The C ding Sy st em of Chinese Medicines is develo ed b sed on scienc an r sear h ro t ed in plant taxonomy, Chinese medicine, Chinesemedicinal proc s ing, an othe es a lshed r gulat ory
Uniqueness
Each variety and processed form corresponds to a unique code.
Scientific integrity
The classification and coding of Chinese medicine are based on its most stable properties and characteristics Each code reflects the fundamental attributes, primary applications, and quality of the respective Chinese medicine.
Scalability
The coding rules allow sufficient space for expansion.
Compatibility
The coding rules are consistent with relevant existing International Standards.
Stability
Once assigned, the code for each Chinese medicine remains constant as long as its fundamental characteristics do not change Even if certain Chinese medicines are no longer produced or used, their codes must still be retained.
Technical basis
Layer 1
Layer 1 with 1 digit, Chinese medicines, with the categories of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery are symbolized by 0, which is developed according to central product classification (CPC) developed by United Nations Statistical Commission.
Layer 2
Layer 2 with 1 digit, the product code of Chinese medicines, symbolized by 6, is developed according to the request of CPC and GB/T 7635.1-2002 It is used to express the natural and commodity properties of Chinese medicines, which is important for identification and trade.
Layer 3
Layer 3 with 1 digit, the main code of medicinal source, is encoded according to classification and codes of plants, which is based on Linnaean taxonomy categories with the modern Five Kingdoms classification In layer 3, 1 refers to plant, 2 refers to animal, 3 refers to mineral, 4 refers to fungus, 5 refers to lichen, 6 refers to algae, and 7 refers to mixed kingdom.
Layer 4
Layer 4 with 3 digits (‘001’ to ‘999’), the subdivided code of medicinal source, indicates sources (family or group) and serial numbers of Chinese medicines.
5.1.4.1 In the plant category, different families of plants are encoded according to a certain classification rule from lower plants to higher plants In layer 4, for the first digit, 1 refers to liverwort, 2 refers to moss,
3 refers to pteridophytes, 4 refers to gymnosperm, 5 and 6 refers to Archichlamydeae of dicotyledoneae,
7 refers to Sympetalae of dicotyledoneae, and 9 refers to monocotyledon 0 and 8 are designed for future extension as needed.
5.1.4.2 In the animal category, different families of animals are encoded according to a certain classification rule from lower animals to higher animals, followed by Porifera, Coelenterata, Annulata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Ectoprocta and Phylum Chordata.
5.1.4.3 In the mineral category, groups of minerals are encoded according to a certain classification rule from simple minerals to complex minerals, followed by Elemental mineral, Sulfides and Related Analogues, Oxides and hydroxides, Oxysalt, Halide,Magmatic rocks, Metamorphic rocks, and Fossils.
Layer 5
Layer 5 with 1 digit, the main code of medicinal part, ranged from 1 to 9, in which different numbers stand for different kinds of medicinal parts.
5.1.5.1 In the plant category, medicinal parts are divided into roots and bulbs, stems, woods, cortex and leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, whole plants, and other products, symbolized by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 respectively.
5.1.5.2 In the animal category, medicinal parts are divided into 4 subdivisions One indicates the whole animal and eviscerated animal, 2 indicates animal skin, horn, scale, conch, 3 indicates animal skeleton and visceral organ, 4 indicates animal product and processed goods.
5.1.5.3 In the fungus category, medicinal parts are divided into mycelium, sporocarp, and other products, which are symbolized by 1, 2, and 9 respectively.
Layer 6
Layer 6 with 2 digits, the subdivided code of medicinal part, ranged from 01 to 99, is the second order division For instance, as a type of medicinal plant part, rhizomes and roots can be divided into 7 subdivisions such as root, fibrous root, and so on; while flowers can be divided into 6 subdivisions as inflorescence, simple flower, flower bud, receptacle, stamen, and pistil.
Layer 7
Layer 7 with 3 digits, the varieties code of Chinese medicines ranged from 001 to 999 is the sequence number of the medicinal located in the code table for Chinese medicines from the same medicinal part of the same family.
EXAMPLE Both Decoction pieces of Arisaematis Rhizoma (code: 06191610600100005) and Pinellia Tuber (code: 06191610600200002) are derived from Tuber of Araceae Their codes are same from layer 1 to 6, i.e
The layer 7 codes differ from 061916106, with Arisaematis Rhizoma encoded as 001, indicating the No 001 decoction pieces sourced from the Tuber of Araceae Similarly, Pinellia Tuber is encoded as 002, representing the No 002 decoction pieces derived from the same family of tubers.
