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Tiêu đề IEC 60335-2-48:2017
Chuyên ngành Electrical Appliances Safety Standards
Thể loại Standards Document
Năm xuất bản 2017
Thành phố Geneva
Định dạng
Số trang 114
Dung lượng 2,3 MB

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17 This p rt of International Stan ard IEC 6 3 5 has b en pre ared by IEC s bcommite 61E: Safety of electrical commercial caterin eq ipment, of IEC tec nical commi

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Apparei s électrodomestiques et analogues – Sécurité –

Partie 2-48: Règles particul ères pour les gri s et gr il e-pain électriques à usage

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THIS PUBLICA TION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED

Copyright © 2 17 IEC, Ge e a, Switzerla d

Al rig ts re erv d Unle s oth rwis s e ifie , n p rt of this p blc tio ma b re ro u e or uti z d in a y form

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Apparei s électrodomestiques et analogues – Sécurité –

Partie 2-48: Règles particul ères pour les gri s et gr il e-pain électriques à usage

col ectif

INT ERNAT IONAL

ELECT ROT ECHNICAL

ELECT ROT ECHNIQUE

INT ERNAT IONALE

®

Warnin ! Mak e s re that you obtain d this publc tio from a a th rize distributor

Atte tio ! Ve i ez v u a s rer q e v u a ez obte u c t e publc tio via u distribute r a ré

c lo r

insid

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IEC 60335-2-48

Editio 4.2 2 17-0

Apparei s électrodomestiques et analogues – Sécurité –

Partie 2-48: Règles particul ères pour les gri s et gr il e-pain électriques à usage

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD 4

INTRODUCTION 7

1 Sco e 8

2 Normative referen es 8

3 Terms an definition 9

4 General req irement 10 5 General con ition for the tests 10 6 Clas ification 10 7 Markin an in tru tion 10 8 Protection again t ac es to l ve p rts 13 9 Startin of motor-o erated a pl an es 13 10 Power input an c r ent 13 1 He tin 13 12 Void 15 13 L akage c r ent an electric stren th at o eratin temp rature 15 14 Tran ient overvoltages 16 15 Moisture resistan e 16 16 L akage c r ent an electric stren th 16 17 Overlo d protection of tran formers an as ociated circ its 17 18 En uran e 17 19 Abnormal o eration 17 2 Sta i ty an mec anical hazard 17 21 Mec anical stren th 18 2 Con tru tion 18 2 Internal wirin 19 2 Comp nents 19 2 Sup ly con ection an external flexible cord 19 2 Terminals for external con u tors 2

2 Provision for e rthin 2

2 Screws an con ection 2

2 Cle ran es, cre p ge distan es an sold in ulation 21

3 Resistan e to he t an fire 21

31 Resistan e to ru tin 2

3 Radiation, toxicity an simiar hazard 2

An exes 2

An ex N (normative) Pro f trac in test 2

An ex P (informative) Guidan e for the a plcation of this stan ard to a pl an es u ed in tro ical clmates 2

Bibl ogra h 2

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

1) Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q e tio s c n ernin sta d rdiz tio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic field To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivitie , IEC p bls e Intern tio al Sta d rd , Te h ic l Sp cific tio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cific tio s (PAS) a d Guid s (h re fer refere to a “IEC

Pu lc tio (s)”) Th ir pre aratio is e tru te to te h ic l c mmite s; a y IEC Natio al Commite intere te

in th s bje t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n n

-g v rnme tal org niz tio s laisin with th IEC als p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orate clo ely

with th Intern tio al Org niz tio for Sta d rdiz tio (ISO) in a c rd n e with c n itio s d termin d b

a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

2) Th formal d cisio s or a re me ts of IEC o te h ic l maters e pre s, a n arly a p s ible, a intern tio al

c n e s s of o inio o th rele a t s bje ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re re e tatio from al

intere te IEC Natio al Commite s

3) IEC Pu lc tio s h v th form of re omme d tio s for intern tio al u e a d are a c pte b IEC Natio al

Commite s in th t s n e Whie al re s n ble eforts are ma e to e s re th t th te h ic l c nte t of IEC

Pu lc tio s is a c rate, IEC c n ot b h ld re p n ible for th wa in whic th y are u e or for a y

misinterpretatio b a y e d u er

4) In ord r to promote intern tio al u iformity, IEC Natio al Commite s u d rta e to a ply IEC Pu lc tio s

tra s are tly to th ma imum e te t p s ible in th ir n tio al a d re io al p blc tio s An div rg n e

b twe n a y IEC Pu lc tio a d th c re p n in n tio al or re io al p blc tio s al b cle rly in ic te in

th later

5) IEC its lf d e n t pro id a y ate tatio of c nformity In e e d nt c rtific tio b die pro id c nformity

a s s me t s rvic s a d, in s me are s, a c s to IEC mark of c nformity IEC is n t re p n ible for a y

s rvic s c rie o t b in e e d nt c rtific tio b die

6) Al u ers s o ld e s re th t th y h v th late t e itio of this p blc tio

7) No la i ty s al ata h to IEC or its dire tors, emplo e s, s rv nts or a e ts in lu in in ivid al e p rts a d

memb rs of its te h ic l c mmite s a d IEC Natio al Commite s for a y p rs n l injury, pro erty d ma e or

oth r d ma e of a y n ture wh ts e er, wh th r dire t or in ire t, or for c sts (in lu in le al fe s) a d

e p n e arisin o t of th p blc tio , u e of, or rela c u o , this IEC Pu lc tio or a y oth r IEC

This Con ol date version is not a of icial IEC Sta dard a d ha be n prepare for

us r c nv nie c Only the c r e t v rsion of the sta dard a d its ame dme t(s)

In this Re l ne v rsion, a v rtic l l n in the margin s ows where th te h ic l c nte t

is modifie by ame dme ts 1 a d 2 Additio s are in gre n te t, deletion are in

strik thro gh re te t A s parate Final v rsion with al c a ge a c pte is a ai able

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

This p rt of International Stan ard IEC 6 3 5 has b en pre ared by IEC s bcommite 61E:

Safety of electrical commercial caterin eq ipment, of IEC tec nical commite 61: Safety of

hou ehold an simiar electrical a pl an es

This fourth edition con titutes a tec nical revision

This p rt 2 is to b u ed in conju ction with the latest edition of IEC 6 3 5-1 an its

amen ments It was esta ls ed on the b sis of the fourth edition (2 01) of that stan ard

NOT 1 Wh n “Part 1 is me tio e in this sta d rd, it refers to IEC 6 3 5-1

This p rt 2 s p lements or modifies the cor esp n in clau es in IEC 6 3 5-1, so as to

con ert that publ cation into the IEC stan ard: Safety req irements for commercial electric

gri ers an to sters

When a p rtic lar s bclau e of Part 1 is not mentioned in this p rt 2, that s bclau e ap l es

as far as is re sona le When this stan ard states "ad ition", "modification" or " e lacement", the

relevant text in Part 1 is to b ada ted ac ordin ly

NOT 2 Th folowin n mb rin s stem is u e :

– s b la s s, ta le a d fig re th t are n mb re startin from 101 are a ditio al to th s in Part 1;

– u le s n te are in a n w s b la s or in olv n te in Part 1, th y are n mb re startin from 101, in lu in

Word in b ld in th te t are d fin d in Cla s 3 Wh n a d finitio of Part 1 c n ern a a je tiv , th

a je tiv a d th a s ciate n u are als in b ld

The fol owin dif eren es exist in the cou tries in icated b low

– 6.1: Cla s 01 a pla c s are alowe (Ja a )

– 6.2: For a pla c s inte d d to b in tale in a kitc e , a a pro riate d gre of prote tio a ain t h rmful

in re s of water is re uire a c rdin to th ir h ig t of in talatio (Fra c )

– 13.2: L a a e c re t lmits are difere t (Ja a )

– 16.2: L a a e c re t lmits are difere t (Ja a )

– Cla s 21: For a pla c s inte d d to b in tale in a kitc e , difere t v lu s of imp ct e erg are

a plc ble a c rdin to th h ig t of th imp ct p int (Fra c )

The commit e has decided that the contents of the b se publ cation an its amen ments wi

remain u c an ed u ti the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der

"ht p:/ we store.iec.c " in the data related to the sp cific publ cation At this date, the

NOT Th ate tio of Natio al Commite s is drawn to th fa t th t e uipme t ma ufa turers a d te tin

org niz tio s ma n e a tra sitio al p rio folowin p blc tio of a n w, ame d d or re is d IEC p blc tio in

whic to ma e pro u ts in a c rd n e with th n w re uireme ts a d to e uip th ms lv s for c n u tin n w or

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

It has b en as umed in the drafin of this International Stan ard that the exec tion of its

provision is entru ted to a pro riately q al fied an exp rien ed p rson

This stan ard recog izes the international y ac e ted level of protection again t hazard s c

as electrical, mec anical, thermal, fire an radiation of a pl an es when o erated as in

normal u e takin into ac ou t the man facturer's in tru tion It also covers a normal

situation that can b exp cted in practice an takes into ac ou t the way in whic

This stan ard takes into ac ou t the req irements of IEC 6 3 4 as far as p s ible so that

there is comp tibi ty with the wirin rules when the a pl an e is con ected to the s p ly

main However, national wirin rules may dif er

If an a pl an e within the s o e of this stan ard also in orp rates fu ction that are covered

by another p rt 2 of IEC 6 3 5, the relevant p rt 2 is a pl ed to e c fu ction se arately, as

far as is re sona le If a plca le, the influen e of one fu ction on the other is taken into

ac ou t

This stan ard is a prod ct fami y stan ard de l n with the safety of a pl an es an takes

preceden e over horizontal an generic stan ard coverin the same s bject

An a pl an e that compl es with the text of this stan ard wi not neces ari y b con idered to

comply with the safety prin iples of the stan ard if, when examined an tested, it is fou d to

have other fe tures that imp ir the level of safety covered by these req irements

An a pl an e employin materials or havin forms of con tru tion dif erin from those detaied

in the req irements of this stan ard may b examined an tested ac ordin to the intent of

the req irements an , if fou d to b s bstantial y eq ivalent, may b con idered to comply

with the stan ard

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HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES –

Part 2-48: Particular requirements for commercial

electric gri lers and toasters

This clau e of Part 1 is re laced by the fol owin

This International Stan ard de ls with the safety of electrical y o erated commercial gri lers

an toa ters not inten ed for hou ehold an simi ar u e, their rate v lta e b in not more

than 2 0 V for sin le-phase a pl an es con ected b twe n one phase an neutral, an 4 0 V

for other a pl an es

Rotary or c ntinu us gri ers a d toa ters an simi ar a pl an es inten ed for gri in by

radiant he t s c as rotis eries, salaman ers, etc are within the s o e of this stan ard

re ta ra ts, c nte n , h s itals a d in c mmercial e terpris s s c a b k rie , b tc erie , etc

The electrical p rt of a pl an es makin u e of other forms of energ is also within the s o e

– in ma y c u trie a ditio al re uireme ts are s e ifie b th n tio al h alth a th ritie , th n tio al

a th ritie re p n ible for th prote tio of la o r, th n tio al water s p ly a th ritie a d simiar a th ritie ;

– for a pla c s inte d d to b u e o td ors, a ditio al re uireme ts ma b n c s ary

NOT 10 This sta d rd d e n t a ply to

– a pla c s d sig e e clu iv ly for in u trial p rp s s;

– a pla c s inte d d to b u e in lo atio s wh re s e ial c n itio s pre ai s c a th pre e c of a

c ro iv or e plo iv atmo p ere (d st, v p ur or g s)

– c ntin o s pro e s a pla c s for th c ntin o s ma s pro u tio of fo d;

– grid le a d grid le gri s (IEC 6 3 5-2-3 )

