IEC 601 53 1 Edition 2 0 201 6 05 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Hollow metall ic waveguides – Part 1 General requirements and measuring methods Guides d''''ondes métall iques creux – Partie[.]
Type
Type of products comprises similar design features manufactured by the same techniques and falling within the manufacturer's usual range of ratings for these products
NOTE 1 Mounting accessories are ignored, provided they have no significant effect on the test results
NOTE 2 Ratings cover the combination of: a) electrical ratings, b) sizes, c) environmental group
NOTE 3 The limits of the range of ratings shall be agreed between customer and manufacturer.
Designation
Waveguides referenced in this specification must include the following elements: a) the IEC publication number (601 53); b) the letters "IEC"; c) a hyphen; and d) a letter that denotes the shape of the waveguide's internal cross-section.
R = ordinary rectangular (with a ratio of height to width of approximately 1 :2)
Waveguides are designated by specific letter indications based on relevant specification sheets, with a numerical character representing the waveguide's size and frequency characteristics Additionally, if required, further indications will be provided as per the specifications The letter "P" is specifically used to denote close tolerance types of waveguides.
"601 53 IEC-R 1 00" denotes a 22,860 mm × 1 0,1 60 mm (0,900 in × 0,400 in) ordinary rectangular waveguide with a centre frequency of approximately 1 0 GHz in the dominant mode
5 Standard atmospheric conditions for testing
Unless otherwise specified, all tests shall be carried out under standard atmospheric conditions for testing as specified in IEC 60068
Before the measurements are made, the waveguide shall be stored at the measuring temperature for a time sufficient to allow the entire waveguide to reach this temperature
Measurements taken at temperatures different from the specified one must be corrected accordingly Additionally, the ambient temperature during the measurements should be clearly indicated in the test report.
As these recommendations only cover type tests, these definitions are included only for brief information of testing conditions
Waveguides must have a consistent composition and uniform wall thickness, ensuring they are straight and smooth throughout their length The surface should be free from burrs, cracks, die marks, chatter marks, dirt, grease, or any other irregularities.
Both inner and outer surface shall have a clean bright appearance in accordance with good current practice
Dimensions
The waveguide dimensions and their tolerances must adhere to the values specified in the relevant specification sheets Both millimetres and inches should be used to present these dimensions, clearly indicating the original unit system.
Nominal dimensions for both internal and external cross sections must be specified with precision, regardless of the unit system used Values starting with digits 3 to 9 should be expressed using four significant figures, while those beginning with 1 or 2 should utilize five significant figures Internal nominal dimensions are to be rounded to the nearest 0.001 mm or 0.0001 in, whereas external dimensions should be rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm or 0.001 in.
When applying these rules, a junction of two hypothetical waveguides, each with a nominal value in one of the systems, will yield a calculated reflection of less than -70 dB for standard rectangular waveguides, with the exception of the smaller types.
The specified dimensions on the relevant specification sheets include: a) nominal inside cross-section dimensions, b) tolerances for inside dimensions, c) maximum radius of inside corners for rectangular waveguides, d) nominal wall thickness, e) maximum eccentricity, f) nominal outside cross-section dimensions, g) tolerances for outside dimensions, h) minimum and maximum radius of outside corners for rectangular waveguides, and i) ellipticity for circular waveguides.
The standard height-to-width ratio for the internal cross-section is 1:2, although some sizes may slightly deviate from this standard due to their widespread use For applications requiring tighter tolerances, a recommended ratio of ±1/1000 is advised.
The tolerances both on width and height are given on the relevant specification sheet Inside corner radii shall be as given on the relevant specification sheet
The nominal wall thickness is calculated as half the difference between the nominal outside and inside dimensions, based on the original system of units This value is provided in the relevant specification sheets for reference.