Layer 8
Layer 8 with 2 digits, ranged from 00 to 99, is used to indicate specifications of Chinese medicines
The coding system for Chinese medicinal materials categorizes them based on their form and thickness: 00 for purifying, 01 for extremely thin pieces (thinner than 0.5 mm), 02 for thin pieces (1 mm to 2 mm), 03 for thick pieces (2 mm to 4 mm), 04 for segments, 05 for blocks, 06 for shreds, 07 for powder, 08 for fresh medicinal, 09 for granule forms for prescriptions, and 99 for Chinese Materia Medica When multiple cutting specifications exist for the same medicine, the most commonly used one is chosen for standardization For instance, Rhubarb can be classified as both piece and block, with block being the selected specification code.
Layer 9
Layer 9 with 2 digits, ranged from 00 to 99, is used to indicate the processing methods of Chinese medicines The first and second digits indicate processing methods and requirements respectively For example, 1 as the first digit indicates plain stir-frying, while 11 and 12 indicate stir-frying until yellowish and stir-frying until brown The number 2 as the first digit indicates stir-frying with a solid adjuvant, while 21 indicates stir-frying with bran, 22 with sand, 23 with talcum powder, 24 with clamshell powder, 25 with rice, 26 with soil, 27 with cattail pollen The number 3 as the first digit indicates stir-frying with a liquid adjuvant, while 31 indicates stir-frying with wine, 32 with vinegar The number 4 as the first digit indicates processing to scorch, while 41 indicates stir-frying to scorch,
42 indicates calcining to scorch 99 indicates other processing methods.
Layer 10
Layer 10 is the check digit, a single digit that verifies the accuracy of the preceding 16 numbers This check digit is determined using a specific calculation method outlined in ISO/IEC 15420.
Structure
Coding rules are represented by 10 layers with 17 digit Arabic numerals in order, as shown in Figure 1.
0 6 X XXX X XX XXX XX XX X
Layer 10: Check digit Layer 9: Processing code of Chinese medicines Layer 8: Category and speciϐication code of CMM, decoction pieces, and GFIMP Layer 7: Varieties code of Chinese medicines
The article outlines a structured coding system for Chinese medicines, consisting of several layers Layer 2 represents the product code of Chinese medicines, while Layer 3 contains the main code of the medicinal source Layer 4 is dedicated to the subdivided code of the medicinal source Layer 5 focuses on the main code of the medicinal part, and Layer 6 details the subdivided code of the medicinal part.
Figure 1 — Coding structure of Chinese medicines
Detailed description
The coding system for Chinese medicines can effectively integrate the characteristics of both Chinese Materia Medica and decoction pieces, as they originate from the same medicinal source and part Consequently, the structure remains consistent across all three forms, with layers 1 to 7 being identical.
Decoction pieces and granule forms of individual medicinals differ from raw Chinese Materia Medica after processing, leading to variations in their structural rules In Layer 8, the specification of medicinals is encoded, where "09" denotes granule forms for prescriptions and "99" represents Chinese Materia Medica Additionally, Layer 9 encodes the processing methods for these medicinals, indicating that decoction pieces and granule forms have specific corresponding processing codes.
Detailed description of coding structure of Chinese medicines are shown as follows:
Table 1 — Detailed description of coding structure of Chinese medicines
No Classification Digit No Code value Note
Main category of agriculture, forestry, pasture husbandry, fishery, and Chinese medicines
1 digit Chinese medicines are symbolized by 0 See 5.1.1
Layer 2 Product code of Chi- nese medicines 1 digit The product code of Chinese medicines is sym- bolized by 6 See 5.1.2
Layer 3 Main code of medici- nal source 1 digit
For the main code of medicinal source, 1 refers to plant, 2 refers to animal, 3 refers to mineral,
4 refers to fungus, 5 refers to lichen, 6 refers to algae, 7 refers to mixed kingdom.
Layer 4 Subdivided code of medicinal source 3 digits The subdivided code of medicinal source (fami- ly, group) ranged from 001 to 999 See 5.1.4 and
Layer 5 Main code of medici- nal part 1 digit The main code of medicinal part ranges from 1 to 9 See 5.1.5 and
Layer 6 Subdivided code of medicinal part 2 digits The subdivided code of medicinal part, ranged from 01 to 99, is the second order division See 5.1.6 and
Chinese medicines 3 digits The varieties code, symbolized by 3 digits, is the sequence number of the medicinal located in the code table, ranged from 001 to 999 See 5.1.7
Category and specification code of CMM, decoction pieces, and GFIMP
2 digits The specification code of Chinese medicines, ranged from 00 to 99, is categorized by the cutting type or appearance.
Chinese medicines 2 digits The processing code of Chinese medicines, ranged from 00 to 99, is categorized according to processing methods and varieties.
