This edition in lu es the fol owin sig ificant tec nical c an es with resp ct to the previou edition: • reintrod ction of sp cific diameters of fo m- i ed tub s an sol d rod of circ lar
Materials and design
Foam-filled tubes and solid rods shall be made of synthetic insulating material with reinforced fibreglass
NOTE Yellow, orange and red are the preferred colours to indicate that the material has insulating properties
If any coating is applied, it may be transparent or coloured
The foam filling must be securely attached to the insulating tube's wall, ensuring that both the foam and the bond remain intact throughout the tests, except for those that result in part destruction Additionally, the foam filling should be devoid of any voids, separations, cracks, or other defects.
Electrical requirements
The material and the design of foam-filled tubes and solid rods shall have insulating properties
The external surface of the foam-filled tubes and solid rods shall have hydrophobic properties.
Mechanical requirements
The material and the design of foam-filled tubes and solid rods shall have mechanical resistance properties.
Diameters of foam-filled tubes and solid rods
All measured diameters shall fall within the tolerance limits specified in Table 1
Item External nominal diameter mm Tolerance on external diameter mm
Marking
The marking of each foam-filled tube and solid rod shall include the following information as a minimum:
• name or trademark of the manufacturer;
• date of manufacture (month and year) and identification number when available;
• number of the relevant IEC standard (IEC 60855-1 )
Additional details, such as the year of publication of the standard, should be linked to the product item through alternative methods, including coded information like barcodes or microchips on the product or its packaging.
Markings must be easily readable for individuals with normal or corrected vision, without the need for magnification Additionally, these markings should be durable and should not compromise the electrical performance of foam-filled tubes and solid rods.
Packaging
The marking of each pack shall include the following information as a minimum:
• name or trademark of the manufacturer;
• date of manufacture (month and year) and identification number when available;
• number of the relevant IEC standard (IEC 60855-1 )
The packaging should reduce abrasive or direct contact with other foam-filled tubes or solid rods or any surface that could damage the polished surface
General
This section of IEC 60855 outlines the testing requirements to ensure that foam-filled tubes and solid rods meet the standards set in Clause 4 These provisions are mainly designed for type testing to validate the design inputs Additionally, where applicable, alternative methods such as calculations, examinations, and tests are provided in the test subclauses for foam-filled tubes and solid rods that have already undergone the production phase (refer to Annex B).
Type test conditions
General
To comply with this part of IEC 60855, the design of the product shall fulfil all the type tests listed in Table A.1
The type tests shall be carried out following the order given in Table A.1
Each test shall be carried out on each separate test piece in the relevant group
Any test piece failing to pass any one of the tests mentioned in Annex A shall result in the design being rejected
For all type tests, environmental conditions in the test room shall comply with the normal atmospheric conditions provided in Table 2 of IEC 6021 2:201 0, at a temperature of between
1 5 °C and 35 °C, with a relative humidity between 25 % and 75 % (taking into account Note 4 of Table 2 of IEC 6021 2:201 0)
Nevertheless, for the electrical test the atmospheric conditions shall be at temperature between 1 8 °C and 28 °C, with a relative humidity between 45 % and 75 %
IEC 60855 specifies the use of foam-filled tubes and solid rods within a temperature range of –25 °C to +55 °C and a relative humidity of 20 % to 93 % For applications in extreme atmospheric conditions, such as higher or lower temperatures and increased humidity, more stringent testing is required under suitable conditions.
Unless otherwise specified, for all type tests, the tolerance on the dimensions shall be ± 0,5 %
When a visual check is specified, it shall be understood to be a visual check by a person with normal or corrected vision without additional magnification.
Groups and test pieces 1 0
The manufacturer will provide foam-filled tubes and solid rods in specified lengths for various test piece groups Each test piece must be cut to a minimum length of 0.1 m from the original length supplied by the manufacturer.
Group 1 : three test pieces of 0,3 m
Group 2: three test pieces of 1 ,2 m
Group 3: three test pieces of 2,5 m in case of foam-filled tube and 2 m in case of solid rod Group 4: three test pieces of 1 ,2 m
Group 5: (for foam-filled tubes only): three test pieces of length equal to three times the external diameter ± 5 %
Group 6: three test pieces of 2,5 m
Group 7: three test pieces of (1 00 ± 5) mm
One length of 2 m shall be kept as a reference specimen
The cutting equipment must ensure a clean cut on the test pieces, leaving no signs of overheating on the cross-section The cut should be free from fiber tearing and made perpendicular to the axis of both the foam-filled tube and the solid rod.
