UNG DUNG Id THUAT MO PHONG TRONG DAY HOC LE HUY TUNG LL/ONG THUY H A N H * Viec dng dung kl thuat mo phong (MP) trong day hpc da tao nen mpt phuong phap day hpe hien ,dai do la day ve cae khia cgnh kh[.]
Trang 1UNG DUNG Id THUAT MO PHONG TRONG DAY HOC
LE HUY T U N G - L L / O N G THUY H A N H *
Viec dng dung kl thuat mo phong (MP) trong
day hpc da tao nen mpt phuong phap day hpe
hien ,dai - do la day ve cae khia cgnh khae
nhau eua hien thuc qua viec bit chifdc hoac sao chep
Trong hau het cac trudng hop, M P thudng "don gian
hoa" thue te b§ng each bd qua hoac thay doi mot vai
chi;tiet 0 dd, sinh vien (SV) se hpc each giai quyet van
d^; hieu cac khai niem, quy trinh; n^m duoc ban chat
cuahi^n tuong va dieu khien chung; biet xd li cdng
viee trong eae tinh hudng khac nhau,
1 Phan loai MP
Trong giao due (GD), M P la eong cu hfitrgdSe luc
eho viee day hgc 0 do, nhung thanh phan "khong
mong mudn" eua cac tinh hudng thuc da duoc loai bo
nh^m dat ehuan dao tao Sudon gian nay cho phep
ngudi hpc tap trung vao thong tin hoac kl nang then
ehdt trong hgc tap (1}, rat thich hgp cho viec hoan
thien hanh vi va nhan thdc
Cae tae gia theo tarong pha GD kien tao (eonstmctive
pedagogy) da md ta MP nhu la "kieh ban tai tao" cua
cuoc song thye tren may tinh, trong dd SV dong vai tro
chinh trong viee tao ra nhijng nhiem vu phuc tap (2) M P
sephananh"t6hpp"cuathegiciithycmaSV phai hgc eae
kTnang nhan thuc dmdc cao hon nhu dieu tra {kTnang
dupc danh gialachuyeu cho nghien cdu khoa hoc) Cac
MP nay tao cho nguoi hoc CO moi trudng chl dao mpt sd
nhiem vu tieh hgp dequa do hgc dugc cac kTnang phiJc
t ^ d cac van de xae thuc hoac thdng qua cac hudng
d§n.PhanmemMP5rol4'orf:y(3}lamptviduminhhga
cho each tiep can nay
Co 4 loai M P (4): 1) MP kinh nghiem (experiencing
simulations) - duge su dyng de thiet lap nhan thdc
hoae giai doan hpc tap hieu qua trong tuong iai;
2j/WPA'/ia/dao(informing simulations)-truyen thong
tint^SV(suMPnayehidathieuquakhic6sutrdgiup
cua giang vien, Idp hge hoac phong thi nghiem, );
3) MP cung cd'{reinforcing simulation) - dieu ehinh
mde do kien thdc cua SV va theo doi qua trinh hge tap
cua SV, vo^ nhieu bai tap duge dua ra de eae S V thuc
hien; 4) MP tieh hgp (integrating simulation) - hinh
thanh kT nang chan doan d ngudi hpc (SV hpc eae
nguyen II va thong tin thue te ddi hoi, sau do sddung
MP delien ketvaap dung eae kien thde dd)
Ngoai ra, M P cOng co the dugc ehia lam 2 loai la:
1) MP kihieu (symbolic sim ulation} - S V khong tham
gia mpt each chu dgng vao moi trudng cua chuong trinh; 2J MP//7t/£7n£f/)/em{experiental simulation) (5) -cho phep SV thuc hien cac chien lugc giaiquyetvan deda chieu nhu mgt phan vai tro cua hg trong chuong trinh; cung cap cho ngudi hpc cae CO hgi de phat trien nhan thdc b&ng viec hgc each tochdc va quan II hoat dpng hoc tap; CO the thuc hien mgt each dgc lap hoac hgp tae theo nhom dua vao vai tro tunhien cua ngudi tham gia vacac quyet dinh cijng nhu tuong tac thuc hien trong bai tap
2 M P t r e n m a y t i n h