After conversion from inches into millimetres, the values shall be rounded to the nearest 0,005 mm
After conversion from millimetres into inches, the values shall be rounded to the nearest 0,001 in
Nominal values of height and width shall be as given on the relevant specification sheet
No outside dimensions have been specified for some of the largest sizes because a variety of manufacturing techniques are used
The outside corner radius ( r2 ) shall be within the following limits: r2 min = 0,5 d r2 max = r2 min + 0,5 mm (0,02 in) where d is the nominal wall thickness
The dimensional requirements in the IEC 601 53 series do not control the rectangularity of the cross-section
The permissible deviation from rectangularity is determined by the condition that the internal (or external) cross-section must be able to fit within the space defined by the maximum and minimum rectangles An effective method for assessing rectangularity is illustrated in the following example.
Calliper or three dimensional coordinate measuring machine (3DCMM) or similar dimensional measurement equipment should be used in the cross-sectional dimensions
In drawing the block through the waveguide, precaution shall be taken to keep it accurately normal to the waveguide axis
The dimensions of the block are defined as follows: a) the nominal dimensions of the cross-section are the nominal waveguide aperture size minus 1.1 times the tolerance; b) the tolerance on the nominal dimensions of the cross-section is +0 and -0.1 times the tolerance on the waveguide aperture; c) the sides must maintain perpendicularity, deviating no more than 3 × 10^{-4} radians; d) the length should be 0.2 times the internal width of the waveguide.
For the dimensions of the aperture, the following applies: a) nominal dimensions of cross-section: nominal waveguide outside cross-section plus
1 ,1 times the tolerance, b) tolerance on nominal dimensions of cross-section: –0, +0,1 times tolerance on waveguide outside cross-section, c) perpendicularity of the sides: not deviating by more than 3 × 1 0 –4 radian
The inside width of flat rectangular waveguides shall, except for special types, be equal to the inside width of corresponding sizes of ordinary rectangular waveguides
The standard ratio between height and width of the inside cross-section is 1 :8,33, but for the smaller sizes a fixed height is recommended
Tolerances for height and width should adhere to the specifications outlined in the relevant sheet It is advisable to use a 1:4 ratio as a midpoint between the standard ratios of 1:2 and 1:8.33 When deviations from standard dimensions are required, it is recommended to base the new value on the geometric mean of two consecutive standardized dimensions.
The same rules shall be followed as for ordinary rectangular waveguides
The same rules shall be followed as for ordinary rectangular waveguides
The tolerances both on width and height shall be as given on the relevant specification sheet
If necessary, outside dimension should be specified for waveguides operating at frequencies over 330 GHz
The same rules shall be followed as for ordinary rectangular waveguides
The tolerances on diameter shall be as given on the relevant specification sheet b) Ellipticity
The ellipticity “E" is defined as E = ( Dmax – Dmin )/ Dnom where
Dnom is the nominal inside diameter;
Dmax is the largest measured inside dimension;
Dmin is the smallest measured inside dimension
The ellipticity shall not exceed the requirements given on the relevant specification sheet 7.1 5.2 Wall thickness
For wall thickness, the same rules shall be applied as for ordinary rectangular waveguides
For eccentricity, the same rules shall be applied as for ordinary rectangular waveguides
The nominal values for outside dimensions and the tolerances thereon shall be as given on the relevant specification sheet
No outside dimensions have been specified for some of the largest sizes because a variety of manufacturing techniques are used
Bow is defined as the maximum deviation of the actual axis of the waveguide from a straight line of specified length connecting two points on that axis
The bow measurement is taken from the external surface of the waveguide For a length of 10 times the internal width, the external bow must not exceed 10 times the specified tolerance of the internal width.
For a length of 50 times the internal width, the external bow shall not exceed 40 times the specified tolerance on the internal width
For the determination of the external bow, the waveguide shall be so positioned that gravity does not tend to affect the amount of bow
Twist is defined as the rotation, over a specified length, of the cross-section of the waveguide around the longitudinal axis
The rate of twist shall not exceed:
• 0,50 per metre for waveguides with an internal width equal or larger than 1 00 mm;
• 0,50 per length of waveguide equal to ten times the internal width when the latter is less than 1 00 mm
Over a length equal to 50 times the internal width of the waveguide, the accumulated twist shall not exceed 2° The direction of twist should not be systematic in a batch of waveguides
The waveguide tube must be cut using a fine high-speed saw to prevent distortion during the process It is essential to control the cutting carefully to ensure that the cross-section of the waveguide tube remains within the specified tolerances after cutting.