Visual and dimensional checks 1 0
General 1 0
These checks shall be carried out to ensure that the general requirements are fulfilled and that the dimensions comply with the specifications.
Visual check 1 0
Initial lengths and test pieces shall be checked visually to verify the elements of marking, the packaging and to detect constructional defects
To identify constructional defects, two levels of inspection are implemented The initial step involves a visual examination of the foam-filled tubes and solid rods supplied by the manufacturer, conducted prior to cutting the test pieces.
Dimensional check 1 1
The purpose of the dimensional check is to verify that diameters comply with the marking, and the tolerances comply with the requirements of 4.4
Dimensional checks must be performed on each initial length before cutting test pieces, measuring at both ends and the center The variance between any two measured diameters of a specific length should not exceed 0.5 mm.
Electrical tests 1 1
General 1 1
Tests must be conducted using an AC power source at power frequency, following the guidelines outlined in IEC 60060-1 Additionally, measuring systems should adhere to the standards set by IEC 60060-2, unless specified otherwise.
Dielectric test before and after exposure to humidity 1 1
Prior to testing, each specimen measuring 300 mm in length must be thoroughly cleaned with isopropanol (CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₃) and subsequently air-dried at room temperature for a minimum of 15 minutes.
This section of IEC 60855 does not aim to guarantee compliance with relevant legislation or specific safety instructions related to the use of isopropanol.
The test pieces shall be lightly wiped with a clean dry lint-free cloth and the ends of the test pieces shall be covered with conductive adhesive tape
Conditioning in a humid atmosphere is carried out in accordance with IEC 6021 2
The test assembly must adhere to the specifications outlined in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 It is essential that the measuring apparatus is positioned at least 2 meters away from the high voltage source All measuring leads, shunt, and optional protective gap should be properly shielded and grounded The test piece needs to be mounted on an insulating support at a minimum height of 1 meter above the ground A voltage of 100 kV rms at power frequency is to be applied between the electrodes for a duration of 1 minute, starting at a low value and gradually increasing at a constant rate of rise.
5 kV/s until the test voltage level is reached The test period shall be considered to start at the instant the specified voltage is reached
The current flowing through the test piece is measured, with the guard electrode connected directly to the earth The highest current recorded during this test is referred to as I.
The phase difference between current and voltage shall be measured as follows:
• current (earth end), by passing it through a known impedance;
• voltage (line end), by means of an appropriate divider
The minimum phase angle recorded during the test is called ϕ
Before installing the test piece in the test setup, it is essential to conduct reference measurements without the test piece, recording the current and phase angle values The phase angle must exceed 88°, as this preliminary test will ensure the quality of the test setup.
1 continuous welded tube 4 screened leads
3 test piece 6 capacitive (or resistive) divider
The measurement zone is situated at least 2 m away from any high voltage source
Figure 1 – Typical dielectric test arrangement
1 socket for ∅ 4 mm banana plug 5 insulating support
2 guard electrode 6 contact maintained by conductive adhesive tape
3 test piece of 300 mm length 7 socket for ∅ 4 mm banana plug soldered on guard electrode
Banana plugs may be replaced by other suitable electrical connectors
Figure 2 – Assembly set-up of the test piece to the guard electrodes
1 copper tube soldered onto brass plate
Figure 3a – Constructional drawing for guard electrodes (two required)
1 two M8 brass nuts for rods
2 two M8 × 1 0 brass screws with ∅ 4 mm holes for foam-filled tubes
Figure 3b – Constructional drawings for parts A and B
Figure 3 – Constructional drawings for guard electrodes and parts
Figure 4a – For 1 0 mm diameter solid rod Figure 4b – For 1 5 mm diameter solid rod
Figure 4c – For 32 mm diameter foam-filled tube Figure 4d – For 39 mm diameter foam-filled tube ứ29,2
Figure 4e – For 51 mm diameter foam-filled tube Figure 4f – For 64 mm diameter foam-filled tube
Figure 4g – For 77 mm diameter foam-filled tube Key
2 ∅ 4 mm hole for banana plug
Figure 4 – Drawings for guard electrode parts according to test piece diameters
5.4.2.1 3 Tests before exposure to humidity
After a minimum of 24 hours in the ambient atmosphere of the test area, the current \$I_1\$ is measured under an alternating voltage of 100 kV rms at power frequency applied between the electrodes.
