^ Hu tCr khau ngur trong Quoc am thi tap cua Nguyin Trai HA THUY ANH* 1.. Chang ban nhfl tfl "cho" cd luc dUdc sfl dung vdi tU each la met hU tfl lam nhiem Vu ndi ket trong cau nhU:
Trang 1^
Hu tCr khau ngur trong Quoc am thi tap
cua Nguyin Trai
HA THUY ANH*
1 M d d a u
Hfl tfl la nhflng tfl khdng cd nghia bieu
vat, ne chuyen d u n g p h u cho ndng cdt cau
de bieu thi t h a i do, t i n h cam, d a n h gia cua
chu the p h a t ngdn Day la mdt loai tfl cd
so' Ifldng khdng n h i e u nhUng t i n sd' sfl
dung cao Nhd cd cac h u tfl ma cau trd nen
sinh ddng cd hdn hdn Trong tac p h a m
thd- mdt t h e loai yeu c i u cao trong viec
Ifla chgn ngdn tfl viec sfl d u n g h u tfl
thanh cdng khong chi k h i n g dinh tai
nang vfldt trdi cua ngUdi nghe si ma qua
dd cdn tha'y gdp p h i n t h e t h e hien phong
each nha van, t r u y e n d a t cai nhin, gigng
dieu, ca t i n h cua tac gia Do vay cd the
ndi, hu tfl la mdt t r o n g nhflng yeu td' gifl
vai trd quyet d i n h ddi vdi toan bd cau trflc
ngdn tfl trong tac p h a m N h a n tha'y vai
trd quan trgng cua viec sfl dung hu tfl
trong ngdn ngfl thd ca, chflng tdi tien
hanh tim hieu hU tfl k h a u ngfl trong tac
pham thd Nora d a u tien cua n e n van hgc
dan tgc - Quoc dm thi tap nhara chi ra
nhflng dac diem cua viec sfl d u n g hU tfl
khau ngfl, hieu q u a cua viec sit d u n g cua
nd va dac biet tha'y dUdc tai n a n g cua con
ngUdi toan tai N g u y e n T r a i va y thfle sfl
dung ngon tfl d a n tgc cao do cua tac gia
qud'c am
2 Hv^ tii k h a u ngflf t r o n g Quoc a m t h i
t a p c u a N g u y e n T r a i
Thd lam theo the Dudng luat khac vdi cac the van xudi, thudng it dung hu tfl
Quoc dm thi tap cd nhieu bai dUdc sang
tac theo t h e t h a t ngdn DUdng luat, cd nhieu bai dUdc cai bien tfl the thd dd Nhflng khac vdi cac n h a thd khac cflng thdi, trong thd Ndm N g u y i n Trai sfl dung mdt sd' lUdng hu tfl dang ke
Tieng Viet T r u n g dai la thfl tieng dflde dung chu yeu t r e n g k h a u ngfl Nd la thfl ngdn ngfl chfla cd dflde sfl q u a n tara thich dang tfl cac gidi van hda M a t khac, ve
m a t chflc n a n g (tfl vflng, ngfl phap) cua he thd'ng h u tfl chfla cd dflde sfl dinh hinh re net Bdi vi cd nhflng hfl tfl vfla la thfle tfl vfla la hu tfl Tflc la ndi h a m ngfl nghia cua tfl chfla cd sfl k h u biet rd rang Vi vay
de xac dinh cac bu tfl tren c i n phai dfla vao ngfl canh cu the cfla cau thd de xac dinh Tren cd sd li t h u y e t ve bU tfl va dac diem cua he thdng hU tfl thdi T r u n g dai,
chflng tdi k h i o sat 245 bai thd trdng Qud'c
dm thi tap Qua k h i d sat chung tdi n h a n
t h a y cd nhflng diera dang ehfl y sau:
Mot sd' hu tfl khdng p h a n dinh ngi
h a m nghia cua minh rd r a n g cho nen d i n
Hk Thuy Anh, Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
Trang 276 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 10/2010
den tinh trang khdng phan dinh ranh gidi
