

The word “compound” means “made up of two or more parts.” Thus, a compound subject is the one that has more than two words as subject

Examples: My brother and my cousin are coming home next week

In the above-mentioned sentence, the subject is ‘brother and cousin’

Chapter

5

When two or more noun antecedents are joined by or/nor, the verb will agree with the subject

closest to or/nor

Examples:

• Either Edward or his friends have come

• Either Edward or Garry has come

Subject-Verb Agreement with Intervening Phrases and Clauses

An intervening phrase is a group of words, not a complete sentence that is added between the subject and verb of a sentence This group of words often adds information or clarifies; however, it does not change the subject-verb agreement Intervening phrases often use prepositions such as to, for, with, including and together

Examples: The exhibition of vintage cars was very impressive

In the above-mentioned sentence, the intervening phrase is ‘of vintage cars’ The subject of the sentence is ‘exhibition’ which is singular Hence, the singular verb ‘was’ is used in the sentence

Subject-Verb Agreement with Relative Pronoun

If a subject and the verb are joined by a relative pronoun, the verb used should agree with the antecedent to the relative pronoun

Examples: He is one of the most talented players that (relative pronoun) have played for the country

Verb Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are non-specific words like someone, others, several or none

Some of these pronouns are always singular or always plural But some can change their number—they can be either singular or plural, depending on the context

It is important to know whether an indefinite pronoun subject is singular or plural so that we

can make the verb agree

Singular indefinite pronouns include someone, somebody, something, nobody, everybody, everyone, one, another, each, either, neither and much

A singular verb is used with these pronouns:

Examples:

o Everyone likes mangoes

o Each of the students of my class is intelligent

• When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree with the subject