MOTSOVANDEVEMOITRITONG XUYEN BIEN GIOI Of VUNG BIEN VEN BOf TAY VINH BAC B Q VA M O T SO GIAI PHAP KIEM SOAT, GIAM T H l £ U TAG B O N G Lini Van Dieu Vien Tai nguyen va Moi truong Bi
Trang 1MOTSOVANDEVEMOITRITONG XUYEN BIEN GIOI Of
VUNG BIEN VEN BOf TAY VINH BAC B Q VA M O T SO GIAI PHAP
KIEM SOAT, GIAM T H l £ U TAG B O N G
Lini Van Dieu
Vien Tai nguyen va Moi truong Bien
246 duong Da Nlng, quan Ngo QuyIn, Hai Phong
Email: dieulvfoj.ac.vn
Viing bien ven ba tay vinh Bac Bo giap viing bien Trung Quoc vd co km vuc
lien quan din mgt nuac Dong Nam A Cac van de moi truang xuyin biin giai a
day bao gom: 6 nhiem qua cac con song lien quoc gia (cdc song HSng, Cd vd
Ma ) 6 nhiem khong khi va 6 nhiem moi tru&ng nuac thong qua dong chdy
bien (trdn ddu, rac thdi biin ), sir van chuyen cdc chdt thdi dgc hgi, pha d&
tdu cU vd sinh vgt ngogi Iai xam hgi v v Cho din nay, vdn de moi truang xuyen
biin giai a Viet Nam vd vung biin ven ba tdy vinh Bac Bg con it dugic quan
tam De ngan ngira vd giam thieu tdc dong tieu cue cua nhiing vdn de moi
truang xuyin bien giai din moi truang bien cdc hi sinh thdi vd sue khoe cgng
dong, can thiet phai nang cao nhgn thuc ciia cgng dong, tdng cuang luat phap
vd chinh sach, dp dung cdc gidi phap khoa hgc, cong nghe vd qudn ly dong
thai tdng cuong hop tdc quoc te
Abstract
SOME TRASBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE
WESTERN COASTAL SEA OF THE GULF OF TONKIN AND SOME
PROPOSALS FOR MONITORING AND MITIGATING
THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS
The western coastal sea of the Gulf of Tonkin is adjacent to Chinese marine
area, and its catchment is concerned the territory of some Southeast countries
The transboundary environmental problems consist of pollution from river
source (Red River, Ca River and Ma river etc.) pollution from air circulation,
pollution through marine currents in the Gulf of Tonkin (oil spill and marine
litter), transposition of hazardous wastes, old ship dismantlement and
hazardous exotic organism Up to now, there has been a weak interest in the
transboundary environmental problems in Vietnam generally and the western
coastal sea of the Gulf of Tonkin For preventing and mitigating their impacts
to marine environment, ecosystem and population health, it is necessary to
raise the awareness of community, enforce regulations and policy, and apply
advanced science, technology, management, and strengthen the international
cooperation
Trang 2l.Mffdau
Vinh BIC Bp CO vi tri chiln luoc quan trpng dli voi hai nuoc Viet Nam va Tnrng Quoc
ca vi kinh tl va an ninh quIc phong Vjnh co tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu va giau co, dac biet la hai san va diu khi Vung biln ven bo tay vinh thupc 10 tinh thanh cua Vi?t Nam v6i chilu dai khoang 763 km va co khoang 2300 dao Vimg ven ba tay vinh la cua ngo cua Viet Nam giao luu bing duong biln voi thi gioi va khu vuc, co tam quan trpng dac biet dli vai su nghiep phat triln kmh tl ciing nhu quoc phong, an ninh ciia nuoc ta Day cOng la noi tilp nhan cac nguIn nuoc song va bi chi phii boi cac dong hai luu gio theo hai miia trong nam gop phln luu thong voi moi truong nuoc npoai khoi bien Dong
Vdi nhimg dilu kien ty nhien do, trong vimg bien ven hb tay vinh Bac Bp cac van de moi
truong xuyen bien gioi ngay cang tro nen philc tap, co tinh lien quIc gia va khu vuc Bai bao trinh bay mpt si van de ve moi trucmg xuyen bien gi(3i trong vimg bien ven bo tay vinh BIC Bp nhim gop phln vao viec quan ly, bao ve m6i trucmg khu vuc co hieu qua
2 Mot so van de moi trircrag xuyen bien gioi trong viing bien ven bof tay vinh Bac Bo Bat ky mpt quoc gia nao hay mpt khu vuc tu nhien nao khong the ton tai trong mpt sy biet lap va cCing khong the kiem soat dugc cac hoat dpng ciia minh trong mot bien gidi quoc gia hay mpt vimg lanh tho nao do Moi truang co tinh lien vimg va lien quoc gia, hay