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as folows

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3 Terms a d definitions

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

3.1.4 Ad i o :

NOT 101 Th rated p wer in ut is th s m of th p wer in uts of al th in ivid al eleme ts in th a pla c

th t c n b o at o e time; wh re th re are s v ral s c c mbin tio s p s ible, th t givin th hig e t p wer in ut

is u e in d terminin th rated p wer in ut

3.1.9 R e pla eme t

normal operation

o eration of the a plan e u der the fol owin con ition

Ap l an es are o erated with no lo d an with any controls inten ed to b o erated by the

u er set at the maximum Timers, if provided, are ren ered ino erative

If do rs, l d , reflectors or drip tray are provided, they are ar an ed in ac ordan e with the

man facturer's in tru tion If no in tru tion are given, do rs are ful y o en, drip tray are

put into the lowest an the gri in grid into the hig est p s ible p sition

If the a pl an e can ot b o erated without a lo d, then the man facturer's in tru tion are

taken into ac ou t

Motors in orp rated in the a pl an e are o erated in the inten ed man er u der the most

severe con ition that can b exp cted in normal u e takin into ac ou t the man facturer's

rotary or c ntinu us gri er or toa ter

an a pl an e where the prod ct is moved whi e b in gri ed or to sted

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This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le

5 Ge eral c nditions for the tests

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as folows

5.10 Ad i o :

Ap planc e s inte ded fo r instalato in a b an of othe r ap lanc e s and ap planc e s inte nde d to

be fixe d to an instala tion wa ll are e nc lo se d to o b tain p rote c tio against electric sho ck and

harmfu l in re ss of wate r e u ivale t to that ob tain d whe n instaled in a co rdanc e wih th

instructo ns p ro vide d wih th ap lance

NOT 101 Ap ro riate e clo ure or a ditio al a pla c s ma b n e e for te t p rp s s

5.101 Ap lanc e s are testeda he a ting appla ce s, e e if th y incorp o rate a mo to r

5.10 Ap lanc e s, wh n a semb led in c o mb inato wih or inco rp o ratn othe r ap lances,

are te sted in a cordance wih th re u ireme ts o f this standard Th othe r ap lanc e s are

o perated simu ltan o usly in a co rdance wih th re u ireme ts o f th rele vant standards

6 Cla sification

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

Ap l an es s al b cla s I with resp ct to protection again t electric s oc

Comp liance is c he ck d b y insp e c tio and by th rele vant te sts

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mar ked on the a plan e, its their me nin s al b explained

7.12.1 Re laceme nt

The a pl an e s al b ac omp nied by in tru tion detai n an sp cial precaution

neces ary for in talation For a pl an es inten ed for in tal ation in a b n of other

a pl an es an a pl an es inten ed to b f i ed to an instal ation wal , detai s of how to

en ure a pro riate protection again t electric s oc an harmf ul in res of water s al b

s p l ed If the controls of more than one a pl an e are combined in a se arate en los re,

detai ed in tal ation in tru tion s al b s p l ed In tru tion f or us r mainte a c , for

example cle nin , s al also b given They s al in lu e a statement that the a pl an e is not

to b cle ned with a water jet or a ste m cle ner

For a pl an es that are permanently con ected to fixed wirin an f or whic le kage c r ents

may ex e d 10 mA, p rtic larly if dis on ected or not u ed for lon p riod , or d rin initial

in tal ation, the in tru tion s e t s al give recommen ation regardin the ratin of

prote tiv d vic s, s c as e rth le kage relay , to b in tal ed

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For station ry appl a c s equip ed with rol ers or castors or inten ed to b moved for

Comp liance is c he ck d b y insp e c tio

7.12.4 Ad i o :

Th instructo ns fo r built- in a ppla c es havin a se arate c o ntro l pan l fo r se ve ral

ap lances shal state that th c o ntrol p ane l is o ly to b e con e cted to th spe c ifie d

ap lances in o rderto av id a p os ib le ha ard

When it is not practical to place the markin of fix d appl a c s so that it is visible af er the

a pl an e has b en in tal ed, the relevant information s al also b in lu ed in the

in tru tion or on an ad itional la el that can b fixed ne r the a plan e af er in tal ation

NOT 101 An e ample of s c a fix d ap l anc is a b i t in ap lanc

7.101 If, d rin the test of Clau e 1 , the temp rature rise of the flo r of the test corner or

the side an re r wals of the test corner a ove the level of the to of statio ary appl a c s

ex e d 6 K an /or, d rin the test of Clau e19, the temp rature rise of the flo r or the

wals a ove an b low the to of stationary appl a c s ex e d 12 K, the in tal ation

in tru tion provided by the man facturer s al in lu e the s bstan e of the fol owin warnin

that s al also b in lu ed on a p rmanent la el at ac ed to the a pl an e:

WARNING: Durin in tal ation: do not place on s rfaces or ne r wal s, p rtition or

kitc en furniture an the l ke – u les they are made of non-combu tible

material or clad with non-combu tible he t in ulatin material, an p y

atention to fire prevention reg lation

Comp liance is c he ck d b y insp e c tio

7.10 Equ ip te tal b o ndin te rminals shal b mark d wih symb ol 50 21 of IEC 60 417-1

These markin s s al not b placed on s rews, remova le was ers or other p rts that can b

removed when cond ctors are b in con ected

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

8 Protection a ainst acc ss to l ve parts

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

8.101 He tin elements, other than those of slot toa ters, that are la le to b tou hed

ac idental y by a fork or simiar p inted o ject in normal u e, s al b so protected that it is

not p s ible to tou h their l v parts with s c an o ject

Comp liance is c he ck d b y inse rtn te st p ro be 12 of IEC 610 3 2 at al p ints whe re th p robe

c n e te r in th vic iniy of lve pa rts Th p rob e is app lied wih ut app reciable force

9 Starting of motor-operated a pl ance

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

9.101 Fan motors providin a co l n efect in order to comply with the req irements of

Clau e 1 s al start u der al voltage con ition that may oc ur in u e

Comp liance is c heck d b y startn th motor thre e tme s at a v lag e u al to 0 ,8 tmes

rate d volta g e, th mo to r b ein at roo m temp e ratu re at th be gin in o f th test

