TRAO DOI MOT SO VAN DE VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC DAI HOC IS vo THI XUAN O l d ip dng ydu eau nhin life eho nin kinh t l tri thdc, Nghi quylt Dai hdi Ding l ln thd XI chi rd " Phit tr i ln nhanh ngudn nha[.]
Trang 1TRAO DOI
MOT SO VAN DE VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC DAI HOC
IS vo THI XUAN
O l d i p dng ydu eau nhin life eho n i n kinh t l tri
thdc, Nghi quylt Dai hdi Ding lln thd XI chi rd:" Phit
triln nhanh ngudn nhan luc, nhat l i ngudn nhan life
chit lupng cao, tap trung v i o ddi mdi d n b i n v l
t o i n didn nin gilo due qude dan" Trong dd, gilng
day d bae dai hpc cung I I mpt v i n d l ein dupe quan
tam v l xem xdt Phuong phip day hpe (PPDH) dai
hpe bao gdm e l phuong phip day va phuong phap
hpe Od ehinh l i eon dudng giiip sinh vidn chiem
linh dupe tri thdc v l ki ning Vi vay, PPDH dai hpe ed
tie dung ciing cd phuong thdc t h o i man nhu eau
cda sinh vidn nhlm ning cao chit lupng d i o tao eua
ele trudng dal hpe
1 Quan niem v l PPDH b dai hpc
Theo GS Thli Duy Tuydn, PPDH "la mot khai
nidm dUpc hilu d nhilu binh didn khac nhau,
khdng thdng nhlt vdi nhau" Cd t h i t h l y rd han
d i l u niy qua mdtsd quan d i l m eiia dilu khiln hpe,
quan d i l m logic, quan d i l m day hpe bd mdn, quan
d i l m ciia It luan day hpc,., Tuy nhidn, PPDH dii theo
quan d i l m nao edng ein cd nhdng d i u hidu die
trUng sau:
- PPDH phin Inh dupe sif van ddng eiia qua
trinh nhin thdc eda ngUdi hpe nhlm dat dupe day
hpc
- PPDH phin Inh dupc su van ddng cua npi
dung v l sU chilm linh ndi dung day hpe,
- PPDH phin Inh 6ugc d e h thde trao ddi
thdng tin gida ngudi day - ngudi hpc trong q u i trinh
day hpe,
- PPDH phin Inh dupc d e h thde td chdc, dilu
khien v i chl dao hoat ddng nhan thdc theo mdt quy
trinh nhlt dinh,
Td nhdng d i u hidu die trUng trdn cd t h i hieu:
PPDH d dai hpc 11 eleh thdc hoat ddng cua gilng
viln v i sinh vidn, dudi sif td ehde, dieu khien va cht
dao eua gilng vidn, sinh vien ti'ch cUc, chu ddng, t u
life, t u giac linh hpi kiln thdc, kl nang, ki xlo qua
dd phat triln nhijmg nang life nhan thde va nang
ldc hinh ddng, hinh thinh the gidi quan duy vat
khoa hpe,
Vdi eleh hilu nhU trdn, trong day hpe d dai hpc,
ngddi gilng viln phli thda m l n ddng thdi hai nang
luc I I ning luc su pham v i nang life nghien cdu khoa
hpc/dng dung nghi nghidp (ngddi lanh nghi) Nlu
ngudi gilng vidn khdng cd k h i ning tim kilm, Ida
chpn tri thdc chuydn mdn cdt Idi, khdng cd k h i ning
phat hidn v i gill quylt dung nhu cau nhan thde thi khd ed t h i dan dat sinh vidn theo mue tidu day hpe
va day h p ' d e h hpc" d bac hpe dao tao ngudn nhan luc "tri thde" eho xa hdi,
2 Oac diem PPDH d dai hpc Day hpc d dai hpe l i hoat dpng g i n liln vdi die diem nginh n g h i d i o tao, b i m sit thife tien phat triln eda n i n kinh t l - x l hdi cung nhUsif phat triln ciia khoa hpc v i cdng nghd lien quan Oilu niy ddi hdi PPDH dai hpe phli coi trpng vide phat