CO the noi moi truong mang ban chat cua mpt van de khong bien giai Hien nay van de ni6i trucmg xuyen bien giai da tra thanh van de quoc te, bao gim cac vIn dl Icm sau:
2.1 O nhiem nguon cdc he thong song xuyin bien gi&i
Trong vimg bien ven bo tay vinh Bac Bp co cac he thing song liln quIc gia bao gim:
he thong song Hong, song Ca va song Ma
Song Hong la con song lien quoc gia co luu lupmg Ion nhlt trong khu vuc, bit nguIn tir
^ g niii thupc huyen Nguy Son, tinh Van Nam Trung QuIc Din thanh phi Lao Cai, song Hong nam trpn trong lanh tho Viet nam, sau do chay qua phia dong Ha Npi va dl ra biln qua cua Ba Lat va nhilu nhanh phu khac Song Hing dai 1.149km, dien tich luu vuc la 154.720km Song Hong co luu luong nuac binh quan hang nSm trung bmh 3.630 mVs voi tong luong nuoc chay qua toi 114km' Cimg vol luong phii sa cao la mpt lugng Ion cac chat gay 6 nhiem khac dugc song dua ra vung biln ven bo tSy vinh BII: BO Hang nam vimg nuac ven ba cira Ba Lat tilp nhan tir nguIn thai song H6ng khoang 37 3 ty m^nuoc ngpt, 232,nghin tan BOD, 353 nghin tin COD, 31 nghin tin nito, hon 7 nghin tin phospho,
29 trieu tan TSS, hon 4 nghin tin kim loai nSng (1562 tin Cu, 467 tin Pb 1901 tta Zn 11 nghin tan Hg, 8 tan Cd, 4 tan As), 210 tin thulc trir sau, 343 tin phan h6a hoc va hon' 13 ngWn tan dau ma Tai lugng thai do song dong vai tro rIt lan, chiem khoang 95% cac chit
o nhiem Nguon thai nay bao gom tir cac co so san xult cong, nong nghiep, thuong mai, do thi tren lanh tho Viet Nam va mpt phan tir phln luu vuc nlm tren ISnh thi Trung QuIc dua ra Tuy nhien thai luong xuyen bien gicti tir lanh thi Trung QuIc hien nay chua duoc danh gia [8]
Trang 32.2 0 nhiim khong kliixuyen biin gi&i
Pham vi anh huong cua 6 nhilm khong khi rat r6ng, tham chi la nguyen nhdn gay bien
d6i khi hau toan ciu Mat khac, khi thai ciia cac nganh cong nghiep, giao thong van tai
con lam gia tang nong dp cac chit nhu CO2, NOx va SOx trong nuac biln, d i n den lam
giam pH cua nuoc, gay ra hien tugng axit hoa nuoc bien, tac d6ng rit Ion d i n doi s6ng
sinh v|it thuy sinh, nhit la cac loai sinh vat co bp khung co the la canxi cacbonat nhu san
ho, nhuyen the [5] 6 nhiem khong khi viing ven b o tay vinh chu y l u do hoat dpng tau
thuyin, boat dpng cua cac nha may, xi nghiep trong viing ven b6 Ngoai ra con phai k l den
cac ngu6n phat thai tir cac khu vuc chung quanh trong do dang quan tam la tir Trung Quoc
dua din
2.3 Trdn dau xuyen biin gi&i
Tran diu la mpt su co ky t h u a t , gay hau qua sinh thai moi truong 6 viing bien va ven
biln voi miic dp va quy mo ngay cang gia tang Nguyen nhan gay 6 nhilm diu va su co
tran dau la do hoat ddng giao thong van tai bien, cac hoat dpng tham do, khai thac d i u khi
tren thIm luc dia Tau thuyen va cac phuong tien v|in tai c6 the dam va, m i c can, dam, do
nhieu nguyen nhan thupc chii quan va khach quan (dieu khien, thai tiet, luong lach, ky
thu^t )
6 nhilm dau va sir co tran d i u gay ra nhung h|iu qua moi truang va tac dong den he
sinli thai bien, cac nganh kinh te bien'nhu du lich bien, nuoi tr6ng thiiy san [3] Hien
tugng dau tran da xuat hien trong vimg bien ven b o tay vinh B i c Bp trong nhieu nam voi
quy mo lan nho khac nhau, trong do co m6t s6 vu tran dau dien hinh:
Trong thoi gian tir nam 1987 d§n 1997 co den 89 vu tran dau, trong do co toi 42 vu
khong ro nguon goc trong viing bien ven bo B i c bg va Trung Bg
Vao thang 5/ 1994, tai khu vyc ven b a D6 Son (Hai Phong) va Hai H^u (Nam Dinh)
xuat hien nhieu vang dau troi noi tr6n mat nuac, mat bai trieu, gSy hSu qua to ion den moi
truong va cac he sinh thai trong khu vuc
Tir cu6i thang 1 d i u thang 2/2007 da co hien tugng dau troi dat vao bof bien nuac ta
Dau tien la tai cac tinh Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, sau do lan r$ng xu6ng cac tinh phia Nam va
den giira thang 4/2007 da xuit hien 6 khu vuc dao Bach Long Vy, Hai Phong Tinh den