The attenuation of a suitable length of waveguide tube shall be measured at a frequency of
The measurement accuracy for rectangular waveguides is set at 1.5 times the cut-off frequency, while for circular waveguides in the TE 11 mode, it is 1.2 times the cut-off frequency The required measurement accuracy is ±10% in decibels (dB).
Unless otherwise specified, the attenuation shall not exceed 1 ,3 times the value calculated for the ideal surface and the standard resistivity of the material concerned
Calculations of attenuation shall be based on the following formulae which do not apply for thinly plated surfaces:
= f f f f a b f f a , b σ a σ (1 ) where σ is the electrical conductivity of inside non-magnetic wall metal; σ 0 is the electrical conductivity of international annealed copper standard
The conductivity is measured at \$5.80 \times 10^7\$ siemens/metre The parameters include the inside width (\$a\$) and inside height (\$b\$) in millimetres The cut-off frequency for the TE 10 mode is given by the formula \$f_c = \frac{149.8}{a}\$ GHz, applicable at a pressure of \$1013.25\$ hPa, a temperature of \$23^\circ C\$, and a relative humidity of 50% in air The frequency (\$f\$) is the variable at which the attenuation is calculated.
Circular waveguides (TE 1 1 mode): dB/m 1
, σσ a (2) where σ is the electrical conductivity of inside non-magnetic wall metal; σ 0 is the electrical conductivity of international annealed copper standard
The inner diameter, denoted as D in millimeters, plays a crucial role in determining the cut-off frequency for the TE 11 mode, which is calculated using the formula \( f_c = \frac{1.75,646}{D} \) GHz This calculation is applicable at a pressure of 1.01 to 3.25 hPa, a temperature of 23 °C, and a relative humidity of 50% in air Additionally, the frequency \( f \) is the specific value at which the attenuation is to be assessed.
8.2 Internal reflections from irregularity of internal dimensions
The object of this test is to determine the presence of periodic variations of internal dimensions along the length of the waveguide which would cause unacceptable internal reflections
Irregularities in the internal dimensions of the waveguide along its length should be measured at the frequencies specified in 8.1
A non-reflecting termination must be maneuvered through the waveguide being tested It is crucial that this movable termination is engineered to avoid smoothing out any irregularities present.
The incremental reflections due to irregularities may be detected either by a fixed probe with a suppressed zero indicating instrument or by a waveguide bridge method
The measuring inaccuracy shall not exceed 20 % of the required value for the reflection coefficient
This IEC 60261 test will only be performed when materials or processes of constructions are used which can be expected not to be sufficiently gastight
7.1 3 Rectangularité de la section droite 24
8.2 Réflexions internes dues aux irrégularités des dimensions internes 27
9 Essais supplémentaires – Etanchéité au gaz 28
GUIDES D'ONDES METALLIQUES CREUX – Partie 1 : Exigences générales et méthodes de mesure
Désignation
The reference indication for waveguides covered by this specification must include: a) the publication number of the IEC (601 53); b) the letters "IEC"; c) a hyphen; d) a letter indicating the shape of the inner cross-section of the waveguide.
R = rectangulaire normal (de rapport hauteur sur largeur approximativement égal à 1 :2)
For other types of waveguides, the indicative letter must comply with the applicable specification sheets It should include a number that characterizes a specific size of the waveguide, relating to a frequency characteristic Additionally, if necessary, further indications must align with the applicable specification sheets The letter "P" should be used to denote types with tight tolerances.