huy nang lUe tif hpe, XU nghidn cdu v l huy ddng co
hidu q u i vai trd cua phdong tidn, ki thult v i edng nghd day hpe hidn dai Do dd, PPDH d dai hpe cd
d c die d i l m sau:
Thit nhat: PPDH g i n liln vdi miic tidu day hpc:
PPDH khdng chi chju sif quy djnh eiia miJc tidu day hpc m l cdn la phuong thdc d l dat mue tidu day hpe
Do dd, tdng mue tidu day hpe d i u ddi hdi cd PPDH tuong dng v i ngUpc lai, mdi PPDH bao gid eung hudng tdi dat muc tieu day hpc eu t h i ,
Thdhai: PPDH d dai hpc gan llln vdi ndi dung
day hpe: Cd 4 kilu ndi dung day hpe d dai hpe: N,: Hd thdng tri thde v l t h i gidi v i v l each thdc hanh ddng,
N^: He thdng nhdng kinh nghidm thdc hidn hoat ddng (ki nang, kixlo),
Ny He thdng kinh nghidm hoat ddng sang tao (kining tuduy)
N,: He thdng kinh nghidm v l t h l i dp v i quy tie dng xd,
Nlu coi PPDH d dai hpc l i mdt ham sd phu thupc v i o 4 kilu ndi dung day hoc thi ed the diln dat PPDH d dai hpc = f(N, 2 3,)',
Thit ba: PPDH d dai hoc g i n liln vdi phuong
tidn day hpc: PPDH v l phuong tidn day hpc l i hai pham tru dde lap nhUng tdn tai va van ddng trong mdi quan he bidn ehdng vdi nhau Phuong tidn day hpc la mdt bp phan cua PPDH v i mpt PPDH bao gid eung gan chat vdi phuong tidn day hpe Vide sddiing phuong tidn day hpe sd thife su khdng cd hidu qui khi nd khdng chde dung PPDH
Thif bon: PPDH d dai hpe g i n liln vdi ddi tdpng
va hinh thde td chde day hpe
Thit nim: PPDH d dai hpe ed c l u tnic da elp:
PPDH d dai hpe la hd thdng d c h i n h ddng v i thao t i c eiia g i l n g v i l n v l sinh vidn Do dd, khi
t h i l t k l day hpe, g i l n g vidn p h l i xlc lap dupc
Trang 2mdt hd thdng d c h i n h ddng, thao t i c cda ngUdI
day va ngudi hpc tuong dng vdi tdng don vi, npi
dung day hpe cu t h i n h l m dat dupe mue tidu
day hpc
Thd siu: PPDH d dai hpc vda mang tfnh khich
quan, vda mang tfnh ehu quan Tfnh ehu quan cua
PPDH d dai hpc t h i hidn d ehd ele PPDH do gilng
vidn thuc hidn, hidu q u i cda d e PPDH phu thupc
vio chinh ning life td chde, thdc hidn cda hp
3 Liet ke PPDH va xep hang theo y kien
sinh vien
Khd ed t h i dat 6ugc su ddng thuan v l danh
muc d c PPDH dai hpc dupc sd dung hidn nay
Ching han, trong khi Bourner T and Flowers S,
(1997) lidt kd tdi khoing 40 PPDH khie nhau thi
khi nhilu tie g i l thudng gidi han trong khoing
trdn dudi 10 tdn PPDH dai hpe die trung Galbraith
M,W, (1991) cd lidt kd 12 PPDH, Seldin, R (1994) cho
ring ed 6 PPDH die trdng cho giao due dai hpe edn
Sajjad S, (2005) lidt kd danh sleh 10 PPDH trong dai
hpe, eu t h i I I : (1) Thuyit trinh, i2) Thdo ludn nhdm,
(3) TU trinh bdy, (4) Giao nhiim vu, i5)Xemine, (6) Hdi
thdo, (7) Hdi nghj, (8) Cdng ndo, (9) Ddng vai, ilO)
Nghiin cdu trudng hgp
Sinh vidn danh g i l d c khia canh khae nhau eiia