1 min The maximum current and the phase angle ϕ 1 between current and voltage are recorded
5.4.2.1 4 Tests after exposure to humidity
The test pieces shall be placed for 1 68 h in a conditioning chamber and subjected to a temperature of 23 °C and a relative humidity of 93 % according to Table 2 of IEC 6021 2:201 0
After a 168-hour period in a 93% relative humidity environment, the test pieces will be allowed to return to the ambient temperature of the test area Once acclimated, the test pieces will be lightly wiped with a dry cloth, and the current I2 and phase angle ϕ2 will be measured under the same conditions as I1 and ϕ1.
The test piece shall be located in the same position in relation to earth; for both tests, the high voltage end shall remain the same
• the phase angle ϕ 1 measured shall be higher than 80°;
• the current I1 measured shall not exceed the values given in Table 2
Table 2 – Maximum current I 1 before exposure to humidity
Diameter (mm) Solid rod Foam-filled tube
The test shall be considered as passed if after exposure to humidity the current I2 is lower than 2 I1
If \$I_2\$ is greater than \$2I_1\$ but less than \$I_1 + 40\$, the test is deemed passed if the phase angle between voltage and current exceeds 50° for foam-filled tubes and 40° for solid rods.
In no case shall I2 be greater than I1 + 40 à A
5.4.2.2 Alternative tests in case of foam-filled tubes and solid rods having completed the production phase
An example of a suitable test arrangement is given in Figure 5
B foam-filled tube or solid rod to be tested
C stranded wire electrodes not less than 5 mm width
Figure 5 – Alternative dielectric test under dry condition –
Example of a typical test arrangement
The foam-filled tubes and solid rods will undergo a test involving an alternating voltage of 100 kV rms at power frequency, applied between electrodes spaced 300 mm apart for a duration of 1 minute The AC voltage will be initially set at a low level and gradually increased at a constant rate of approximately 5 kV/s until the target test voltage is achieved The testing period will commence once the specified voltage level is reached.
The test shall be considered as passed if the foam-filled tubes and solid rods fulfil the following:
• no flashover, no sparkover or puncture;
• no visual sign of tracking or erosion on the surface;
• no perceptible temperature rise of the foam-filled tube or solid rod estimated by bare hand 5.4.2.2.2 Alternative test after exposure to immersion
At the production stage, it is not possible to perform the test of 5.4.2.1 4 which requires a long duration conditioning not compatible with the production stage
The manufacturer shall perform the test as follows:
• the test set-up shall be the one of 5.4.2.1 ;
• the conditioning is carried out according to the following
Prior to testing, each specimen measuring 300 mm must be cleaned with isopropanol (CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₃) and subsequently air-dried at room temperature for a minimum of 15 minutes.
The test pieces shall be conditioned by total immersion for 24 h in a tank of tap water with a minimum conductivity of 500 à S/cm corresponding to a maximum resistivity of 20 Ω ãm, at
After the conditioning period, lightly wipe the test pieces with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth and cover their ends with conducting adhesive tape The test pieces should be tested once they return to room temperature in the designated test area.
Wet test
Before the test, each test piece shall be prepared by cleaning with isopropanol (CH 3 -CH(OH)-
CH 3 ) and then dried in air at room temperature for a period of not less than 1 5 min
The electrodes must consist of soft aluminium or copper wire with a diameter of 3 mm to 4 mm, wrapping around the test piece in three or four turns They should be symmetrically positioned on the test piece, with a spacing of 1 m between them The fixing support is to be located at the lower part of the test piece, while the high voltage electrode is to be situated at the upper end.
The electrode's surface must remain free from oxidation, and any anti-oxidation treatment applied should not alter the properties of the water flowing over the test piece.
The test assembly must adhere to the specifications outlined in Figure 6b, with the test piece positioned at a 45° angle from the vertical A voltage of 100 kV rms at power frequency is to be applied between the electrodes for a duration of 1 hour The AC voltage should initially be set to a low value and then gradually increased at a constant rate of approximately 5 kV/s until the target voltage level is achieved The test period officially begins once the specified voltage is reached.