Th mo to r is started ea h tme u nde r th co di o s o ccurrin at th be gin in of n rmal

opera tion o r, forau tomatc app liance s, at th b egin in o fth no rmal cycle of o pe rato , th

moto r be in alowe d to c o me to re st be twe n succe ssiv starts For ap plance s p ro vide d wih

moto rs havin o the r than centrifu gal startn swic hes, this te st is re eated at a v lage equal

to 1,0 tme s ra ted voltage

In al c ases, th mo to r shal start and i shal functio in suc h a way that s fe ty is no t afe cted,

and th o ve rload protective devic es o f th moto r shal no t o perate

NOT Th s p ly s urc is s c th t d rin th te t th dro in v lta e d e n t e c e 1 %

10 Power input a d cur ent

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

10.1 Ad i o :

NOT 101 For a pla c s h vin more th n o e h atin u it, th total p wer in ut ma b d termin d b

me s rin th p wer in ut of e c h atin u it s p rately (s e als 3.1.4)

11 Heating

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

1 2 Ad i o :

Ap planc e s inte de d to be fix d to th flo rand ap lanc e s wih a ma s greate r than 4 k

and n t p ro videdwih role rs, c stors o r simiar means are instaled in a co rdanc e wih th

manufa ture r's instructo s Ifn instructo s are give n, the se app liances are co side red a

ap lanc e s no rmaly plac e d o n th floo r

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su rfac es spe cifie d in Table 10 1 Th p robe is ap led wih a force o f4 N ± 1 N to th surface

1 4 R eplac eme t

Ap plances are op erated u nde r norma l ope ra tion suc h that th to tal powe r in u t o f th

ap lanc e is 1,15 tme s ra ted powe r input If i is no t p o ssible to swich o al h atn

eleme nts at th s me tme, th te st is made wih ea h o fth comb inato ns that th swic h

arang e me t wi alo w, th hig e st load po ssible wih each swichin arang e me t b ein in

circuit

If th ap planc e is p ro vided wih a co trol that lmis th to talp wer in ut, th test is made

wih whic he ver c o mbinato n of h atn unis, a may b e sele c te d by th co trol, impo ses th

most se ve re c o ndi o

If th tempe rature rise lmis ofmo to rs, transfo rme rs or e le ctronic circuits are e xce de d, th

te st is re peatedwih th ap lanc e suppled at 1,0 6 tme s rated volta g e In this c se o ly th

temp erature rise s of moto rs, transfo rme rs or e lec tronic circuits are mea ured

1 7 Replac e th te st sp e c ific to paragrap h b y th folowing

Ap planc e s are o erated unt steady c o ndi o s are e stablshe d

NOT 101 Th d ratio of th te t ma c n ist of more th n o e c cle of o eratio

1 8 Ad i o :

Fo r sta tio arya ppla nc es, th lmi o f6 Ktemp e rature rise for th rear and side te st wals,

inclu din th p art o f th wals o fth te st co rn r that p rojects in fro t o fth ap plance, o ly

ap le s belo w th le el of th to of th app lianc e If this te mpe rature rise lmi is e xcee ded

ab ov this le vel, oro n th floo r, the n th re u ireme nts of 7.101 ap ly

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c

d

e

12 Void

13 Leaka e cur ent and electric strength at operating temperature

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

13.2 Modific ato :

− for cord and plu g co ne c tedap planc e s 0,75 mA o r 1 mA p er kW rated powe r

input of th ap plance wih a maximum

input o fth ap planc e wih n maximum,

app lies:

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14 Transient overv ltages

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le

15 Moisture resistance

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

15.1.1 Ad i o :

In ad i o , IPX0, IPX1, IPX2, IPX3 and IPX4 ap lanc e s are su bjected fo r 5 min to th

folo win spla h te st

Th app aratus sho wn in Figure 10 1 is used D urin th te st, th water p re ssure is so

re g u lated that th wate r spla he s u p 15 mm abo ve th bo tto m of th bowl Th b o wl is

plac ed o th flo o r for ap plance s n rmaly used o n th floo r Fo r al othe r ap plance s o a

ho rizo tal su pp o rt 5 mm b elow th lowest edge of th ap plance, th bowl is so mo ed

arou nd a to spla h th ap lanc e from al dire c tio s C are is tak n that th ap plance is n t

hi b y th dire c t je t

15.1.2 Modificato :

Ap planc e s no rmaly used o n a table are plac ed o a suppo rt havin dime sio ns that are

15 cm ± 5 c m in e xces of th se o fth o rtho gonal p roje cto o f th ap planc e o th su p po rt

15.3 Ad i o :

NOT 101 If it is n t p s ible to pla e th wh le a pla c in th h midity c bin t, p rts c ntainin ele tric l

c mp n nts are te te s p rately, ta in into a c u t th c n itio s th t o c r in th a pla c

15.101 Ap l an es that are provided with a ta inten ed for fi in or cle nin s al b

con tru ted so that the water from the ta can ot come into contact with l v parts

Comp liance is c he ck d b y th folowin te st

Th tap is fu lly o pe edfo r 1 min wih th ap plance co n cted to a water su p ply havin th

maximum wate r p re ssure indicated b y th manu fa turer Ti able andmo vable parts, inc lu din

lds, are t te d or p lac e d in th mo st unfav urable p o si o s Swiv l n ou tle ts o f wate r tap s

are so p o si o e d a to dire c t wate r o n to th se p arts that wi giv th mo st unfav urab le

re su lt Immediately folowin this treatme nt th ap planc e shal wihstand an ele ctric stre gth

te st a spe c ifie d in 16.3

16 Leaka e cur ent and electric strength

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

16.2 Modific ato :

− for cord and plu g co ne c tedap planc e s 0,75 mA o r 1 mA p er kW ra ted powe r

input of th ap plance wih a maximum

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

input o fth ap planc e wih n maximum,

app lies:

19 Abnormal operation

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

19.1 Ad i o :

A co trol o r swichin de ic e that is inte dedfor dife re t set n s co rre spo ndin to dife re t

fu ncto s of th s me p art of th ap lanc e and that are c o ve red bydifere nt standards is, in

ad i o , set in th mo st se ve re set n ire spe c tiv o fth manufac turer's instructo s