Layer 10 Check digit 1 digit Check digit ranges from 1 to 9 See 5.1.10 and
Annex A (normative) Code table of layer 4 to layer 9
Classification code of plant sources are presented in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Classification code of plant sources (family)
Classification code of animal sources are presented in Table A.2
Table A.2 — Classification code of animal sources (family)
Classification code of mineral sources are presented in Table A.3
Table A.3 — Classification code of mineral sources (group)
Main category Subdivided category Source Code
Mixture of metals and nonmetals Steel 081
Sulfides and Related Analogues Monosulfide
NOTE Classified according to the anion type of mineral sources.
Main category Subdivided category Source Code
Magmatic rocks Magmatic rocks Eruptive rock 361
Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks 371
NOTE Classified according to the anion type of mineral sources.
Classification code of fungus, lichen, and algae sources are presented in Table A.4.
Table A.4 — Classification code of fungus, lichen, and algae sources (family)
Classification code of medicinal parts are presented in Table A.5
Table A.5 — Classification code of medicinal parts
Main code (Layer 5) Subdivided code (Layer 6) category code category code
Stem, wood, bark and leaf 2
Wood and heart wood/Lignum 04
Stamen or anther, pollen, filament 05
Pistil or stigma, style, ovary 06
Main code (Layer 5) Subdivided code (Layer 6) category code category code
Ripe or nearly ripe fruit 02—03
Pericarp or exocarp, mesocarp, sarcocarp, endocarp 04
T he whole plant and ground plant 5 Whole plant/ Herb 01—02
Above ground part/aerial part 05—06
The whole animal and eviscerated animal 1 The whole animal 01
Animal skin, horn, scale, conch 2
Animal skeleton and vis- ceral organ 3 Skeleton 01
Animal product and pro- cessed goods 4
M i x e d kingdom Mixed kingdom 1 Mixed kingdom 01
Specification and processing codes are presented in Table A.6.
Table A.6 — Specification and processing code
Category and specification code of CMM, decoction pieces, and GFIMP Code Main processing Subdivided processing Code
Purifying (e.g eliminating impu- rities and removing non-medical parts) 00 Purifying 00
Extremely thin pieces (thinner than 0,5 mm) 01
Plain stir-frying Stir-frying until yellow 11 Thin pieces (1 mm to 2 mm) 02 Stir-frying until brown 12 Thick pieces (2 mm to 4 mm) or pieces 03
Stir-frying with solid adjuvant
Segments 04 Stir-frying with sand (scald- ing) 22
Blocks 05 Stir-frying with clamshell powder 23
Shreds 06 Stir-frying with talc powder 24
Powder 07 Stir-frying with rice 25
Use fresh 08 Stir-frying with earth 26
Granule forms of individual medicinals for prescriptions (GFIMP) 09 Stir-frying with cattail pollen 27
Stir-frying with liquid adjuvant
Stir-frying to scorch 41 Calcining to scorch 42
Specification (Layer 8) Processing (Layer 9) Category and specification code of CMM, decoction pieces, and GFIMP Code Main processing Subdivided processing Code
Decocting or repeated pro- cessing
Gancao (Liquorice) as main adjuvant 71
Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) as main adjuvant 72
Baifan (Alum) as main ad- juvant 73
Solid adjuvant as main ad- juvant 74
Chan (one method of water and fire processing) 82 Crystallizing or powdering 83
Making herbs into wool 84 Grinding with water 85
Others Stirring and mixing with Zhu- sha (Cinnabar) 88
Stirring and mixing with Qing- dai (Natural Indigo) 89 Rinsing with rice water 90 Washing with wine 91 Xianzhi (processing with a decoction of the appropriate prescription) 92
Processing with Zhuli (Bam- boo juice) 93
More than 2 methods 94 Processing into glue 96
Annex B (normative) Calculation of check digit
Check digit is calculated by the method in ISO/IEC 15420:2009.
B.2 Serial number of code location
It indicates the serial number of the 17 digits from the right to the left, among which check digit is specified as 1.
To calculate the check digit, first sum the digits under even serial numbers starting from serial number 2 to obtain result ① Next, multiply result ① by 3 to get result ② Then, sum the digits under odd serial numbers starting from serial number 3 to find result ③ Add results ② and ③ to achieve result ④ Finally, subtract result ④ from the smallest multiple of 10 that is greater than or equal to ④ to determine the check digit.