ro rang gifla thfle tfl va hfl tfl Chang ban
nhfl tfl "cho" cd luc dUdc sfl dung vdi tU
each la met hU tfl lam nhiem Vu ndi ket
trong cau nhU:
U chd ni hay hpc cd nhdn,
Lanh minh cho khoi dng phong vdn
(29/ 1 - 2)
NhUng cd khi "cho" lai dUdc dung vdi tU
each la mdt dgng tfl vdi y nghia ban phat
nhfl:
Bac mai vdng cue de cho con
Dac biet, trong thd Qudc dm Nguyen
Trai cd nhflng hu tfl dflde sfl dung vdi
nghia kha mdi me, hien dai se vdi thdi dd
Dien hinh nhU tfl "neu" xuat hien 23 lin
va d mot so' cau thd nhU:
- Neu cd dn thi cd lo (20/1)
- Neu cd sdu thi bo canh (136/ 6)
- Neu cd ngheo thi cd an (144/ 8)
Li giai sfl mdi me nay, tac gia Pham
Thi Phfldng Thai da dfla ra cac cfl lieu xac
dang dUa tren nhflng van ban dang tin
cay va khang dinh; " chung ta cd the tin,
thdi Nguyen Trdi dd diing td gid dinh
"neu" Xet trong ngd cdnh cdu thd, td
"neu" trong nhiiu cdu thd Ndm Nguyen
Trdi hieu vdi nghia gid dinh se cd li hdn
[8, 97]
Ben canh nhflng trfldng hdp dac biet
nhfl vfla neu, qua khae sat Qudc dm thi
tap chung tdi nhan tha'y sd' lfldng hfl tfl
dflde sfl dung vdi ti le rat eao Theo thd'ng
ke sd bg, cd khoang 130 hU tfl vdi 2090
Ifldt xuat hien, chiem 19,2% lUdt tfl cua
tean bd tac pham, tflc la cfl g i n nam tfl
thi cd mdt tfl Nhieu hU tfl cd t i n so' lap
lai cao nhfl:
Lai (= t h e m niifa): 39 l i n
Lai cd hoe hoa xen bdng liic (197/ 3) Lai cd mpt cdnh ngodi dy re (225/3)
Chi: 47 lan
Mdng chi phu quy nhpc khoe khoang
(192/ 2)
Ao mac du chi qudn cii den (140/ 4)
Ay: 57 l i n
Thi thu thUc dy bdo ngdn ddi (10/ 8)
Au td Id dy yeu dUdng chua (158/ 5)
Thi: 66 l i n
Hoa thi hay heo co thUdng tUcti (120/ 6)
Cd ke thi che cd ke khen (124/ 2)
Da: 100 l i n
Cd thud giang lau ngdy dd tdi (122/ 7) Ddi lan dd mdy dng phdn hoa (169/1)
C h a n g (chang): 176 lan
- Danh chdng chdc lpc chdng cdu Dupc dt chdng mdng mdt chdng du
(121/ 1 - 2)
- Chdng khon, chdng dai, ludng Udng Udng
Chdng dai, ngUdi hoa lai chdng thUdng (157/ 1-2)
Ngoai ra cdn cd: a u (= h i n la): 8 lan, nhiJng: 18 lan, vi: 23 lan, c h o (= de ma):
23 lin, chufa (chfla): 33 lin, c u n g : 38 lin, chd: 42 lin, d: 49 Ian, qua:50 lin, con: 70 lin
Viec sfl dung hu tfl vdi sd Ifldng Idn, t i n so' cao da tao nen nhflng dac diem rieng
khac d Qudc dm thi tap Cd the neu ra ragt
sd' dac diem nhu sau:
Xet ve vi trf xuat hien trong cau thi cac hfl tfl xuat hien d bat ki vi tri nao trong
Trang 3Hd Thiiy Anh - Hu ta khdu ngii trong Qudc dm thi teip ciia Nguyen Trdi 11
cau Cd the d d a u cau nhU: "Lai cd hoe hoa
chen bdng luc" (197/ 3) bay d gifla cau
nhU: "Au tU la dy yeu dUdng chua" (158, 5)
va cd the d cudi cau nhU: "Lan, hue chdng
thdm thi chd' (167/ 7) Cac h u tfl xua't hien
d nhflng vi tri khac n h a u trong cau tao cho
cau thd gid'ng n h u nhflng ldi ndi thUdng
ngay trdng cuoc song cua n h a n dan
Ben c a n h sU cd m a t cua cac h u tfl d
nhflng vi tri k h a c n h a u d trong cau thi