19.2 Ad i o :

Doors o r lds are o e orclosed, whic he eris th more u nfav urab le

Detac hable refle c to rs, drip trays and simiar deta ha b le parts are p lac e d in an p o si o or

remo ved, whiche ve r is th mo re unfav urable

19.4 Ad i o :

NOT 101 Th main c nta ts of th c nta tor inte d d for switc in o a d of th h atin eleme t(s) in n rmal

u e are lo k d in th "ON" p sitio Howe er, if two c nta tors o erate in e e d ntly of e c oth r or if o e

c nta tor o erate two in e e d nt s ts of main c nta ts, th s c nta ts are lo k din th "ON" p sitio in turn

19.13 Ad i o n:

If th te mp rature rise of th flo r or o f th wals ab o ve and b e low th le el o f th to o f

stationary a ppla c es e ce eds 12 K, th re u ire me ts of 7.10 1 ap ply

20 Stabi ity and mec anic l hazards

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

2 1 Ad i o :

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Ap plances that c an b mou nted o stands su ppledby th manu fa ture r are te sted wih th

stands used in a c o rdance wih th manu fa turer's instruc tio s

2 101 Parts that move the fo d in ide the a pl an e s al b sec red again t u exp cted

movements if this could res lt in a hazard

Comp liance is che ck d b insp ectio and bymanual te st

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le, ex e t as fol ows

Ad i o :

If th applance inc o rp rate s visibly glowing he ating e le ments e c lo sed in gla s tu b e s, th

b lows are ap pled to th tub e s a mou nte d in th ap planc e ifthe y are

– lo cated at th to ofth ap lance and a c e ssib le to test p robe 41 of IEC 610 32;

– lo cated else whe re in th ap lanc e and a c e ssib le to test p robe B of IEC 6103 2

22 Construction

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

2 101 For thre -phase a pl an es, th rmal c t outs protectin circ its with he tin

elements, an those for motors of whic the u exp cted startin may cau e a hazard, s al

b of the non-self reset in an trip- re typ , an s al provide al -pole dis onne tion from

the related s p ly circ its

If the non-s lf-re et ing th rmal c t o t is only ac es ible af er removin p rts with the aid

of a tool the trip- re typ is not req ired

NOT 1 T ermal cuto ts of th trip- re ty e h v a a tomatic a tio , with a re et a tu tin memb r, s

c n tru te th t th a tomatic a tio is in e e d nt of ma ip latio or p sitio of th re et me h nism

Thermal c t o ts of the bulb an ca i ary typ that o erate d rin the tests of Clau e 19

s al b s c that rupture of the ca i ary tub s al not imp ir compl an e with the

req irements of 19.13

Comp liance is c heck d b y insp e c tio , by manu alte st, and by ruptu rin th c pi ary tu be

NOT 2 Care mu t b ta e to e s re th t th ru ture d e n t s al th c pi ary tu e

2 10 Lig ts, switc es or pu h-but on s al only b coloured red for the in ication of

dan er, alarm or simi ar situation

Comp liance is c he ck d b y insp e c tio

2 10 Portable ap l a c s s al not have o enin s on the u derside that would al ow

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

Comp liance is che ck d b insp ectio and by mea urin th distance b etwe en th suppo rtn

surfac e and lve pa rts throu gh op enin s This distance shal b e at lea t 6 mm Ho we ver, if th

ap lanc e is fi ed wih le s, this distanc e is increa edto 10 mm if th app liance is inte ded to

stand o n th tab le and to 2 mm ifi is inte ded to stand o th flo o r

– whe re th c api ary tu be is fi ed a p art o f th internal wiring , Part 1 ap ples;

– whe re th capi ary tu b e is se arate , i shal b sub je cted to 1 0 0 0 fle xings at a rate no t

e xce din 30 pe r minu te

NOT 101 If, in a y of th a o e c s s, it is n t p s ible to mo e th mo a le p rt of th a pla c at th giv n

rate, d e for e ample to th ma s of th p rt, th rate of fle in ma b re u e

Afte r th te st, th c api ary tube shal sh w n sig of damag wihin th me anin o f this

standard and n damag e imp airin is furthe r use

Howe er, if a ruptu re of th c ap ilary tu b e re ders th ap lance ino pe ratv (fai s fe ),

se arate c pi ary tu b e s are n t te sted, and th se fi ed a part ofth inte rnal wirin are n t

inspe cted for c o mplance wih th re qu ire me ts

Comp liance in this instance is che ck d b y rupturin th c pi ary tu be

NOT 10 Care mu t b ta e to e s re th t th ru tured e n t s alth c pi ary tu e

24 Components

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

2 101 Con ectors fited to a pl an es s al not in orp rate a thermostat

Comp liance is c he ck d b insp ectio

25 Supply connection and external flexible cords

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

2 3 Ad i o :

Fix d appl a c s an Ap l an es with a mas gre ter than 4 k , inten ed for p rmanent

con ection to fixed wirin an not provided with rol ers, castors or simi ar me n s al b

con tru ted so that the s pply c rd con ection can b con ected done af er the a pl an e

has b en in tal ed in ac ordan e with the man facturer's in tru tion

Terminals for p rmanent con ection of ca les to fixed wirin may also b s ita le for the

type X at a hme t of a s pply c rd In this case, a cord an horage complyin with 2 16

Trang 24

If the a pl an e is provided with a set of terminals al owin the con ection of a flexible cord,

they s al b s ita le for the type X at a hme t of the cord

In b th cases the in tru tion s al give ful p rtic lars of the p wer s p ly c rd

The con ection to the s p ly wires of bui t in appl a c s may b made b fore the a pl an e

is in taled

Comp liance is che ck d b insp e c tio

2 7 Modific ato :

In te d of the typ s of s pply c rds sp cified, the fol owin a ples

Supply c rds s al b oi-resistant, s e thed flexible ca le not lghter than ordinary

p ly hloro rene or other eq ivalent s nthetic elastomer-s e thed cord (code desig ation

