Tiêu chuẩn iso tr 00945 3 2016

ISO cola orat es closely with the Int ernational Ele trot ech ical C mmis ion IEC on al matt ers of ele trot ech ical s an ardization.. Any trade name used in this document is informatio

Microstructure ofcast ir ons —

Part 3:

Microstruc tur de s fntes —

Partie 3: Structure s de matrice

Fir t edition

2 16-0 -0

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2016, P blshed in Sw itz rlan

A ll rig hts r eserved Unles otherw ise spe ified, nopar of this p blc tion ma y be r epr od c d or utilz d otherw ise in an form

or b an me ns, ele tr onic or me hanic l, inclu in p oto opying , or postin on the internet or an intranet , w ithout prior

written permis ion Permis ion c n be req esed from either ISO at the ad r es below or ISO’s member bod y in the c u try of

the r eq eser

ISO c pyrig ht ofic

F reword i v

Introduction v

1 Sc ope 1

2 Desig natio s and des riptio s of cast ir on microstructur es 1

2.1 Fer ite 1

2.2 Pear lite 1

2.3 Aus enite 2

2.4 A cicular fe rite 2

2.5 Ause rite 2

2.6 Bainite 2

2.7 Cementite 2

2.8 Ledeburite 2

2.9 Martensite 2

3 S mpl n and preparatio of samples 3

3.1 Samples taken fr om cas ing s an cas samples 3

3.2 Sample pr eparation 3

4 Matrix str uctur es 4

4.1 Gr ey cas ir ons 4

4.2 Spheroidal g raphite cas ir ons 6

4.3 Aus enitic cas ir ons 1

4.4 Malea le cas ir ons 1

4.5 Comp cted (ve micular) g raphite cas ir ons 2

4.6 Ause ritic spheroidal g r aphitecas ir ons 24

4.7 A brasion-r esis ant cas ir ons 2

A nne x A (informative)Spheroidal g raphite cast ir ons: E aluation of pe r lite c ontent 32 A nne x B (informative)List of Europe n and some national cast ir on mater ial desig natio s c or r espo ding to the ISO desig nations 34 Biblog r ap y 42

ISO (he Int ernational Org nization for Stan ardization) is a worldwidefede ation of national s an ards

b dies (ISO membe b dies) The work of pr p ring Int ernational Stan ards is normaly car ied out

through ISO t ech ical committ ees Each membe b dy int er st ed in a subje t for w hich a t ech ical

committ ee has be n es a lshed has the right t o be r pr sent ed on that committ ee Int ernational

org nizations, g ove nmental an non-g ove nmental, in laison with ISO, also take part in the work

ISO cola orat es closely with the Int ernational Ele trot ech ical C mmis ion (IEC) on al matt ers of

ele trot ech ical s an ardization

The proc d r s used t o develo this document an those int en ed for it furthe maint enanc ar

desc ibed in the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 1 In p rticular the dife ent a pro al c it eria ne ded for the

dife ent ty es of ISO document should be not ed This document was draft ed in ac ordanc with the

edit orial rules of the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 2 ( e www.iso.org dir ctives)

A tt ention is drawn t o the p s ibi ity that some of the element of this document ma be the subje t of

p t ent right ISO shal not be held r sponsible for identifying any or al such p t ent right Detais of

any p t ent right identified d ring the develo ment of the document wi be in the Introd ction an / r

on the ISO ls of p t ent de larations r c ived ( e www.iso.org p t ent )

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenienc of use s an does not

cons itut e an en orsement

F or an ex lanation on the meaning of ISO spe ific t erms an ex r s ions r lat ed t o conformity

as es ment, as wel as information a out ISO’ s adhe enc t o the WTO principles in the Te h ical

Bar ie s t o Trade (TBT) se the fol owing URL: F or word - Sup lementary information

The committ ee r sp nsible for thisdocument is ISO/TC2 , Cas t iro s a d pig iro s

ISO 945consis s of the folowing part , u de the g ene al title Mic ros truc tur o c as t iro s:

— Part 1: Gra hite clas s ific ation b v i s ual a alys i s

— Part 2 : G ra hite clas s ific atio b ima e a alys i s [Te hnical R ep rt]