The wet test shall be carried out in accordance with the standard wet test procedure described in IEC 60060-1 except for the average and the beginning of the precipitation:
• average precipitation rate in vertical and horizontal directions: 1 ,0 mm/min to 1 ,5 mm/min;
• resistivity of collected water corrected to 20 °C: 1 00 Ω ãm ± 1 5 Ω ãm;
• precipitation shall commence immediately when the voltage is applied
Precipitation shall be such that the water falling near the test piece shall be at a 90° angle to the test piece, as shown in Figure 6b
The temperature of the water shall be similar to the temperature of the test area
As the ambient temperature can change faster than the temperature of the water, when the temperature is measured a deviation of 3 °C is allowed
1 aluminium or copper soft tie wire; 3 to 4 turns, 3 mm to 4 mm diameter
2 electrode fixed by adhesive tape
4 earthing brass braid; 1 0 mm 2 cross area
Figure 6a – Details of electrode arrangement
The test shall be considered as passed if the following conditions are met:
• no flashover during the test;
• no visual sign of tracking or erosion on the surface;
The temperature of the test piece must not exceed a rise of 7 °C from its initial temperature at any point between 10 cm from the high voltage electrode and 10 cm from the earth electrode by the end of the testing period Temperature measurements should be conducted within 2 minutes after the test concludes.
An infrared camera can be used to measure the temperature of the surface The camera should be calibrated for the test object prior to use
5.4.3.2 Alternative means for insulating foam-filled tubes and solid rods having completed the production phase
Manufacturers must demonstrate adherence to the documented manufacturing procedures using identical components as those used for the type-tested product, as there are no alternative tests available for verifying conformity with the associated requirements, especially since some tests may be destructive.
Mechanical tests
Bending test
A foam-filled tube 2,50 m long or a solid rod 2 m long shall be placed between two supports consisting of pulleys (Figure 7) with the following distance d between the axes:
• 1 ,50 m for 32 mm diameter foam-filled tubes;
• 2 m for 39 mm diameter foam-filled tubes or larger
A vertical force F will be applied at the center of a leather or fabric strap, measuring 50 mm ± 2.5 mm in width, positioned on a foam-filled tube or solid rod.
1 foam-filled tube under test
Fd is the force for which the elastic limit is not exceeded
The applied force F shall be increased at a rate of (200 ± 50) N/s and the deflection shall be measured for the loads 3 d
F , 23F d and Fd , these having been maintained for 30 s
The difference between the deflections measured for 3 d
F and 23F d and for 23F d and Fd , shall be less than the value of findicated in Table 3
The force will be gradually removed, and one minute after its removal, the residual deflection will be assessed For foam-filled tubes, this deflection must not exceed 6% of the deflection recorded during the application of the force Fd, while for solid rods, it should not exceed 1 mm.
The foam-filled tubes and solid rods will be rotated at angles of 90°, 180°, and 270°, with tests conducted for each orientation It is essential that the deflection, denoted as \( f \), remains consistent and does not exceed a variation of more than the specified limit under the same load conditions.
The deflection caused by force \$F_d\$ will be compared to the results from the previous test Using the foam-filled tube and solid rod positioned for maximum deflection, the force will be reapplied and gradually increased to the value \$F_r\$, which will be sustained for 30 seconds without any signs of failure.
The test shall be continued until the test piece breaks and the actual breaking load is recorded for information
Table 3 gives the values of Fd , f and Fr for foam-filled tubes and solid rods of specific diameters
Table 3 – Values of F d , f and F r for bending test
External diameter of foam-filled tube or solid rod
F d f F r Length of test piece mm m N mm N m
5.5.1 2 Alternative bending test for insulating foam-filled tubes and solid rods having completed the production phase
The manufacturer must demonstrate adherence to the same documented manufacturing process using identical components as those used for the type-tested product, as there is no alternative test available to verify conformity with the associated requirements, which may include destructive testing.
In addition, the manufacturer shall perform a test according to 5.5.1 1 except for the measurement of Fr Only f shall be measured.
Torsion test
The test specimen will undergo a torsion test along a 1 m length, specifically between the collets or terminations Alternative methods for securing the ends of the test pieces are illustrated in Figure 8.
A linear torque will be applied gradually at a rate not exceeding (5 ± 2) N·m/s until reaching the torque value Cd, where no audible or visible defects are detected At this torque level, the angular deflection measured after 30 seconds of application must be less than the specified angle ad (refer to Table 4).
After removing the torque, the residual angle of deflection must be measured after one minute For solid rods, this angle should be less than 1% of the total deflection, while for foam-filled tubes, it should not exceed 1 degree.