Statio ary appl a c s s al b provided with a terminal for the con ection of an external

eq ip tential con u tor This terminal s al b in efective electrical contact with al fixed

exp sed metal p rts of the a pl an e, an s al alow the con ection of a con u tor havin a

nominal cros -sectional are of up to 10 mm

2

It s al b located in a p sition con enient for

the con ection of the b n in con u tor af er in tal ation of the a pl an e

NOT 101 Smal fix d e p s d metal p rts, for e ample n me-plate a d th lk , are n t re uire to b in

ele tric l c nta t with th termin l

28 Screws and c nnections

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as folows

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

29 Clearances, cre page distances and sol d ins lation

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

2 2 Ad i o :

The micro n ironment is p l ution degre 3 an the in ulation s al have a comp rative

trac in in ex (CTI) not les than 2 0, u les the in ulation is en losed or located so that it is

u l kely to b exp sed to p l ution d rin normal u e of the a pl an e

2 3 Ad i o :

This req irement do s not a ply to the s e th of a visibly glowing he ting eleme t

inac es ible to test pro e 41 of IEC 610 2

30 Resistance to heat and fire

This clau e of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

3 2.1 Modificato :

Th glow-wire te st is c ried out at 650 °C Th glow-wire flammab il y inde x (G WFI

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3 101 Fi e rs, if an , o f n n-metal c mate rials inte ded fo r th abso rp tio n of gre ase are

sub je cted to th burnin test spe c ifie d in ISO 9 772 fo r categ o ry HBFmate rial, if rele vant, o r

shal b cla sified at lea t HB40 a cordin to IEC 60 695-1 -10 , e xce pt that th thick e ss of

th spe c ime is th s me a that in th app liance

∅35

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Bibl ography

The bibl ogra h of Part 1 is a pl ca le ex e t as fol ows

Ad i o :

IEC 6 3 5-2-3 , House hold and simiar e le c tric l app liance s – Safe ty – Part 2-3 8: Partc ular

re qu ireme ts fo r commercial ele c tric grid le s and grid le gri s

_ _ _ _ _ _

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AVANT-PROPOS 3

INTRODUCTION 3

1 Domaine d’a pl cation 3

2 Référen es normatives 3

3 Termes et définition 3

4 Pres ription générales 3

13 Courant de fuite et rigidité diélectriq e à la temp rature de régime 4

14 Surten ion tran itoires 4

15 Résistan e à l h midité 4

16 Courant de fuite et rigidité diélectriq e 4

17 Protection contre la s rc arge des tran formateurs et des circ its as ociés 4

18 En uran e 4

19 Fon tion ement anormal 4

2 Sta i té et dan ers mécaniques 4

21 Résistan e mécaniq e 4

2 Con tru tion 4

2 Con u teurs internes 4

2 Comp sants 4

2 Rac ordement au rése u et câ les souples extérieurs 4

2 Bornes p ur con u teurs externes 4

2 Disp sition en v e de la mise à la ter e 4

2 Vis et con exion 4

2 Distan es dan l air, l g es de fuite et isolation solde 4

3 Résistan e à la c aleur et au feu 4

31 Protection contre la roui e 4

3 Rayon ement, toxicité et dan ers analog es 4

An exes 51

An exe N (normative) Es ai de ten e au c eminement 51

Bibl ogra hie 5

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

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COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE

1) L Commis io Ele trote h iq e Intern tio ale (IEC) e t u e org nis tio mo diale d n rmals tio

c mp s e d le s mble d s c mité éle trote h iq e n tio a x (Comité n tio a x d l EC) L’EC a p ur

o jet d fa oris r la c o ératio intern tio ale p ur to te le q e tio s d n rmals tio d n le d main s

d léle tricité et d léle tro iq e A c t efet, l EC – e tre a tre a tivité – p ble d s Norme

intern tio ale , d s Sp cific tio s te h iq e , d s Ra p rts te h iq e , d s Sp cific tio s a c s ible a

p blc (PAS) et d s Guid s (ci-a rè d n mmé "Pu lc tio (s) d l EC") L ur éla oratio e t c nfié à d s

c mité d'étu e , a x tra a x d s u ls to t Comité n tio al intére s p r le s jet traité p ut p rticip r L s

org nis tio s intern tio ale , g u ern me tale et n n g u ern me tale , e lais n a e l EC, p rticip nt

é aleme t a x tra a x L’EC c la ore étroiteme t a e lOrg nis tio Intern tio ale d Normals tio (ISO),

s lo d s c n itio s fix e p r a c rd e tre le d u org nis tio s

2) L s d cisio s o a c rd oficiels d l EC c n ern nt le q e tio s te h iq e re ré e te t, d n la me ure

d p s ible, u a c rd intern tio al s r le s jets étu ié , éta t d n é q e le Comité n tio a x d l EC

intére s s s nt re ré e té d n c a u c mité d’étu e

3) L s Pu lc tio s d l EC s pré e te t s u la forme d re omma d tio s intern tio ale et s nt a ré e

c mme tele p r le Comité n tio a x d l EC To s le eforts rais n a le s nt e tre ris afin q e l EC

s'a s re d le a titu e d c nte u te h iq e d s s p blc tio s; l EC n p ut p s être te u re p n a le d

lé e tu le ma v is uti s tio o interprétatio q i e e t faite p r u q elc n u uti s te r fin l

4) Da s le b t d'e c ura er lu iformité intern tio ale, le Comité n tio a x d l EC s'e g g nt, d n to te la

me ure p s ible, à a plq er d fa o tra s are te le Pu lc tio s d l EC d n le rs p blc tio s n tio ale

et ré io ale To te div rg n e e tre to te Pu lc tio s d l EC et to te p blc tio s n tio ale o

ré io ale c re p n a te d iv nt être in iq é s e terme clairs d n c s d rnière

5) L’EC ele-même n fo rnit a c n ate tatio d c nformité De org nisme d c rtific tio in é e d nts

fo rnis e t d s s rvic s d'é alu tio d c nformité et, d n c rtain s cte rs, a c d nt a x marq e d

c nformité d l EC L’EC n'e t re p n a le d'a c n d s s rvic s ef e tu s p r le org nisme d c rtific tio

in é e d nts

6) To s le uti s te rs d iv nt s'a s rer q ' s s nt e p s e sio d la d rnière é itio d c te p blc tio