For example: The calculation of code 06141021000199004 (the check digit is the last number ‘5’) for Mahuang (Herba Ephedrae, Ephedra) is demonstrated in Table B.1
Table B.1 — Calculation of check digit
Number from the right to the left Serial number 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Digits 0 6 1 4 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 0 X a) Sum up the digits located below even serial numbers from serial number 2, to get result
0+9+1+0+1+0+4+6 ˙ 21 b) Multiply by 3 to get result 21×3 ˙ 63 c) Add the digits located below odd serial numbers from serial number 3, to get result
0+9+0+0+2+1+1+0 ˙ 13 d) Add and to get result 63+13 ˙ 76 e) Subtract by a number which is a larger or equal to , and also be the smallest multiple of 10, to get the digit of check digit
An example is provided to explain the coding rules Codes of Ephedra (Chinese Materia Medica), Ephedra (decoction pieces), Ephedra Root, Honey-processed Ephedra, and Granular Ephedra are presented in
(Granule form of individual medicinal for prescriptions)
Figure C.1 — Code for Ephedra specifications
The items share identical codes from layers 1 to 4 due to their common source, but differ in layers 5 and 6 based on their medicinal parts, with 1 03 representing rhizome and root, and 2 10 indicating the herbaceous stem Variations in specifications and processing methods lead to different codes in layers 8 and 9: layer 8 uses 99 for Chinese Materia Medica, 04 for segments, 03 for pieces, and 09 for granule forms of individual medicinals for prescriptions In layer 9, 00 denotes decoction pieces without special processing, while 35 indicates honey-processing The 10th check digit is not included.
Ephedra and Ephedra Root serve distinct clinical purposes and should be coded differently, with Ephedra classified as a pungent-warm exterior-releasing medicine that promotes sweating, while Ephedra Root is an astringent medicine that stops sweating Their coding differs at layers 5 and 6, assigned as 210 for Ephedra and 103 for Ephedra Root Despite both deriving from specified ephedra plants such as Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey., and Ephedra equisetina Bge., they share the same codes from layers 1 to 4 (0 6 1 410 X XX XXX XX XX X) It is important to note that Ephedra comes from the herbaceous stem, whereas Ephedra Root is sourced from the root and rhizome.
Pinellia Tuber is a toxic plant that requires processing before use to ensure safety and efficacy Processing reduces toxicity and side effects, enhances its therapeutic applications, and modifies its channel tropism The types of Pinellia Tuber include raw Pinellia Tuber, Alum-processed Pinellia Tuber, and Ginger-processed Pinellia Tuber.
Alum-processed Pinellia Tuber, Liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber, and granular Liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber are distinct forms of the same plant, each with unique processing methods in traditional Chinese medicine These variations lead to different efficacies and applications, yet they share the same origin and plant parts, resulting in identical coding from layers 1 to 7, specifically 0 6.
1 916 1 06 002 XX XX X Figure C.2 shows how to distinguish them by codes.
Pinellia Tuber (Chinese Materia Medica) 0 6 1 916 1 06 002 99 00
Liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber 0 6 1 916 1 06 002 00 71
Granular Liquorice-limewater- processed Pinellia Tuber 0 6 1 916 1 06 002 09 71
Figure C.2 — Codes for Pinellia Tuber specifications
Pinellia Tuber is known to be toxic, and its processing is complex The clinical effects of various processed forms of Pinellia differ significantly Despite these variations, they originate from the same source and medical part, resulting in identical codes across different layers.
The coding system for layer 8 varies based on specific processing methods, with Chinese Materia Medica assigned the code 99 Various forms of Pinellia Tuber, including those processed with alum, ginger, and liquorice-limewater, are encoded as 00, while granular liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber is designated as 09 In layer 9, the codes differ, with 71 indicating processing primarily with liquorice, 72 with fresh ginger, and 73 with alum Notably, the 10th check digit is omitted.
There is raw Pinellia Tuber, Alum-processed Pinellia Tuber, Ginger-Alum-processed Pinellia Tuber,
Liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber is utilized in Chinese medicine for its various therapeutic effects, including drying dampness, resolving phlegm, and relieving vomiting While both processed and raw forms share some efficacy, raw Pinellia Tuber is toxic and can cause severe irritation and life-threatening symptoms Processed Pinellia Tuber is effective in dispelling wind, dissipating static blood, and treating external conditions, while alum-processed Pinellia Tuber specifically targets wind phlegm.
Pinellia Tuber is effective in harmonizing the stomach, alleviating vomiting, and addressing cough and fluid retention Processed with liquorice-limewater, it helps dispel phlegm and relieve cough while removing dampness In summary, both raw and alum-processed Pinellia Tuber, along with ginger, play significant roles in respiratory health and digestive balance.
Alum-processed Pinellia Tuber and liquorice-limewater-processed Pinellia Tuber originate from the same source; however, their distinct processing methods lead to varied applications These two types cannot be mixed or interchanged, which is why they are assigned different codes.
Detailed description of coding structure of Pinellia Tuber (decoction pieces) are presented in Figure C.3
Figure C.3 — Detailed description of coding structure of Pinellia Tuber (decoction pieces)
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