q u i trinh gilo due, trong do cd v i n d l v l PPDH ngiy
cing trd ndn quan trpng, Trong thifc t l , y kiln dinh
g i l cua sinh vidn dupc sd dung d 90% ele trudng
cao ding v i dai hpe d Hoa Ki, Trong cae PPDH, sinh
vidn cho ring ele PPDH cd hidu q u i v i hidu dng thu
vj khic nhau, trong dd thuylt trinh van la phuong
phip dupe dinh g i l eao nhlt, sau dd I I t h i o luan v i
ddng vai, Cae phuong phap edn lai ed mdc dp thap
hon (xem Bing 1),
4 Mdtsd PPDH dai hpc
- Thuyit trinh iLecture):Thuyet trinh la mdt cude
ndi chuydn hole trinh b i y bang Idi ndi dupe thut hidn ra bdi gilng vidn hole mpt dien g i l ddi vdi mdt nhdm ngudi nghe nhlt djnh Mae dii ed nhilu t i l n
bp trong vide gilng day eung nhd cdng nghd tin hpc nhung phuong phap thuylt trinh v i n edn gid nguydn vai trd ndng cdt trong gilng day d elp dai hpc Phuong phap niy cd tinh kinh t l cao, ed t h i
6ugc sd dung cho mdt sd Idn sinh vidn, npi dung
hpc ed t h i dupe dupe trinh bay mot d c h he thdng,
ed clu true v i gilng vidn ed the kilm soit tdt thdi gian va npi dung b i i gilng Dilu d n phli thda nhan rang hlu h i t eae sinh vidn coi phuong phip thuylt trinh II tdt nhlt bdi vl theo hp nd tao ra nhdng y tudng mdi, phii hpp eho Idp hpe ddng ngudi, phit triln ttnh sing tao eiia sinh vidn, gilng vidn l i ngudi
cd kinh nghidm v i 11 chuydn gia slu v l chuydn 64,
cd t h i gill thfch tat c l d c van d l v i cd t h i t r l Idi t i t
e l d c elu hdi eiia sinh vidn
Thuc hiin bdi thuyet trinh cd hiiu qud cdn luuy:
1/ Thu hut v i duy tri sif ehii y eua ngudi hpe, gly dupc hdng thu hpe tap, hUdng dan tU duy eiia ngudi hpc:
Gilng vidn cd thli dp tfch eife, nhidt tinh ddi vdl ndi dung bii day
Hieu ngudi hpe v l duy tri sU ehii </ eiia hpe Nhip 64 ed ttnh d c h ddng vidn kfch thfch
d i t h u hiit Slf chii >/vi chuln bjeiia ngudi hpe
Phan doan 6ugc phin dng eua ngddi hpe Bdng 1: ?kiin cda sinh viin vihUng thu vd hiiu qud cda cdc PPDH dgi hgc
Thuylt trinh
Thio luin n h d m
Tif trinh biy
Giao nhidm vu
Xemlne
Hdithlo
H$i nghj
Cdng nio
O d n g vai
Nghidn edu
trudng h p p
1
N
34
34
53
18
52
26
26
27
25
34
%
16
16
24
08
22
11
12
12
11
16
2
N
18
18
44
53
54
54
53
34
54
27
%
08
08
20
24
25
25
24
16
25
12
3
N
00
54
26
89
34
53
53
54
27
53
%
00
24
12
40
16
24
24
25
12
24
4
N
80
34
53
34
54
53
35
80
80
52
%
36
16
24
16
25
24
16
36
36
23
5
N
88
80
44
26
26
35
53
25
34
54
%
40
36
20
12
12
16
24
11
16
25
Total
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
Ngudn: Sajjad S (200S), Effective Teaching Methods At Higher Education Level, University of Karachi, Pakistan
Trang 3TRAO DOI
2/Oidu bd, phong cich, cdcht eiia gilng vien,
Gipng ndi, tdc 66: Gipng ndi to, rd rang, ed
d i l m nhan
Khi gilng t>li, mdi phan ndn ed tdm tat va
eudi bii cd tdm t i t chung
3/ Hudng dan ngudi hpe:
Ndn ghi theo eleh hilu, tdm tat, khdng ghi
