Chapter1 Tổng hợp hữu cơ hóa dầu

CHAPTER 1 Feddstocks for petrochemistryGas processing Petroleum refining Petrochemical processes Crude oil Chemicals... Gas processing-Petroleum refining-Petrochemical processes Petroch

Instructor: DAO THI KIM THOA Department of Oil and Gas Processing, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology,

HCMC National University

CHAPTER 1 Feddstocks for petrochemistry

Gas processing Petroleum refining Petrochemical processes

Crude oil

Chemicals

Gas processing-Petroleum refining-Petrochemical

processes

Petrochemical processes

Processe

s to produce seconary feedstoc

ks

Petroleum refining

Gas processing

Reactio ns

1 barrel

of crude oil

19 gallons naphtha

21 T- shir t

PP Acrylonitri

le

4 beer cover

or 30 fiber roll

21 jumpers

elastom er

1 car tires or

13 bicycle tires 3 car tube or

17 bicycle tube

Caprolacta

m

500 pairs of sock

Catalytic Reforming produces high octane gasoline for today’s automobiles Gasoline and naphtha feedstocks are heated to 500 degrees Celsius and flow through a series of fixed-bed catalytic reactors Because the reactions which produce higher octane compounds (aliphatic in this case) are endothermic (absorb heat) additional heaters are installed between reactors to keep the reactants at the proper temperature The catalyst is a platinum (Pt) metal on an alumina (Al2O3) base While catalysts are never consumed in chemical reactions, they can be fouled, making them less effective over time The series of reactors used in Catalytic Reforming are therefore designed to be disconnected, and swiveled out of place, so the catalyst can be regenerated

Alkylation is another process for producing high octane gasoline The reaction requires an acid catalyst (sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or hydrofluoric acid, HF) at low temperatures (1-40 degrees Celsius) and low pressures (1-10 atmospheres) The acid composition is usually kept at about 50% making the mixture very corrosive

Catalytic Cracking takes long molecules and breaks them into much smaller molecules The cracking reaction is very endothermic, and requires a large amount of heat Another problem is that reaction quickly fouls the Silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) catalyst by forming coke on its surface However, by using

a fluidized bed to slowly carry the catalyst upwards, and then sending it to a regenerator where the coke can be burned off, the catalyst is continuously regenerated This system has the additional benefit of using the large amounts

of heat liberated in the exothermic regeneration reaction to heat the cracking reactor The FCC system is a brilliant reaction scheme, which turns two negatives (heating and fouling) into a positive, thereby making the process extremely economical

Hydroprocessing includes both hydrocracking and hydrotreating techniques Hydrotreating involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to molecules without actually breaking the molecule into smaller pieces Hydrotreating involves temperatures of about 325 degrees Celsius and pressures of about 50 atmospheres Many catalysts will work, including; nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, and iron Hydrocracking breaks longer molecules into smaller ones Hydrocracking involves temperatures over 350 degrees Celsius and pressures up

to 200 atmospheres In both cases, very long residence times (about an hour) are required because of the slow nature of the reactions

Oil consumption per capita (darker colors represent more

consumption)

Oil producing countries

Oil exports by country

Oil imports by country

Environmental

effects

U.S Market for Catalysts by Applications, 2005 and 2010 ($ Millions)

RC-200N Petrochemical (Petroleum and Chemical) Catalysts - Updated Edition

II Hydrocarbons

hydrocar bon

II Primary

feedstocks:

Primary feedstocks

oil

associate

 Target of gas processing

 Treatment: remove dust, remove water, sweetend

(remove H2S, CO2)

 Separation (by condensation, absorption, distillation,

…) to gain methane, ethane, LPG, condensate, …

• TABLE 1.5

• Constituents of Natural Gas

• Name Formula Vol.%

• aPentane and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, including

• benzene and toluene

Natural gas processing

Physical absorptionÏ Physical adsorption Chemical absorption corrosion,

hydration

Purity reduction

Physical absorptionÏ Physical adsorption Chemical absorption LNG

LNG: liquefied natural gas

NGL: natural gas liquid

LPG: liquefied petroleum gas

NG : natural gasoline

Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant

Natural gas production by country (countries in brown

and then red have the largest production)

A natural gas processing plant

A bus using natural gas

A mixture of crude oil, water and sand about two minutes after it has come out of the Captain field in the Moray Firth The caramelly effect is caused by the water and

oil joining in an emulsion

Pouring crude oil

31-08-2011

III Intermediates:

 Light paraffin: methane, ethane, propane (from gas processing)

 Olefin: from thermal cracking, catalytic cracking

 Reformate: from catalytic reforming

 Naphtha, gasoil, heavy oil: from petroleum refining

 Paraffin – wax: from dewax precess

III Secondary

feedstocks: P

R O C E S S I N G S

 Olefin

 Reformate

 Naphtha, gasoil,

heavy oil

 Paraffin – wax

P R O C E S S I N G S