"601 53 IEC-R 1 00" représente un guide d'ondes rectangulaire normal de 22,860 mm × 1 0,1 60 mm
(0 , 900 in × 0 , 400 in) dont la fréquence centrale dans le mode dominant est approximativement 1 0 GHz
Sauf spécification contraire, tous les essais doivent être effectués dans les conditions atmosphériques normalisées d'essais, telles qu'elles sont spécifiées dans l'IEC 60068
Avant que les mesures ne soient effectuées, le guide d'ondes doit être stocké à la température de mesure pendant un temps suffisamment long pour lui permettre d'atteindre cette température
When measurements are taken at a temperature different from the specified temperature, the results must be corrected and adjusted to the specified temperature if necessary The ambient temperature at which the measurements are conducted should be recorded in the test report.
Ces recommandations ne couvrant que les essais de type, ces définitions ne sont introduites ici qu'à titre de brèves informations relatives aux spécifications d'essais
The composition and thickness of waveguide walls must be uniform, straight, and smooth from end to end There should be no burrs, cracks, tool marks, roughness, dirt, grease, or other surface irregularities.
Les surfaces intérieures et extérieures doivent avoir une apparence propre et nette, conformément aux règles de l'art
The dimensions and tolerances of waveguides must comply with the values specified in the applicable specification sheets These dimensions and tolerances should be provided in both millimeters (mm) and inches (in), clearly indicating the unit system used for the original measurements.
Regardless of the unit system, the nominal dimensions of both internal and external straight sections should be expressed with four significant figures if the first digit is between 3 and 9, and with five significant figures if the first digit is 1 or 2 Generally, internal nominal dimensions should be rounded to the nearest 0.001 mm or 0.0001 in, while external dimensions should be rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm or 0.001 in.
When these rules are applied, a junction of two hypothetical waveguides with a nominal value in each system would result in a calculated reflection of less than -70 dB for standard rectangular waveguides, except for smaller types.
Unless otherwise specified, the following dimensions must be provided in the applicable specification sheets: a) nominal dimensions of the inner straight section, b) tolerances on inner dimensions, c) maximum corner radius for rectangular waveguides, d) nominal wall thickness, e) maximum eccentricity, f) nominal dimensions of the outer straight section, g) tolerances on outer dimensions, h) maximum and minimum corner radii for rectangular waveguides, and i) ovalization for circular waveguides.
The standardized ratio of height to width for the inner cross-section is 1:2 For certain waveguide sizes, this ratio may slightly differ These dimensions have been selected based on models that have been extensively utilized If tighter tolerances are required, a ratio of ± 1/1000 is recommended.
The tolerances for both height and width are specified in the applicable specification sheet Additionally, the radii of the inner corners must conform to the details outlined in the same specification sheet.
The nominal wall thickness is defined as half the difference between the outer and inner nominal dimensions, expressed in their original unit system Its value should be provided in the applicable specification sheets for informational purposes.
Les valeurs converties en millimètres (mm) à partir des valeurs en pouces (in) doivent être arrondies au plus près à 0,005 mm
Les valeurs converties en pouces (in) à partir des valeurs en millimètres (mm) doivent être arrondies au plus près à 0,001 in
Les valeurs nominales de la hauteur et de la largeur doivent être indiquées dans la feuille de spécification applicable
Aucune dimension extérieure n'a été spécifiée pour certaines des tailles les plus grandes en raison des diverses techniques de fabrication utilisées
Le rayon des coins extérieurs ( r2 ) doit être compris dans les limites suivantes: r2 min = 0,5 d r2 max = r2 min + 0,5 mm (0,02 in) ó d est l'épaisseur nominale des parois
7.1 3 Rectangularité de la section droite
Les exigences dimensionnelles dans la série IEC 601 53 ne permettent pas de contrôler la rectangularité de la section droite
The permissible tolerance for rectangularity is defined by the requirements that the shape of the inner (outer) cross-section must allow the actual inner (outer) cross-section to fit within the area between the specified minimum and maximum inner (outer) rectangles An appropriate method for verifying rectangularity is provided below as an example.