nguydn v i n trd djnh nghia, cdng thde
Ghi nhdng y chinh, eo bin, tranh ghi tran
lan, ghi nhanh bing kf hidu, vilt t i t so 66, k i t hpp
vdi hinh vd, bilu dd
- Thdo lugn iDiscussion): Dly la mpt sif trao ddi
bing Idi ndi tu do eua y tudng gida d e sinh vidn
trong nhdm hole gida gilng vidn vdi sinh vidn, D i l m
manh eda t h i o luan d Idp hpe 11 giup tao ndn nhilu y
tudng v i kinh nghidm td nhdm, cho phdp t i t e l mpi
ngudi tham gia trong q u i trinh hoat ddng tieh cue,
Nhilu nghidn cifu eho thly rang d c sinh vidn dinh
g i l cao phuong phap t h i o luan theo nhdm (hole
theo idp) 11 phuong phip tdt thd hai bdi vi phUOng
phip niy thu hut dupe sif tham gia eiia nhilu sinh
vidn hon, hpe tap ed hidu q u i hon, sinh vidn khdng
phli dua v i o hpe thudc long, mdi sinh vidn cd t h i
neu y kiln eua minh, va phuong phap nay phat tridn sing tao cda sinh vidn,
- Bong vai (Roleplay): Phuong phap nay cd mue
dieh Idi cudn sinh vien tham gia tieh cue v i o q u i trinh hpe tap bang cleh tao d i l u kien eho hp hoat dpng nhu nhiJmg nhin vat Hen quan true t i l p trong mpt kjch ban tudng tupng hay cd thuc Nd l i mdt
ki thuat bd sung eho phuong phap thuylt trinh va giao bii tap truyen thdng eua gilo due trong linh vUe khoa hpc x l hdi Khi t i l n hinh phuong phap ddng vai, gilng vidn Ida chpn mdt sU kidn die bidt hole mdt tinh hudng giup lam sang td ele li thuylt quan trpng hole ed t h i la quan trpng ddi vdi chuydn
de dupe nghidn cOru,
- Nghiin cdu trUdng hgp {Case study): Nghidn cdu trudng hpp ehu y l u 6ugc khdi xudng v l phat
triln trong gilng day kinh doanh v i phip l u i t Phuong phip niy ed t h i ap dung hidu q u i trong giao due d c nginh nghd thult khai phdng, kT thult v,v Phuong phip nghidn edu trudng hpp v l co bin
dugc sd dung d l phat trien tu duy phd phan v i kT
nang gill quylt van dieung nhUgidi thidu eho sinh vidn lam quen vdi d c tinh hudng thife t l
Bdng 2: LUa chgn PPDH theo mue dieh hgc tap
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o-X
^-a
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a
X
&
MUCDICHHOCTAP
Phd bien kien thdc
1 Thuyet trinh
2 Sdeh gido khoa
3 Doc
4 Tdi liiu phdt thim
ihand-outs)
5, Mdi khdeh thuyet
trinh iGuest lectures)
6 Sddung cdc bdi
tap yiu cau sinh viin
tim kiin thdc cap
nhdt
7 Phdt trien kindng
trong viic sddung
thu vien vd cdc tai
nguyin hgc tap khdc
8.Hgccdnhdncd
hudng ddn
9 Tdi lieu hgc tap md
10 Sddung internet
Phat trien k h i nang sddung
cac j tudng va
thong tin
7, Nghiin cdu trudng hgp {case study)
2 Thuc hdnh
3 Kinh nghiim idm viee
4 Cdc dudn
5 Trinh dien emonstrations)
6 Nhom idm viic
7 fAo phdng ivi
du nhu trin may tinh)
8 Hgi thdo
9 Thdo ludn
10 Bdi lugn
Phattriln k h i nang cua sinh vien tfe kiem tra y ttfdng va bing chdng
/, Xemina va hudng ddn
2 Gidm sat 3.Tutrinhbay
4 Cac tieu lugn
S Thong tin phdn hoi ve cdc bdi Viet