— Part 3 : Matrix s truc tur s [Te hnical R ep rt]

The folowing p rt ar u de pr p ration:

— Part 4 : Dete min tio o n dularit y in s phe oidal gra hite c as t iro s

The designation of cas iron matrix s ructur sas given in this p rt of ISO 945 is in conformity with the

designations publshed b seve al national foun ry org nisations

[1][2][3]

or othe publshe s

[4]

This Te h ical R ep rt aims t o

— give the designations, pr cise desc iptions an r fe enc mic o ra hs of the matrix s ructur s of

cas irons, an

— faci itat e the discus ion an t o a oid misu de s an ing betwe n man factur r an pur hase

r g rding the identif ication ofmatrix s ructur s

Microstructure ofcast ir ons —

Part 3:

This Te h ical R eport gives the designations, desc iptions an r fe enc mic o ra hs of the matrix

s ructur s of cas irons

It a ples t o the fol owing ty es of cas irons:

— gr y cas irons (Ta le 4.1);

— sphe oidal gra hit e cas irons (Ta le 4.2);

— aust enitic cas irons (Ta le 4.3);

— malea le cas irons (Ta le 4.4);

— comp ct ed (ve micular)gra hit e cas irons (Ta le 4.5);

— aus e ritic sphe oidal gra hit e cas irons (Ta le 4.6);

— a rasion-r sis ant cas irons (Ta le 4.7)

Each matrix s ructur is defined with ex lanations an mic o ra hs

Unles othe wise s at ed in Cla use 4, the mic o ra hs shown cor esp n t o samples et ched with a

solution of 2 % nitric acid in ethanol (Nital)

2 Desig nations and desc iptions of cast ir on micr ostructures

2.1 F r rite

F er it e also k own as α-fe rit e (α-F e) or alpha iron is a mat erials scienc t erm for iron, or for a sold

solution with iron as the main cons ituent, with a b dy-c ntr d cubic c y stal s ructur It is this

c ys al ne s ructur w hich gives t o st eels an cas irons their ma netic pro e ties, an is the clas ic

ex mple of a fe roma netic mat erial

Sinc pearlt e has fe rit e as a comp nent, any iron-carb n alo wi l contain some amount of fe rit e if

it is alowed t o r ach eq i brium at ro m t empe atur The ex ct amou t of fe rit e wi l depen on the

co l ng proc s es the iron-carb n alo u de g oesw hen it co ls from lq id s at e

2.2 P ear lite

2.3 Austenite

A ust enit e, also known as g mma phase iron (γ -F e), is a non-ma netic alotro e of iron or a sold

solution of iron, s a i z d b an al o ing element, e.g nickel A ust enit e is the fac -c ntr d cubic c y stal

s ructur of iron

2.4 Acicular ferr ite

A cicular fe rit e is a mic os ructur of fe rit e that is charact eriz d b ne dle sha ed c y stal t es or

grains w hen viewed in two dimensions The grains, actualy thr e dimensional in sha e, have a thin

lenticular sha e This mic os ructur is adv ntag eous over othe mic os ructur s be ause of it cha tic

orde ing, w hich inc eases t ough es

2.5 Ausferr ite

A us e rit e is a spe ial ty e of multi-phase mic os ructur that oc urs w hen cas irons with a si icon

cont ent of a out 2 % or highe ar aust empe ed

A ust empe ing consis s of ra idly co l ng the ful y aust enitic iron t o a oid the formation of pearl t e t o

a t empe atur a o e that ofmart ensit e formation and holding for the time ne es ary t o pr cipitat e

the a us e rit e matrix This mic os ructur consis s primari y of acicular fe rit e in carb n enriched

a ust enit e

2.6 Bainite

Bainit e is a multi-phase mic os ructur , consis ing of acicular fe rit e an c mentit e that forms in cas

irons d ring ra id co lng It isone of the de omp sition prod ct that can form w hen aust enit e is co led

ra idly below the eut ect oid t empe atur , but a o e the mart ensitic s arting (M

s

t empe atur Bainit e

can also form from the de omp sition of aus e rit e up n ext en ed heating a o e the t empe atur at

w hich it was formed

2.7 Cementite

Cementit e, also k own as iron carbide, is a comp u d of iron an carb n, with the formula F e