MP nay chia thanh 2 loai chinh: 1) MP chda mo hinh khainiem - chda dung cac nguyen 11, khai niem, sukien lien quan tdi he thdng dugc UP; 2} MP chda
md hinh hoat dong, gom chuoi cac quy trinh hoat
dpng nhan thuc va khong nhan thdc cothe ap dyng vao cac hethdng dugc M P; thudng duge sudung eho viec hgc thuc nghiem (trong khi hpc kham pha thudng dung MP khai niem), (6)
MP tren may tlnh phan anh cac GD chi dan
(instmctive pedagogy} M P chi din gom cac M P thong tin, MP cung cd, MP thuc nghiem, MP ki hieu va MP hoat dong M P kien tao cung cap cho ngudi hpc moi trudng theo each chung cothe xay rava thuc hien cac vai tro Nhuvay, MP tich hgp, MP kmh nghiem, MP khainiem cothe phan anh MP kien tao
3 S u d u n g MP tren may tinh trong GD
MP tren may tinh giup SV co co hgi dequan sat gian tiep va tuong tac the gidi thuc Tai Idp hoc, MP may tlnh dong vai trd quan trgng trong viee tao ra cae thl nghiem "ao" va cac yeu cau Dieu nay cho phep SV giam sat thl nghiem, kiem tra mo hinh mdi va nang eao nhan biet true giac cua hg ve cac hien tugng phuc tap; cdthesudung trong cae nhiem
vu ddi hoi chi phi cao hoac gap nhieu nguy hiem neu lam trong thucte Ngoai ra MP tren may tlnh con dong gdp vao viec thay dd1 khai niem, cung cap nhieu kinh nghiem cho SV trong nghien cdu khoa hpc
(ki2-8/2013)-' Vien Sir phpm ki thu$t - Tnrifng €pi hpc Bach khoa Ha Noi
Tap chi Giao due so 316 37
Trang 2Cach hgp II nhat 6i thuc hien MP tren may tinh,
trong khoa hgc GD la sd dting ehung nhu mot tai lieu
bosung D l kiem tra lgi ich cua vise MP nay trong
khda hpc ve hda hpe dai euong d nam dau tien,
Kennepohl (2001) da nhan ra rSng su ket nd'i cua
MP tren may tlnh vdi phdng thl nghiem da rut ng^n
thdi gian ra't nhieu (nha't la tgi phdng thl nghiem),
dong thdi cung giup SV cd kT n§ng thuc hanh tdt
hon, Theo Mintz (1993), mgt trong nhdng dng
dung MP nay eo trien vgng nhS't trong quy trinh
nghien edu khoa hpe la su dyng MP lam phuong
tien day hge trong dieu kien khong the thuc hien
dugc bang cac phuong phap truyen thdng Cau hoi
dugc dat ra dday la lieu viec sddyng M P cd the hieu
qua hon so vdi khi sd dyng (hoae thay the) cae
phuong phap truyen thdng hay khong? Cau tra Idi la
dieu nay se phu thude vao khai niem hoac tinh hudng
Choi & Gennaro (1987) da so sanh tlnh hieu qua
cue cac kl nang co dugc khi MP tren may tinh vdi
cac kT nang c6 dugc khi lam viec trong phdng thl
nghiem cho viec day khai niem "do dich chuyen am
lugng"cua hpc sinh trung hpc cflsd Hp phathien ra
rSng cac kl nang cddugc khi sudyng MP eung nhu
khi lam viee trong phdng thl nghiem Oieu nay cho
thay la cothe sudung thi nghiem bang MP dnhung
noi CO phdng thi nghiem trong viee giang day cac
khai niem nhu tren va ket qua nhan duge la nhu
nhau; dong thdi cd the su dyng thay the eae hoat
dpng trong phong thi nghiem,
4 M d h i n h MP
Day la mo hinh toan hpc tlnh toan sutac dpng cua
cac "dau vao" da biet trudc va cae dap ung tren "dau
ra" Mo hinh kieu nhu vay cd the dugc tao ra b&ng
ngon ngdlap trinh, qua eae "cau lenh" hoac thue hien