An increasing torque shall then be reapplied, as above, up to a value Cr and shall be maintained for 30 s There shall be no sign of failure
The test shall be continued until the test piece breaks, for information purposes
A test piece gripped in spring collet H housing suitable for gripping in mandrel
B test piece gripped by taper mandrel S screws
C termination potted in resin T test piece
Figure 8 – Torsion test – Examples for fixing foam-filled tube and solid rod
Table 4 – Values of C d , a d and C r for torsion test
External diameter of foam-filled tube and solid rod C d a d C r mm N ⋅ m degrees N ⋅ m
Crushing test on insulating foam-filled tube
Each test piece must be three times its external diameter and should be positioned between two smooth, flat, parallel, rigid plates for compression The plates must be at least 20 mm longer than the test piece The gap between the plates will be gradually reduced at a constant speed.
The force F applied to the test piece shall be recorded versus time
Two values of F are to be considered: a) F = Fd : minimum value of F where first linearity is lost This corresponds to a loss of
∆F ≥ 0,01 Fd ; b) F = Fr : maximum value of F recorded during the three first minutes of test (displacement
Fd and Fr measured values shall be higher than the values specified in Table 5
Table 5 – Values of F d and F r for crushing test
Nominal diameter of foam-filled tube mm 32 39 51 64 77
NOTE Young’s modulus of material E ≥ 2,2 × 1 0 1 1 N/m 2
CT centred test piece L lower plate
Upper-plate stability shall be ensured by displacing down application point of force F , with the help of stirrups
Electrical test after mechanical ageing
The test involves applying a total of 4,000 bending cycles to each test piece under the specified conditions A force, as detailed in Table 3, is applied at the midpoint of the test piece, resulting in 1,000 bending cycles in each of four directions, spaced 90° apart.
The frequency of application of the load shall be between one and two cycles per minute The test piece shall be rotated through 90° after each 1 000 bending cycles
The test shall be considered as passed if, after 4 000 cycles, the test piece shows no signs of deterioration, localized or otherwise, nor any permanent set, during a visual check
5.5.4.2 Dielectric test after mechanical ageing
Two 300 mm test pieces will be cut from each half of the three test pieces that have completed the 4,000 cycles bending test These six new test pieces will undergo testing both before and after exposure to humidity, as outlined in section 5.4.2.1.
The test shall be considered as passed if the results are in accordance with 5.4.2.1 5.
Dye penetration test
The three test pieces shall be totally immersed in a container filled with aqueous dye solution The dye shall be selected in accordance with occupational health and environmental requirements
IEC 60855:1 985 originally specified fuschine as a dye solution, but due to health concerns, TC78 has sought alternatives and conducted comparative dye penetration tests with various dyes The results show that the choice of dye does not significantly impact the characterization of foam-filled tubes and solid rods However, eosine (C₆₀H₆Br₄Na₂O₅) has emerged as a particularly convenient option, with a recommended concentration of 1% to 2% in distilled water.
The test pieces must be submerged in a container placed within a vacuum chamber, maintaining a pressure below 6,500 Pa (approximately 50 Torr) After one hour, the pressure should be released, allowing for the removal of the test pieces from the solution.
In order to avoid dye solution spreading from the test piece ends during cutting, the test pieces shall be dried for 24 h at a temperature of about 35 °C before cutting them
After drying, the test pieces shall be cut 5 mm from each end The new test pieces thus obtained shall be slit lengthways
The test is deemed successful if there are no indications of solution dye penetration in the foam, at the interface between the foam and the insulating tube, or within the solid rod.
Durability of marking
The test is conducted on the markings of three initial lengths of foam-filled tubes and solid rods supplied by the manufacturer, prior to cutting the test pieces from these materials.
The markings shall be rubbed vigorously for 1 min with a clean cloth soaked in water, then with a clean cloth soaked in isopropanol (CH 3 -CH(OH)-CH 3 )
The test shall be considered as passed if the markings are still legible and the characters do not run or smear
NOTE This test does not apply to the marking of the packaging
6 Conformity assessment of foam-filled tubes and solid rods having completed the production phase
For conducting the conformity assessment during the production phase, IEC 61 31 8 shall be used in conjunction with this part of IEC 60855
Annex B, derived from a risk analysis of foam-filled tubes and solid rods, classifies defects and outlines the relevant tests for production monitoring.