3

C

By mas , it is 6,7 % carb n an 9 ,3 % iron Cementit e has an orthorhombic c y stal s ructur

In the iron-carb n sy st em c mentit e isa common cons ituent be ause fe rit e contains ma imum 0,0 %

b mas of carb n The efor , in cas irons that ar slow ly co led, a p rt of these element is in the form

of c mentit e In the case of w hit e cas irons, c mentit e pr cipitat es dir ctly from the melt In gr y cas

irons or sphe oidal gra hit e cas irons, c mentit e forms eithe from aust enit e d ring co lng or from

mart ensit e d ring t empe ing, or from the de omp sition of a us e rit e An intimat e mixtur of c mentit e

with fe rit e, the othe prod ct of aust enit e, forms a lamelar s ructur caled pear lit e ( e 2.2)

2.8 Ledeburite

Ledeburit e is an eut ectic mixtur of a ust enit e an c mentit e an is formed w hen the melt at leas p rtly

soldif ies ac ording the metas a le Fe-C-Si sy st em

2.9 Mar tensite

Mart ensit e is formed from a ust enit e b ra id co lng (q enching) w hich tra s carb n at oms that do

not ha e time t o difuse out of the c y stal s ructur The mart ensit e lat ic is b dy-c ntr d t etrag onal

the trans ormation en s Mart ensit e can also be formed b a pl cation of s r s in a us e ritic sphe oidal

gra hit e cas irons ( SITRAM efe t : s r s ind c d trans ormation from aust enit e t o mart ensit e) Th s,

mart ensit e can bethe maly in uc d or s r s in uc d

3 Sampl ng and preparation of samples

3.1 S mples taken from casting s and cast samples

The location from w hich samples ar taken should be a r ed betwe n the man factur r and pur hase

an should take int o ac ou t the r q ir ment spe if ied in the a pro riat e mat erial s an ard If an

ex mination r p rt is r q ir d, the location from w he e the f inal sample is taken shal be r corded

The sample should be of sufficient siz t o pro ide a true r pr sentation of the matrix s ructur in the

a r ed location from w hich it is taken

3.2 S mple pr eparation

A tt ention should be p id t o the car ful cut ing, grin ing, pol shing an et ching of samples, so that the

matrix s ructur a pears in it original form Ina pro riat e pr p ration can cause alt eration of the

mic os ructur an misint erpr tations

Sample pr p ration should be car ied out in four s ag es:

1) se tioning;

2) grin ing;

3) pol shing;

4 ) et ching

NOTE In some cases mou ting of the sample in a polymeric mat erial can b neces ary

The ex mination of thematrix s ructur shal be car ied out in the et ched con ition

4.2 Spheroidal g raphite cast irons

Table 4.2 — Spheroidal graphite cast iro s ac ording to ISO 10 3

The term “predominantly” do s not ap e r in ISO 10 3, only “er ite”

NO E Information regardin the evaluation of the pe rlte c ntent of the mat ix of sp eroidal grap ite c s iron is given

in An ex A

The term “predominantly” do s not ap e r in ISO 10 3, only “er ite”.

NO E Information regardin the evaluation of the pe rlte c ntent of the mat ix of sp eroidal grap ite c s iron is given

in An ex A

Table 4.2 (c ontin ed)

The term “predominantly” do s not ap e r in ISO 10 3, only “er ite”.

NO E Information regardin the evaluation of the pe rlte c ntent of the mat ix of sp eroidal grap ite c s iron is given

in An ex A

Table 4.2 (c ontin ed)

The term “predominantly” do s not ap e r in ISO 10 3, only “er ite”.