Il convient d'utiliser un pied à coulisse, une machine de mesure tridimensionnelle (3DCMM:
3D Coordinate Measuring Machine) ou un appareil de mesure de dimensions analogue pour mesurer les dimensions des sections droites
7.1 3.2 Pour la section droite intérieure
En tirant le bloc à travers le guide d'ondes, les précautions nécessaires doivent être prises pour le maintenir précisément perpendiculaire à l'axe du guide d'ondes
For block dimensions, the following rules apply: a) nominal section dimensions should be the nominal opening of the waveguide minus 1.1 times the tolerance, b) tolerances on nominal section dimensions are +0 and -0.1 times the tolerance of the waveguide opening, c) the perpendicularity of the sides must not deviate by more than 3 × 10^{-4} radians, and d) the length should be 0.2 times the internal width of the waveguide.
Pour les dimensions de l'ouverture, les règles suivantes s'appliquent: a) dimensions nominales de la section: section extérieure nominale du guide d'ondes plus
The tolerances for the nominal dimensions of the waveguide section are specified as follows: a) the tolerance is set at 1 times the standard; b) the tolerances on the nominal dimensions of the section are between -0 and +0.1 times the tolerance of the outer section of the waveguide; c) the perpendicularity of the sides must not deviate by more than 3 × 10^{-4} radians.
La largeur intérieure des guides d'ondes rectangulaires plats doit, sauf pour les types spéciaux, être égale à la largeur intérieure des tailles correspondantes des guides rectangulaires normaux
Le rapport normalisé entre la hauteur et la largeur de la section intérieure est 1 :8,33, mais pour les tailles plus petites, une hauteur fixe est recommandée
Les tolérances tant pour la hauteur que pour la largeur doivent être celles données dans la feuille de spécification applicable
D'autre part, le rapport 1 :4 est recommandé comme intermédiaire entre les rapports normalisés 1 :2 et 1 :8,33
Lorsqu'il est nécessaire de s'écarter d'une dimension normalisée, il est recommandé que la valeur adoptée soit basée sur la moyenne géométrique entre les deux dimensions normalisées consécutives
Les mêmes règles que pour les guides d'ondes rectangulaires normaux doivent être suivies
Les mêmes règles que pour les guides d'ondes rectangulaires normaux doivent être suivies
The tolerances for both width and height must adhere to the specifications outlined in the applicable specification sheet If necessary, it is important to specify the external dimensions at 330 GHz.
Les mêmes règles que pour les guides d'ondes rectangulaires normaux doivent être suivies 7.1 5 Guides d'ondes circulaires
Les tolérances sur le diamètre doivent telles qu'elles sont indiquées dans la feuille de spécification applicable b) Ovalisation
L'ovalisation "E" est définie par la relation E = ( Dmax – Dmin )/ Dnom ó
Dnom est le diamètre intérieur nominal;
Dmax est la plus grande dimension intérieure mesurée;
Dmin est la plus petite dimension intérieure mesurée
L'ovalisation ne doit pas dépasser les exigences données dans la feuille de spécification applicable
Pour l'épaisseur des parois, les mêmes règles que pour les guides d'ondes rectangulaires normaux doivent s'appliquer
Pour l'excentricité, les mêmes règles que pour les guides d'ondes rectangulaires normaux doivent s'appliquer
Les valeurs nominales pour les dimensions extérieures et les tolérances sur celles-ci doivent être celles indiquées dans la feuille de spécification applicable
Aucune dimension extérieure n'a été spécifiée pour certaines des tailles les plus grandes en raison des diverses techniques de fabrication utilisées.
Autres exigences mécaniques
Cintrage
Le cintrage est défini par l'écart maximal de l'axe réel du guide d'ondes par rapport à une ligne droite de longueur spécifiée joignant deux points de cet axe
Le cintrage est mesuré sur la surface extérieure du guide d'ondes Pour une longueur égale à
1 0 fois la largeur intérieure, le cintrage extérieur ne doit pas être supérieur à 1 0 fois la tolérance spécifiée pour la largeur intérieure
Pour une longueur égale à 50 fois la largeur intérieure, le cintrage extérieur ne doit pas être supérieur à 40 fois la tolérance spécifiée pour la largeur intérieure
Pour la détermination du cintrage extérieur, le guide d'ondes doit être positionné de telle sorte que la pesanteur n'affecte pas le cintrage naturel.