7) Au u e re p n a i té n d it être imp té à l EC, à s s a ministrate rs, emplo é , a xi aire o

ma d taire , y c mpris s s e p rts p rtic lers et le membre d s s c mité d'étu e et d s Comité

n tio a x d l EC, p ur to t préju ic c u é e c s d d mma e c rp rels et matériels, o d to t a tre

d mma e d q elq e n ture q e c s it, dire te o in ire te, o p ur s p orter le c ûts (y c mpris le frais

d ju tic ) et le d p n e d c ula t d la p blc tio o d luti s tio d c te Pu lc tio d l EC o d

to tea tre Pu lc tio d l EC, o a cré it q i lui e t a c rd

8) L'ate tio e t atiré s r le référe c s n rmativ s cité s d n c te p blc tio L'uti s tio d p blc tio s

référe c e e t o lg toire p ur u e a plc tio c r e te d la pré e te p blc tio

9) L’ate tio e t atiré s r le fait q e c rtain d s éléme ts d la pré e te Pu lc tio d l EC p u e t faire

lo jet d droits d bre et L’EC n s urait être te u p ur re p n a le d n p s a oir id ntifié d tels droits

d bre ets et d n p s a oir sig alé le r e iste c

DÉGAGEMENT DE RESPONSABILITÉ

Cet e v rsion c ns l d e n’e t pa une Norme IEC of iciel e, el e a été préparé par

c mmo ité po r l uti s te r Se le le v rsion c ura te de c t e norme et de

s n(s s) ame deme t(s) d iv nt être c nsidéré s c mme le doc me ts of iciels

Cet e v rsion c ns l dé de l IEC 6 3 5-2-4 porte le n méro d'é ition 4.2 El e

c mpre d la q atrième é ition (2 0 -1 ) [doc me ts 61E/4 9/FDIS et 61E/4 3/RVD], s n

ame deme t 2 (2 17-0 ) [doc me ts 61/5 2 /FDIS et 61/5 8 /RVD] Le c nte u

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L présente p rtie de la Norme internationale IEC 6 3 5 a été éta l e p r le sou -comité 61E

de l IEC: Séc rité des a p rei s électriq es à u age des col ectivités, d comité d'étu es 61

de l IEC: Séc rité des a p rei s électrodomestiq es et analog es

Cet e q atrième édition con titue u e révision tec niq e

L version fran aise de cet e norme n’a p s été soumise au vote

L présente p rtie 2 doit être uti sé conjointement avec la dernière édition de lIEC 6 3 5-1 et

ses amen ements El e a été éta l e s r la b se de la q atrième édition (2 01) de cet e

norme

NOT 1 L’e pre sio “Partie 1 uti s e d n la pré e te n rme fait référe c à l EC 6 3 5-1

L présente p rtie 2 complète ou modifie les articles cor esp n ants de lIEC 6 3 5-1 de

façon à tran former cete publ cation en norme IEC: Règles de séc rité p ur les gri s et gri

e-p in électriq es à u age colectif

L rs u'u p ragra he p rtic l er de la Partie 1 n'est p s mention é dan cete p rtie 2, ce

p ragra he s'a pl q e p ur autant q ’ soit raison a le L rs ue la présente norme sp cifie

"ad ition", "modification" ou " emplacement", le texte cor esp n ant de la Partie 1 doit être

ada té en con éq en e

NOT 2 L s stème d n mérotatio s iv nt e t uti s :

– p ra ra h s, ta le u et fig re : c u q i s nt n méroté à p rtir d 101 s nt c mpléme taire à c u d la

NOT 3 L s c ra tère d'mprimerie s iv nts s nt uti s s:

– exigen es: caractères romain ;

– modal és d'e ss is: c arac tè re s ialques;

– n te : p tits c ra tère romain

L s mots e gra d n le te te s nt d finis à lArticle 3 L rs u'u e d finitio d la Partie 1 c n ern u

a je tif, la je tif et le n m a s cié fig re t é aleme t e gra

L s dif éren es s ivantes existent dan les p y in iq és ci-a rès

– 6.1: L s a p reis d la cla s 01 s nt a toris s (Ja o )

– 6.2: Po r le a p reis d stin s à être in talé d n u e c isin , le d gré a pro rié d prote tio c ntre le

efets n isible d la p n tratio d le u d p n d la h ute r d’n talatio (Fra c )

– 13.2: L s lmite d c ura t d fuite s nt difére te (Ja o )

– 16.2: L s lmite d c ura t d fuite s nt difére te (Ja o )

– Article 21: Po r le a p reis d stin s à être in talé d n u e c isin , le v le rs d'é ergie d’mp ct

d p n e t d la h ute r d p int d'mp ct (Fra c )

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L comité a décidé q e le conten de la publcation de b se et de ses amen ements ne sera

p s modifié avant la date de sta i té in iq é s r le site we de lIEC sou

"htp:/we store.iec.c " dan les don é s relatives à la publcation rec erc é A cete date,

NOT L’ate tio d s Comité Natio a x e t atiré s r le fait q e le fa ric nts d’a p reis et le org nisme

d’e s i p u e t a oir b s in d’u e p rio e tra sitoire a rè la p blc tio d’u e n u ele p blc tio CEI o d’u e

p blc tio ame d e o ré is e, p ur fa riq er d s pro uits c nforme a x n u ele e ig n e et p ur a a ter

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

Il a été con idéré en éta l s ant la présente Norme internationale q e lexéc tion de ses

disp sition était confié à des p rson es exp rimenté s et ayant u e q al fication

a pro riée

Cet e norme recon aî le nive u de protection internationalement ac e té contre les ris ues

électriq es, mécaniq es, thermiq es, l és au feu et au rayon ement des a p rei s, lors u' s

fon tion ent comme en u age normal en tenant compte des in tru tion d fa ricant El e

cou re également les situation anormales au q eles on p ut s'at en re dan la pratiq e et