NO E Information regardin the evaluation of the pe rlte c ntent of the mat ix of sp eroidal grap ite c s iron is given

in An ex A

Table 4.2 (c ontin ed)

4.3 Austenitic cast irons

Table 4.3 — A ustenitic cast iro s ac ording to ISO 2892

[7]

Mic

o-gra h

4.3.1 ISO 2 9 /JLA/XNi1 C 6 r 2

4.4 Mal e ble cast irons

Table 4.4 — Mal e ble cast irons ac ording to ISO 5922

Table 4.4 — (c ontin ed)

Table 4.4 — (c ontin ed)

Table 4.4 — (c ontin ed)

4.5 Compacted (vermicular) g raphite cast irons

Table 4.5 — C mpacted (vermicular) graphite cast iro s ac ording to ISO 16112

4.6 Ausferr itic spher oidal g raphite cast irons

Table 4.6 — A usfer itic sp eroidal grap ite cast iro s ac ording to ISO 1 7804

4.7 A brasion-resistant cast irons

Table 4 7 — Abrasion-resistant cast iro s ac ording to ISO 21 988

No mic o rap s were availa le for these two

grades of u al oyed or low al oyed a rasion

resistant cast irons

4.7.2 ISO 2 9 8 JN/HBW48 Cr 2

ISO 2 9 8 JN/HBW5 0Cr2

No mic o rap s were availa le for these two

grades of u al oyed or low al oyed a rasion

resistant cast irons

— progres ively ad 2 g of fer ic chloride an s ir u ti fuly dis olved;

— diute the solution of AF to ap ro imately 5 % to 50 % with ad itional ethanol to suit

Table 4 7 (c ontin ed)

carbides

E tectic M

7C

— progres ively ad 2 g of fer ic chloride an s ir u ti fuly dis olved;

— diute the solution of AF to ap ro imately 5 % to 50 % with ad itional ethanol to suit

Table 4.7 (c ontin ed)

— progres ively ad 2 g of fer ic chloride an s ir u ti fuly dis olved;

— diute the solution of AF to ap ro imately 5 % to 50 % with ad itional ethanol to suit

Table 4 7 (c ontin ed)

carbides

E tectic M

7C

— progres ively ad 2 g of fer ic chloride an s ir u ti fuly dis olved;

— diute the solution of AF to ap ro imately 5 % to 50 % with ad itional ethanol to suit

Table 4.7 (c ontin ed)

— progres ively ad 2 g of fer ic chloride an s ir u ti fuly dis olved;

— diute the solution of AF to ap ro imately 5 % to 50 % with ad itional ethanol to suit

Table 4 7 (c ontin ed)

A nnex A

Pearlt e cont ent, ex r s ed as ar a pe c ntag e, isdefined b F ormula (A.1):

Ty ical sphe oidal gra hit e cas iron r fe enc imag es, cor esp n ing t o 2 % t o 1 0 % pearlt e, ar

shown in Figur A.1 for the ev luation of the pearlt e cont ent

2 % pearl t e 3 % pearl t e

A nne x B

4.4.1 t o 4.4.2 ISO 5 2 /JMB/ 0 -5 EN-GJMB/ 0 -5 Grade 5 0 5 Grade 340M5 KTH5 0-0 F MP5 -0 PM 5 0

ISO 5 2 /JMB/ 5 -4 EN-GJMB/ 5 -4 Grade 60 04 Grade 410M4 KTH5 0-04 F MP5 -04 PM 5 0

Bibl og raphy

[1] Gra iron mic os ructur rating chart, Ame ican F ou dry Society, 1 9 North Pen y L ne,

S haumburg, IL 60 7 , USA (www.af inc.org)

[2] Ducti e iron mic os ructur rating chart, Ame ican F ou dry Society, 1 9 North Penny L ne,

S haumburg, IL 60 7 , USA (www.af inc.org)

[3] A tlas métalo ra hiq e des font es, SARL Editions Te hniq es des In us ries de la F on e ie

(ETIF), Aven e de la Division Le le c, 9 3 8 S vr s Cedex, Franc (www.etif.fr)

[4 ] Has e S Structur of cas iron alo s Fachverla S hiele & S hön GmbH, Be ln, Ge many, 2 08

[5] ISO 1 5, Grey c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio

[6] ISO 1 8 , S he oidal gra hite c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio

[7] ISO 2 9 , Aus tenitic c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio

[ 8] ISO 5 2 , Malea le c as t iro

[ 9] ISO 16 11 , Comp c ted (ve mic ular) gra hite c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio

[1 ] ISO 1 8 4, Fo ndin — Aus fe ritic s phe oidal gra hite c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio

[1 ] ISO 2 9 8, Abras io -r s i s ta t c as t iro s — Clas s ific atio