6 Tong quan tai lieu
7 Ldm bdi kiem tra
S.Hgcmd
9 Odnh gid dong cdp lO.Tuddnh gid
Phattriln kha nang ciia sinh vien tfe tao ra cac y ttfdng va bing chtfng
1 Dudn nghiin cdu
2.Hgithdoveki thugt gidi quyet vdn de sdng tgo
3 Nhom Idm viic
4 Hanh dgng hgc tap
5 Tuduy djnh hudng
6 Cong ndo
7 Sa do tuduy
8 Hinh dung sdng tgo
9 Hudn luyin
10 Gidi quyit vande
Tao thuan Ipi
cho sU phat
trien canhan cOa sinh vien
1 Phdn hdi
2 Kinh nghiem hgc tap
3 Hgp dong hgc tap
4 Hdnh dgng hgc tap
5 Nhgt kl hgc tap
6 Dong vai
7 Kinh nghiim nhdm
8 Tdi liiu tuduy
9 Tu ddnh gid
10 Lap ho so
Phat trien ning Itfc ciia sinh vien de ISp ke hoach va quin
li viec hoc cua minh
1 Hgp dong hgc tdp
2 Cdc dudn
3 Hdnh dgng hgc tap
4 Hgi thdo
5 HUdng ddn
6 Cdc bdn ghi vd nhdtki
7 Nghiin cdu dge lap
8 Sdp ddt cdng viic
9 Ho sa phdt triin
10 Ludn vdn
Nguon; BournerT and Flowers S, (1997), TeachingAnd Leaming Methods In Higher Education: A Glimpse Of The Future,
Reflections on Higher Education (A Journal of the Higher Education Foundation) Vol 9„ Pages 77 -102,
Trang 4- Cdng ndo (Brainstorming): Phuong p h i p cdng
n i o dupe dUa trdn n i n g life eda bp nao con ngudi
trong vide tao mdi lidn hd N l u n h u nang life dUa ra
nhdng d l x u l t lidn hd cda m p t ngUdI d o n ddc v i n
cdn han e h l t h i sd iupng d c d e d l x u l t n i y eua
chtnh ngudi d d t a n g Idn g i p bdi n l u cd n h i l u ngudi
cung nhau l l m vide Hon nda, trang thai n i y sd xay
ra khi eon ngudi dupe t h u g i l n , binh tTnh, hanh phue
v l ed e l m g i l c t r o n g m o t mdi t r u d n g t i n t u d n g v i
hd t r p nhau Cdng n i o l i m o t kT thuat r l t hdu ich cho
g i l l q u y l t van d4, ra q u y l t d j n h , tU d u y s i n g tao va
x i y d u n g nhdm
Giao nhiim vu (Assignment): PhUOng p h i p
giao nhidm vu giup sinh vidn t r o n g vide t d chdc k i l n
thde, h i t h d n g hda c i c su kidn v i chuan bj t d t h a n
cho ele ki thi, Nd nhan m a n h v i o l i m vide eda e l
n h i n sinh vidn v i e l e h thde l i m vide trong e l q u i
trinh g i l n g day v i hpc tap,
5 Chon Itfa PPDH theo muc dich hpc tap d
bic dai hpc
Ngudi ta cd t h i difa v i o d c eo sd khae nhau
64 ehpn PPDH phu hpp, Bourner T, and Flow/ers S,
(1997) eho ring PPDIH cd t h i dupe lifa ehpn difa
theo ele mue dfch hpc tap
Td bing 2 cho t h l y vide lua chon PPDH d bae
dai hpe theo mue dteh hpc tap ed 6 die trdng sau:
1/Phd biln kiln thdc
2/ Phit triln k h i nang sd dung ele y tddng v i
thdng tin,
3/ Phit triln khi nang cda sinh vidn de kiem tra
y tudng v l bing chdng,
4/ Phit triln khi nang cCia sinh vidn de tao ra
cic y tudng v i bing chdng,
5/Tao thuin Ipi cho su p h i t triln c l nhan eda
sinh vidn
6/ Phit triln nang life eila sinh vidn de lap k l
hoach v l quin li vide hpc cda minh
Trong 6 nhdm die trUng niy, nhdm 1,2,3 hidn
didn nhilu trong gid hpc d d e trddng dai hpc nude
