Lecture Software process improvement: Lesson 1 provide students with knowledge about: CMMI staged – maturity level 3; the maturity levels; attributes of a process suggested by CMMI; defined process builds; requirements development; technical solution; product integration; verification; validation; organizational process focus;... Please refer to the detailed content of the lecture!
Trang 1 1
Lecture # 16
Trang 2The Maturity Levels
Trang 4organizational identity
Trang 5• There are common, shared approaches for performing daily tasks on each project. For example, estimating the size of a project
may be done using the Delphi Technique
(basically subject matter experts discussing bestcase and worstcase estimates), a
standard metric may have been
institutionalized (such as using function
points instead of lines of code), and a
standard tool may be in use 5
Trang 6• This organizational way of doing business
is documented in the Organization’s Set of Standard Processes (OSSP)
• However, should a project need to tailor
this OSSP to more adequately fit its needs, then that tailoring request is bought to a
decisionmaking body (usually the
Engineering Process Group [EPG]), and if appropriate, the request is granted
Trang 7by lines of code. The Delphi Technique is still used, but lines of code is the
Trang 8• To perform at Level 3, an organization must have satisfied all of the goals for all of the process areas (PAs) in both Level 2 and
Level 3
• Sometimes exceptions may be made.
Caution should be exercised however
Trang 9and the less likely the organization is to
achieve a maturity level through an
Trang 10by CMMI
Trang 12• Activities—Tasks that must be performed. These tasks are usually later broken down
Trang 13• Verification steps—What reviews are
performed to determine that this process is followed and is producing the correct
results? (Usually management and quality assurance reviews, but sometimes can
include customer, peer, and project team
reviews.)
Trang 14• Outputs—Work products, plans, approved products (can be the completed inputs)
• Exit criteria—How do we know when it is time to stop this process? (Usually
expressed in verbs, and usually becomes the entry criteria for the next process step or
next process.)
Trang 15• Another distinction is made concerning
processes. A managed process is a process
that tackles project management efforts, is planned and executed according to a policy,
is monitored, and reviewed to ensure
adherence to its process description
• This is the type of process expected at
Maturity Level 2
Trang 17inserted
11 Process Areas for Level 3
(Defined)
Trang 20• To satisfy the goals for Level 3, the goals for Level 2 must be satisfied as well
• This mandate holds true for both the
specific goals (listed in each process area
below) and the generic goals
• There are two generic goals for levels 2 and 3
Trang 21• GG2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
• GG3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
Trang 23Generic Practices for Institutionalize
a Defined Process
Trang 24GG3 Institutionalize a Defined Process – Generic Practices
• GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
• GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information
Trang 25PA 1
Trang 26• The purpose of Requirements Development (RD) is to produce and analyze customer, product, and product component
Trang 29SG3 Analyze and Validate Requirements – Specific Practices
• SP 3.1 Establish Operational Concepts and Scenarios
• SP 3.2 Establish a Definition of Required Functionality
• SP 3.3 Analyze Requirements
• SP 3.4 Analyze Requirements to Achieve Balance
Trang 30Discussion on RD
Trang 31• Requirements Development is where requirements are created and documented
• Requirements Management at Level 2 is where
changes are administered
• Requirements Development gathers requirements and then must usually refine these requirements in some way—by stating them more clearly,
determining whether they are redundant or
inconsistent with other requirements, and breaking them down into more detailed and traceable
Trang 32in new development or in maintenance mode, there are always new requirements or changes to existing requirements that require definition , refinement ,
user interaction , and so forth. That is, all of the
behaviors necessary to produce complete and
accurate requirements, and discussed in this process area
32
Trang 33• This process area introduces the Concept of
Operations or, using the CMMI term,
operations concept. This document is usually the first document written when determining
whether to pursue development of a product. It
is usually a highlevel statement of the desired functionality, and a preliminary plan and
schedule for development, to justify initiating this new project to higherlevel management
Trang 34• In the commercial these documents are
generally not used. This can be a problem when following the CMMI because this
document is expected in several practices throughout the model. Organizations that
are not DODlike generally rely on objectoriented techniques, use cases, or man–
machine interface documentation to satisfy this concept
Trang 35• Maintenance shops also do development
• Even if you get your requirements directly from the customer, some refinement and
Trang 36• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
Trang 37• Requirements Development includes collecting and
eliciting customer requirements from all involved parties
at all levels; breaking down those highlevel requirements into lowerlevel, more detailed requirements, and
assigning them to categories for further development;
defining interfaces among the requirements and any other areas necessary to fulfill the requirements; more
adequately defining and documenting the operational need, concept, scenario, and functionality desired; ensuring that the requirements are complete, required, and consistent; negotiating needs versus wants versus constraints; and
validating the requirements against risk in the early phases
Trang 38PA 2
Trang 40• SG1 Select Product Component Solutions
• SG2 Develop the Design
• SG3 Implement the Product Design
Trang 41SG1 Select Product Component Solutions – Specific Practices
• SP 1.1 Develop Alternative Solutions and Selection Criteria
• SP 1.2 Select Product Component Solutions
Trang 45• Peer reviews are mentioned in this process area
Trang 46• Alternative solutions should be investigated
Trang 47• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
Trang 48• Technical Solution includes determining how to satisfy the requirements via analysis of different alternatives and
implementing the design and generating supporting
documentation
Trang 49PA 3
Trang 50• Specific goals for this process area are
– SG1 Prepare for product integration
– SG2 Ensure Interface Compatibility
– SG3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product
50
Trang 53SG3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product – Specific
Trang 54Discussion on PI
Trang 55• This is where the product comes together
and you get to see the results of your work
• It is also where you deliver the product, and that means you get paid
• This process area expects the project to
demonstrate each step to the user
Trang 56• This process area is not release
management. Releasing products is covered somewhat in Configuration Management, Supplier Agreement Management, and
Technical Solution
Trang 58• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
Trang 59• Product Integration includes determining
how to assemble the product and what the sequence of assembly should be; creating
an operational environment in which to
satisfactorily deploy the product;
documenting procedures and criteria for
integrating the product; ensuring adequate integration of interfaces; and delivering the
Trang 60• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
Trang 61Summary
Trang 62• Interpreting the CMMI: A Process
Improvement Approach, Second Edition, by Margaret K. Kulpa and Kent A. Johnson,
Auerbach Publication, 2008 (electronic
file), (Chapter 6)