Cet e norme tient compte autant q e p s ible des exigen es de lIEC 6 3 4, de façon à

rester comp tible avec les règles d' n talation q an l a p rei est rac ordé au rése u

d’almentation Ce en ant, des règles nationales d' n tal ation p u ent être dif érentes

Si u a p rei compris dan le domaine d’a pl cation de cete norme comp rte également des

fon tion q i sont cou ertes p r u e autre p rtie 2 de l IEC 6 3 5, la p rtie 2 cor esp n ante

est a plq é à c aq e fon tion sé arément, dan la l mite d raisonna le Si cela est

a plca le, on tient compte de l nfluen e d’u e fon tion s r les autres fon tion

L présente norme est u e norme de fami e de prod its traitant de la séc rité d’a p rei s et a

présé n e s r les normes horizontales et génériq es cou rant le même s jet

Un a p rei conforme au texte de la présente norme ne sera p s néces airement ju é

conforme au prin ip s de séc rité de la norme si, lors u' est examiné et soumis au es ais,

i a p raî q ' présente d'autres caractéristiq es q i comprometent le nive u de séc rité

visé p r ces exigen es

Un a p rei uti sant des matériau ou présentant des modes de con tru tion dif érents de

ceu décrits dan les exigen es de la présente norme p ut être examiné et es ayé en

fon tion de l o jectif p urs ivi p r ces exigen es et, s' est ju é pratiq ement éq ivalent, i

p ut être estimé conforme au prin ip s de séc rité de la norme

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APPAREILS ÉLECTRODOMESTIQUES ET ANALOGUES –

SÉCURITÉ –

Partie 2-48: Règles particul ères pour les gri s

et gri le-pain électriques à usage col ectif

1 Domaine d’appl cation

L’article de la Partie 1 est remplacé p r l article ci-a rès

L présente Norme internationale traite de la séc rité des gri s et gri le-pain électriq es à

u age col ectif, q i ne sont p s destinés au u ages domestiq es et analog es, et dont la

te sio a sig é n'est p s s p rieure à 2 0 V p ur les a p rei s mono hasés almentés

entre phase et neutre et à 4 0 V p ur les autres a p rei s

L s gri s et les gri e-pain rotatifs ou c ntinus ain i q e les a p rei s simi aires destinés à

gri er p r rayon ement calorifiq e tels q e rôtis oires, salaman res, etc entrent dan le

domaine d’a pl cation de la présente norme

e emple, d n le c isin s d s re ta ra ts, d s c ntin s, d s h pita x et d s e tre ris s artis n le , tele q e

le b ula g rie , le b u h rie , etc

L p rtie électriq e des a p rei s uti sant d’autres formes d’énergie entre également dan le

domaine d’a pl cation de la présente norme

Dan la mes re d pos ible, la présente norme traite des ris ues ordinaires présentés p r

ces typ s d'a p rei s

NOT 10 L’ate tio e t atiré s r le fait q e

– p ur le a p reis d stin s à être uti s s d n d s v hic le o à b rd d n vire o d'a io s, d s e ig n e

s p léme taire p u e t être n c s aire ;

– d n d n mbre x p y , d s e ig n e s p léme taire s nt s é ifié s p r le org nisme n tio a x d la

s nté p blq e, p r le org nisme n tio a x re p n a le d la prote tio d s tra ai e rs, p r le

org nisme n tio a x re p n a le d lalme tatio e e u et p r d s org nisme simiaire

– p ur le a p reis d stin s à être uti s s à h ute altitu e, d s e ig n e s p léme taire p u e t être

2 Références normatives

L’article de la Partie 1 est a plca le avec les ex e tion s ivantes

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+AMD2:2 17 CSV © IEC 2 17

fon tion ement de l a p rei dan les con ition s ivantes

L s a p reis sont mis en fon tion ement san c arge et tou les disp sitifs de comman e

destinés à être manœu rés p r l u ager sont réglés s r le maximum L s min teries

éventuel es sont ren ues ino érantes

Si des p rtes, cou ercles, réflecteurs ou lèc efrites sont fournis, is sont disp sés selon les

in tru tion d fa ricant Si au u e in tru tion n’est don é , les p rtes sont entièrement

ou ertes, les lèc efrites sont placé s au nive u le plu b s et la gri e de gri age dan la

p sition la plu haute p s ible

Si l a p rei ne p ut p s fon tion er san c arge, les in tru tion d fa ricant sont prises en

con idération

L s moteurs in orp rés dan la p rei sont mis en fon tion ement de la manière prév e,

dan les con ition les plu sévères q i p u ent se prod ire en u age normal, en tenant

compte des in tru tion d fa ricant

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4 Pres riptions gé érale

L’article de la Partie 1 est a plca le

5 Conditions générale d’ess is

L’article de la Partie 1 est a plca le avec l ex e tion s ivante

5.10 Ad i o :

Le s ap are ils de stné s à être instalé s e baterie ave c d'autre s app areis et le s app areis

de stné s à être fixé s à u n mu r d'ns ta lla tion so t so us u ne e nv lo pp de maniè re à av ir u ne

p rote cto n contre le s ch c éle ctriqu e s et le s e ffets nu isible s de la p n trato de l'eau

é qu ivale te à cele obte u e lo rsqu'is so t instalé s selo le s instructo ns fournie s ave c

l'ap are il

NOT 101 De e v lo p s a pro rié s o d s a p reis s p léme taire p u e t être n c s aire p ur le

e s is

5.101 Le s ap are ils so t e ss yé s c omme de s appare ils cha uffa nts même s'is comp orte nt

un moteur

5.10 Le s ap are ils, lo rsq ’ s so nt mo té s e c o mb inaiso n ave c d’au tre s ap areis o

lorsqu’ s incorpo re nt d’autre s app areis, so nt e ss yé s conforméme nt aux e igences de cete

no rme Le s autre s ap pareis so t mis e n fo nctio n me t simu ltan me t co fo rméme t aux

e xigences de s no rmes c ore sp ondante s

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