tren bang tlnh dien tu "Dau ra" d cac mo hinh MP
phy thugc vao "dau vao bat djnh", yeu eau phai lam
viee vdi cac "bien bat djnh" va cae "ham bat djnh"
Viec xay dung md hinh MP gdm cac budc:
1) Hinh thanh van desedugc mo phong, gom
pham vi MP, cau hinh mo hinh va he thdng MP
2) Thu thap thong tin va xay dting mo hinh
khai niem ;\i\em tra cae lien ke't may tinh, thiet kecac
"rang bugc" ve khung thdi gian va chi phi Suphu hgp
tuyet ddi giua mo hinh va he thdng la khdng the eo
3)Kiem tra tinh hgp lecua mo hinh khainiem
Quan li du an va cac chuyen gia phan tieh ean cd
nhung kiem tra ban dau ve cau true cua md hinh khai
niem Neu phat hien sued hoae dieu chua hgp li.can
phai tie'n hanh chmh sua md hinh khai niem trude khi
tie'n hanh lap trinh d budc tiep theo
38 Tqp chi Giao due so 316
4) Lap trinh.Wen hanh lap trinh md hinh khainiem tren p h i n mem MP thdffng malhoac ngdn ngd Igp
trinh pho bidn (C, C++, ) va kiem nghiem (gd rdi -debugging) ehuong trinh
5) Kiem tra tinh hop licua mo hinh i$p trinh
N§'u cd he thd'ng thuc, can tien hanh do "dap ling ra"
eua md hinh va so sanh vdi cac gia trj do thu dugc td h? thdng thyc B i l u nay dupfc ggi lasi/hop thdc hoa cac ket qua (results validation) Phan tich "dp nhgy"
cung dugc thuc hi?n tren mo hinh lap trinh de tim ra cachesdmd hinh anh hudng den cac gia trj do dugc
Cae he s6' nay anh hudng ra't Idn den toan bp chat lugng mdhinh
6) Thiei ke, xay dimg va phan tich MP Vdi m oi
cau hinh hequantam,viecquyetdinh kjch ban chien thu$t (nhu thdi gian chay va thdi gian khdi d6ng, ) can dugc chu y Viee phan tich cac ket qua va quyet djnh neu yeu cau cae thi nghiem bd'trg cung can duge xet de'n
7) Tai lieu va trinh diin MP Tai lieu can mo ta chi
tiet ehuong trinh may tinh va cac ket qua nghien ciiu gan day Trinh dien cudi eung ddi vdi M P se bao gom nhdng doan phim hoathinh(animations)va cae thao luan cua qua trinh xay dung/kiem chdng mo hinh nh4m xac nhan tinh chinh xac cua mo hinh Cac tai lieu hudng dan sudung cua chuffng trinh md phong can dugc di kem vdi san pham MP
Vdi tde do xd li, bd nhd cua may tinh ngay cang dugc nang eao va su phat trien da dang cua cac ngdn ngu su dung de lap trinh cho MP ma khdng doi hoi cao ve kT nang lap trinh cua ngudi sddung , viee sudyng MP trong day hoe can dugc nhan rpng
Ap dung kTthuat MP se phu hop vdl xu the phat huy tlnh tich cue cua ngudi hpc, dac biet la trong ITnh vuc dao tao nghe (thudng ddi hdl chl phi rat cao cho trang thiet bj, phdng thi nghiem, ) hoac mpt sdnghe dac thu khong the tien hanh khao sat, thi nghiem tren ddi tugng thyc •
(1) M Grabe - C Grable Integrating Technology for
Meaningful Learning Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1996 ,
(2) B Harper - D Squires - A McDougall
"Constructivist simulations in the multimedia age"
Journal of Education Multimedia and Hypermedia,
2000
(3) Susanne P Lajoie - Nancy C Lavigne - Claudia
Guerrera Constructing knowledge in the context of
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