chflng tdi n h a n tha'y each d u n g h u tfl nay
p h i n Idn la each dflng theo cfl p h a p k h a u
ngfl Chang b a n nhU:
- Dd biet cda quyen nhieu hiem hdc,
Cho hay dUdng Ieii cUc quanh co (20/ 5- 6)
Nen thd nen thdy vi cd hpc
No dn no mac bdi hay ldm (173/ 3 - 4)
Viec sfl d u n g h u tfl k h a u ngfl, cau true
ngfl phap k h a u ngfl cdn gdp p h i n tao ra
nhflng cau thd m a n g ngfl dieu k h a u ngfl
nhu:
- Cd biet ddu la sU the gian (95/ 2)
- Sen ndo cd ben trong ldm (70/ 8)
Dac biet t r e n g Qudc dm thi tap tfl lap
xuat hien k h a n h i e u va dac biet la lap d
hu tfl vdi so' Ifldng r a t Idn Day la mdt
trong nhflng dac diem r a t mdi la cua thd
Qudc dm bdi thd l u a t DUdng r a t "ki" lap tfl
va neu tac gia nao lap tfl se hi coi la "que"
Tuy nhien thi q u a qua t r i n h k h a o sat
chung tdi n h a n tha'y hien tUdng nay r a t
phd bien Lap tfl k h d n g chi xua't hien d
trong cau ma r a t nhieu trUdng hdp lap d
cac cau khac n h a u trong bai Cd the dUa
ra mot so' vi du nhU:
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 2:
Chdng khdn, chdng dpi, ludng Udng Udng
Chdng dpi, ngUdi hoa lai chang thUdng (157/ 1 -2)
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 7:
Chdng hay rap rap dd bd'n mUdi Phu quy chdng tham thanh tUa nUdc
(24/ 2- 7)
Va mot dac diem khdng the khdng ndi den trong each dung bfl tfl cua tac gia
Qud'c dm la each sfl dung hu tfl theo tuc
ngfl, ca dao d a n tdc Dd la each mfldn y nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao de sang tao
n e n nhflng cau thd cho r i e n g m i n h
C h i n g b a n n h u N g u y i n T r a i mUdn nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao ndi ve t i n b
c h a t n h a m hiem cua ldng ngUdi dudi che
dg phong kien nhU:
- Song sdu con cd ke do
Long ngUefi nham hiem ai do cho ciing
- Khdu phat, tdm xd
Tac g i i tao nen nhflng cau thd trong
Qudc dm thi tap nhU:
- Ngodi chUng mp chdn deu khong biet
Bui mpt long ngUdi cUc hiem thay (26/
7 - 8 )
- Bi hiem nhdn gian ai ke biet
Ghe thay thenUde vi qua mim (115/ 7 -8)
Qua mot so dac diem ndi bat vfla neu
t r e n trong viec sfl dung hU tfl d Qudc dm
thi tap, chflng tdi n h a n tha'y: N g u y i n Trai
da sfl d u n g k h a dat cac hu tfl Dflng nhfl
n h a ngdn ngfl Hoang Thfly Chau tflng
ndi.-"Khong CO ta ndo hay hefn ta ndo md chi cd nhang ta diing dung chd vd ta diing sai cho md thdi" Sfl dung hU tfl dung chd,
N g u y i n Trai da tao ra nhUng cau thd gian
di, d i hieu, g i n gui va di vao tam hdn
ngUdi Viet - nhflng cau thd "hodn todn
Trang 478 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 10/2010
Nom thUc sd' dem lai hieu q u a n g h e t h u a t
cao nhU:
Thdy ldi thi ldm cho phdi nghia
MUa tdy mat khien lan long dam (173/
7 - 8 )
Dieu dd cdn gdp p h i n dien t a s a u sac
nhflng t r a n g h u d n g t i n h cam, t h a i do cua
Nguyen Trai C h a n g b a n t r o n g bai thd
167 Nguyen T r a i viet:
Lan, hue chdng hay thi chd
Nd chi lai phdi chdn tank tao (167/ 7 - 8 )
Vdi viec sfl d u n g cac hU tfl "chdng",
"thi", "chd, "chi", "lai phdi", N g u y i n T r a i
da tao nen cau thd g i n gui vdi ldi ndi
t h u d n g va dien d a t chfnh xac, cu t h e cam
giac dau ddn cua ragt con ngUdi cdt each
t h a n h tao lai p h a i sd'ng chdn b u n nhd
3 Ket l u a n
Da hdn 6 t h e ki nhUng nhflng cau thd
Quoc am thi t a p v a n cdn gifl dUde ve tUdi
mdi Dieu dd nhd mot p h a n ddng gdp Idn
cua h u tfl N h u da t r i n h bay t h i hU tfl tuy
khdng cd y n g h i a tfl vflng ro r a n g nhflng
cd vai trd b e t sfle q u a n t r g n g trong d i i n
dat Vdi viec d u n g nhflng hU tfl k h a u ngfl
tren, Nguyen T r a i da t a o r a nhflng cau
thd m a n g t i n h t r i e t If, n g a n ggn nhU ldi a n
tieng ndi cua n h a n d a n nhUng cung h e t
sfle can ddi, te n h i N h u vay vdi viec sfl
dung nhflng h u tfl k h a u ngfl ndi rieng va
ldi a n tieng ndi cua n h a n d a n ndi chung,
ldi d i i n d a t trong cuoc song h a n g ngay vao
thd Nora, c h u n g t a cd t h e k h i n g dinh:
N g u y i n Trai la ngUdi d a u tien cd y thfle
dfla phong each k h a u ngfl vao v a n hgc
viet Ddng thdi, q u a dd, tac gia Qud'c a m
da n a n g ngdn ngfl tieng Viet giao tiep
b i n h d a n t h a n h ngdn ngfl t i e n g Viet van hda Va thera ragt l i n nfla k h a n g dinh:
N g u y e n T r a i da c i r a ragt cgt mdc q u a n
t r g n g t r e n con dUdng t i e n len ciia d a n tec
t a Cgt rade ay r a t q u a n t r g n g del vdi dan tdc t a D u n g nhU P h a r a V a n Ddng n h a n
xet: "Nguyen Trdi Id khi phdch ddn tpc, la
tinh hoa ddn tpc Su nghiep vd tdc phdm cua Nguyen Trdi la mpt bdi ca yeu nUdc vd
tu hao ddn tdc" /
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
1 Lai Nguyen An (1999), 150 thuat ngQ van
hpc, NXB Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ngi
2 Le Bao (Tuyen chgn va bien khao) (1997),
Nhd vdn vd tdc phdm trong nhd trUdng pho thong, NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi
3 Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sfl, Nguyin Khic
Phi (1999), Ta dien thuat nga vdn hpc,
NXB DHQG, Ha Ngi
4 Hoang Van Hanh, VUdng Lgc (1980), Mdy
ddc diem cua vd'n tU tieng Viet vdn hpc the
ki XV qua "Qudc dm thi tap" ciia Nguyen Trdi, t/c NN (3), tr 22-28
5 Nguyin Thi Du Khanh (2009), Thi phdp
hpc vd vdn di gidng day vdn hpc trong nhd trudng, NXB Giao due
6 Dinh Gia Khanh (ehu bien) Bfli Duy Tan,
Mai Cao Cbudng (2002), Vdn hpc Viet
Nam (the ki X - naa ddu the ki XVIII),
NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi
7 Bui Van Nguyen (1994), Thd qudc am
Nguyin Trdi, NXBDH va THCN, Ha Ngi
8 Pham Thi PhUdng Thai (2006), Ngon nga vd
the thd trong Quoc dm thi tap cua Nguyen Trdi, Luan an Tien si, Vien Van hgc
9 Nguyin Hflu Sdn (Tuyen chgn va gidi
thieu) (2002), Nguyin Trdi vi tdc gia va
tdc phdm, NXB Giao due Ha Ngi