ta; trong khi PPDH d d c trudng dai hpe tidn t i l n
d l t d l l u thuc hidn muc dfch 4,5,6 PPDH theo muc
dich hpc t i p l i eo sd khoa hpc cho ngudi day Ida
chpn phuong p h i p phd hpp, t d do sd dap dng
dtfpc mong dpi cda ngddi hpe v i gdp phin ning
eao chit lupng d i o tao d ble dai hpc tao ngudn
nhin luc eho sU nghidp cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai
hda d l t nude
6 Kit l u i n
Ydu clu CO b i n v l ddi mdi PPDH d dai hpe 11
p h l i g i n k i t dupc ttnh djnh hudng cua phuong
p h i p day vdi ttnh tfch cue cda phuong phi p hpc;
ddi mdi mdt d e h ddng bd trong tat c l d c hinh
thdc day hpe, die bidt 11 hinh thdc thi kilm tra, danh gia k i t qua Vide eli t i l n PPDH d dai hpe I I mpt edng cudc khd khin d l y thich thde v i ddi hdi thdi gian keo dai hang t h i he, Dieu khd khin nhat
ed Id l i Slf thay ddi nhan thde eda dpi ngu giang vidn dai hpc, n l u hp coi n g h i gilng vidn dai hpe
l i mpt nghi chuydn nghidp thi ddi hdi hp phli ed ning life chuydn v l giang day, trong dd ed ning life v l PPDH Tilp theo do la phli tao d i l u kidn phd
hpp nhu v i n 64 chfnh sleh, d l i ngp, d e hd trp
quan trpng nhd co sd v l t chit t h i l t bj, eo hpi hpe tap bdi dudng v.v
Gilo due dai hpc dang ddng trudc nhdng
thaeh thde ldn v l nhilu mat de ed the chiem 6ugc
nhdng vj t h i xdng dang trong khu vifc Dilu nay
sd khd ma dat dupe khi gilo due dai hpc khdng cd mdt dpi ngu gilng vidn ed trinh dp eao Mdt trong
d i u hidu eda trinh dd eao dd chfnh l i ning lUe v l PPDH
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
1, Angelo, TA, From faculty development to academic development AAHE Bulletin, 46 (10): 3-7,
1994,
2, Bourner T and Flowers S,, Teaching And Learning Methods In Higher Education: A Glimpse
Of The Future, Reflections on Higher Education (A
Journal of the Higher Education Foundation) Vol 9 „ Pages 7 7 - 1 0 2 m , 1997,
3, Galbraith M, W., Adult Learning Methods,
Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, USA,
1991
4, Nguyen Xuan H l i , Mgt sdvdn dicabdn cua li ludn dgyhgc,Va\ lieu t h a m k h i o phue vu ki t h i nang
ngach g i l n g vidn Idn giang vien chfnh n i m 2010, H i Ndi, 2010
5, O i o T h l i Lai va e l e t i e gia, ThUc trgng ddi mdi phuang phdp dgy hgc d dgi hgc, KI yeu Hdi t h i o
Qudc gia ve Khoa hpc G i l o due Viet Nam, Bp G i l o due v i Oao tao, Tap II, t r l 16-123,2011
6, Thai Duy Tuydn, NhCfng vdn dica bdn eda gido due hgc hiin dgi, NXB G i l o due H i Ndi, 1998
SUMMARRY
The transition from study year into credit system
in the higher education institutions have made stringent requirements on the innovation of teaching and leaming This article addresses the issues of higher education teaching like concepts, characteristics, modern methods and proposed basis for selecting teaching method according to learning purposes