Any changes to the design of foam-filled tubes and solid rods that impact product performance will necessitate the repetition of type tests, either fully or partially, along with an update to the reference documentation However, if a modification does not alter the requirements assessed by a specific test, retesting is not required.
Annex A (normative) Plan of carrying out of the type tests
The sequence of tests to be conducted is outlined in Table A.1, where the numbers assigned to each test group indicate the order of execution Tests sharing the same sequential number within a group can be performed in any convenient order.
Table A.1 – Chronological order of the type tests
Dielectric test before and after exposure to humidity 4.2 5.4.2.1 3
Crushing test on foam-filled tube 4.3 5.5.3 3
Dielectric test after mechanical ageing 4.3 5.5.4.2 4
The dye penetration test involves several checks on the initial lengths of solid rods and foam-filled tubes supplied by the manufacturer These checks are performed before the test pieces are cut from the materials Specifically, the process includes verifying the markings on three initial lengths of the solid rod and/or foam-filled tube prior to cutting Additionally, the test is conducted on the pieces after they have been cut to ensure thorough evaluation.
Annex B (normative) Classification of defects and associated requirements and tests
Annex B was created to systematically evaluate the defect levels of foam-filled tubes and solid rods, categorizing them as critical, major, or minor, in accordance with IEC 61 31 8 Table B.1 outlines each requirement, detailing the specific type of defect and the corresponding test associated with it.
Table B.1 – Classification of defects and associated requirements and tests
Requirements Type of defects Tests
Dielectric strength before exposure to humidity X 5.4.2.2.1
Dielectric strength after exposure to humidity X 5.4.2.2.2
Dielectric strength of external surface X 5.4.3.2
4.4 Tolerance requirements on external diameter X 5.3.3
The durability of marking is assessed according to section 5.5.6, where the initial lengths of solid rods and foam-filled tubes supplied by the manufacturer are examined prior to cutting the test pieces.
IEC 60050-651 :201 4, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 651: Live working (available at: www.electropedia.org)
IEC 61 477, Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and equipment
4 Exigences 40 4.1 Matériaux et conception 40 4.2 Exigences électriques 40 4.3 Exigences mécaniques 40 4.4 Diamètres des tubes remplis de mousse et des tiges pleines 40 4.5 Marquage 41 4.6 Emballage 41
This article discusses various testing methods, including general principles and specific conditions for type tests It covers visual and dimensional inspections, detailing the importance of both visual and dimensional controls Electrical tests are examined, highlighting dielectric testing before and after humidity exposure, as well as rain testing Mechanical tests are also addressed, featuring bending, torsion, and crushing tests of foam-filled insulating tubes, along with electrical testing post-mechanical aging and dye penetration tests Lastly, the durability of markings is evaluated, ensuring comprehensive assessment across all testing categories.
6 Évaluation de la conformité des tubes remplis de mousse et tiges pleines issus de la production 61
7 Modifications 62 Annexe A (normative) Plan de réalisation des essais de type 63 Annexe B (normative) Classification des défauts et exigences et essais associés 64 Bibliographie 65
The article includes several figures illustrating key aspects of dielectric testing setups Figure 1 presents a typical schematic of the dielectric test assembly Figure 2 shows the configuration of the specimen within the guard electrodes Figure 3 features execution drawings of the guard electrodes and their accessories Figure 4 provides designs for accessories tailored to various specimen diameters Finally, Figure 5 depicts a dry alternating dielectric test, showcasing a standard testing arrangement.
Figure 6 – Essai sous pluie 54 Figure 7 – Essai de flexion 56 Figure 8 – Essai de torsion – Exemples d’encastrement de tube rempli de mousse et de tige pleine 58 Figure 9 – Essai d’écrasement 60
The article includes several tables detailing important specifications and test values Table 1 outlines the specified diameters, while Table 2 presents the maximum current I1 prior to exposure to humidity Table 3 provides values for Fd, f, and Fr related to flexural testing In Table 4, values for Cd, ad, and Cr are listed for torsion tests Table 5 details the values of Fd and Fr for compression testing Additionally, Table A.1 presents the chronological order of test types, and Table B.1 classifies defects along with associated requirements and tests.
TRAVAUX SOUS TENSION – TUBES ISOLANTS REMPLIS
DE MOUSSE ET TIGES ISOLANTES PLEINES – Partie 1 : Tubes et tiges de section circulaire
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