Torsion
La torsion est définie par la rotation, sur une longueur spécifiée, d'une section du guide d'ondes autour de l'axe longitudinal
Le taux de torsion ne doit pas dépasser:
• 0,50 par mètre pour les guides d'ondes de largeur intérieure égale ou supérieure à
• 0,50 par longueur de guide d'ondes égale à dix fois la largeur intérieure lorsque celle-ci est inférieure à 1 00 mm
For a length equal to 50 times the inner width of the waveguide, the accumulated twist should not exceed 2° Additionally, the direction of the twist should not be consistent within a batch of waveguides.
Rugosité de la surface
Contrainte interne
Waveguide tubes should be cut using a saw, with the cutting process carefully monitored to prevent distortions It is advisable to use a thin saw operating at high speed After cutting, the section of the waveguide tube must always meet the specified tolerances.
Affaiblissement
The attenuation of an appropriate length of waveguide must be measured at a frequency of 1.5 times the cutoff frequency for rectangular waveguides and 1.2 times the cutoff frequency in the TE11 mode for circular waveguides The accuracy of this measurement should not exceed ±10% of the required value in dB.
Sauf spécification contraire, l'affaiblissement ne doit pas dépasser 1 ,3 fois la valeur calculée pour la surface idéale et la résistivité normalisée du matériau constituant
Les calculs de l'affaiblissement doivent être basés sur les formules suivantes qui ne s'appliquent pas aux surfaces présentant un placage mince:
Guides d'ondes rectangulaires (mode TE 1 0 ): dB/m 1
= f f f f a b f f a , b σ a σ (1 ) ó σ est la conductivité électrique du métal non magnétique de la paroi intérieure; σ 0 est la conductivité électrique selon la norme du cuivre recuit international
The conductivity is given as \$5.80 \times 10^7\$ Siemens per meter The variable \$a\$ represents the inner width in millimeters, while \$b\$ denotes the inner height in millimeters The cutoff frequency for the TE mode is defined as \$f_c = \frac{149.8}{a}\$ GHz, measured at a pressure of \$1013.25\$ hPa, a temperature of \$23^\circ C\$, and a relative humidity of 50% in the air The variable \$f\$ indicates the frequency at which the attenuation is to be calculated.
Guides d'ondes circulaires (mode TE 1 1 ): dB/m 1
, σ a σ (2) ó σ est la conductivité électrique du métal non magnétique de la paroi intérieure; σ 0 est la conductivité électrique selon la norme du cuivre recuit international
The inner diameter, denoted as \$D\$ in millimeters, is crucial for determining the cutoff frequency for the TE 11 mode, which is calculated using the formula \$f_c = \frac{1.75,646}{D}\$ GHz at a pressure of 1.01325 hPa, a temperature of 23 °C, and a relative humidity of 50% in the air The frequency \$f\$ is the specific point at which the attenuation needs to be assessed.
Réflexions internes dues aux irrégularités des dimensions internes
The aim of this essay is to identify the presence of periodic variations in the internal dimensions along the waveguide, which may be responsible for unacceptable internal reflections.
Il convient de mesurer les irrégularités des dimensions internes du guide d'ondes le long de ce dernier aux fréquences spécifiées en 8.1
A non-reflective termination must be moved through the test waveguide It is crucial that the mobile termination is designed to ensure that irregularities are not attenuated.
Reflection increases caused by irregularities can be detected using either a fixed probe with an indicator device that eliminates the zero point or a method employing waveguides mounted in a bridge configuration.
L'inexactitude de mesure ne doit pas dépasser 20 % de la valeur exigée pour le coefficient de réflexion
9 Essais supplémentaires – Etanchéité au gaz
Cet essai de l'IEC 60261 sera seulement effectué lorsque les matériaux ou les procédés de fabrication utilisés sont susceptibles de ne pas avoir une étanchéité suffisante aux gaz