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Tiêu đề Cathodic Protection For Fixed Steel Offshore Structures
Trường học British Standards Institution
Chuyên ngành Cathodic Protection
Thể loại British standard
Năm xuất bản 2000
Thành phố London
Định dạng
Số trang 36
Dung lượng 349,5 KB

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This British Standard, having

been prepared under the

direction of the Electrotechnical

Sector Committee, was published

under the authority of the

Standards Committee and comes

into effect on 15 May 2000

 BSI 05-2000

ISBN 0 580 34821 0

Amendments issued since publication

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12495:2000.Reference should also be made to BS 7361, Code of practice for land and marineapplications, which will eventually be withdrawn when all the CEN standardsrelating to cathodic protection currently being prepared, are published

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeGEL/603, Cathodic protection, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on theinterpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;

Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgatethem in the UK

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request toits secretary

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European publicationsreferred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under thesection entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using theªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

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