n^ay 23/4/2007, tfing s6 d i u thu gom tai cac dia phuong ven bien khoang 1.721 tan Sir co
dau 6 nhilm tren biln keo dai nay da gay nhilu thiet hai ve kinh te doi voi cac dia phuong
va cac nganh du lich, thuy san, nong nghiep va phat trien norig thon, d6ng thoi gay anh
huong nghiem trgng d i n moi truang va cac he sinh thai ven bien Nguon goc d i u tran dgc
bo bien Viet Nam trong n"m 2007 co thi la kit qua cua m§t qua trinh luu ty dau thai hang
nam tren biln tir nhilu ngu6n g6c Trong do, d i u can tu ve sinh tau thuyen va nuoc dan tau
do thai tren tuyen hang hai qu6c t l va vung nuoc truoc khi vao cang lam hang co le la
nguon quan trgng nhit Diu thai da nguon g6c dugc luu tu thanh timg vet trong cac vimg
l?p trung ngoai khoi va troi dat tren biln theo dong hoan luu on dinh tuong doi Vao mua
gio tay nam, d i u tran co tilm nang lan sau vao phia tay vjnh B i c B ^ [6] Nhu vay su c6
tran dau xay ra trong viing biln ven bo tay vinh B i c Bg tir thang 1 d i n thang 4 nam 2007,
Trang 42.4 Rac thai biin xuyen bien gi&i
Rac thai biln la mpt trong nhimg mli de doa chinh clln moi tmcmgncM chung va men
uucmg biln noi rieng NguIn rac thai vao b.en gom: nguon tu '^\}^'-X.'i1^^m
tren biln va co thi duoc van chuyen boi cac dong chay b.en Rac thai bien co the a rac tha^
?nh hoat i^u cac loai gily, vo dl hop, dl nhua kho phan huy, xac tau thuyen, thiet b, danh
bTt bi mlt thoat chim hoa; cac chit thai gay 6 nhilm khac Rac thai b.en tacdpng tieu cyc
din cac he sinh thai, moi truong, sire khoe va my quan Chung can tro va gay tai^nan cho
hoat dong giao thong hang hai, lam mat ve sinh moi trucmg be; b.en Rac thai bien co the
lam cho sinh vat biln bi chit, chan vjt cua tau thuyen hi ket, de dpa den sinh mang cua con
ngucri [1]
Rac thai biln mang tinh xuyen bien gioi nen viec xac djnh nguIn goc ciia rac thai bien
gap rat nhieu kho khan
Trong vimg biln ven bo tay vjnh BIC Bp, nguIn rac thai biln co tir cac tau tliuyen hoat
dpng trong khu vuc, trong do nguIn til cac tau biln ra vao cac cang trong vimg co the dugc
xem la rac biln xuyen bien gioi Hien nay nguIn rac thai trong cac cang bien da dugc to
chirc thu gom bed cac cong ty moi trucmg tai cac dja phucmg co cang Tuy nhien ngoai
nguIn kl tren, khong thi khong quan tam din cac nguon chit thai rIn dugc van chuyen
qua cac dong chay biln co huong tir phia cira vinh qua bo biln phia Trung Quoc, doc theo
bo phia bic xuing bo tay vinh Nhung nguon rac thai nay cho din nay chua dugc quan tam
danh gia va quan ly
2.5 vim di chuyen cliff ch^t thai xuyen bien gi&i
Trong nhiing nam gan day, mpt so doanh nghiep da co y hoac vo tinh nhap khau trai
phep cac chat thai gay 6 nhiem moi truang tai cac khu vuc cang bien trong viing bien ven
bo tay vjnh Bac Bp Tai cang Hai Phong, so lugng ac quy chi phe diai lam thu tuc thong
quan tir nam 2003 den nam 2006 cua 50 doanh nghiep thupc dii cac thanh phan kinh te la
39.618 tin 2.278 container va 830.486 chile [4] Trong nam 2007, gin 7.000 tin "thep phi
lieu" dugc mpt so cong ty nhap khau qua cang da bi phat hien So "phe lieu" nay chu yeu
la chat thai dang vo Ion, hop, thimg kim loai da qua sir dung chira nuoc giai khat, thyc
pham dau mo thai, son, hoa chat, dung moi hiru ca; bp Ipc diu da qua sir dung; thulc diet
con trimg chua dugc xir ly; bo mach dien tir, nhua, cao su, nilon; tap chit bam dinh, gi,
set Cac 16 hang nay deu dugc ep thanh banh/khli, bi mIc, co miii hoi, miii diu va hoa
chat rat kho chju gay tac dpng moi truong [7,9]
2.6 Pha d& tau cu trong vimg biin ven b& tay vjnh B&c Bo
Hang nam, lugng tau cii, het han sir dung phai pha do ngay cang tang Theo ugc tinh
cua Tl chiic Hda binh Xanh, din nam 2010, co khoang 3.000 tau phai pha do moi nam
Qua trinh pha da tau cu gay ra nhimg tac dpng tieu cyc din moi truong, san sinh ra cac
hoa chat doc hai va chit thai nguy hai nhu: polichlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocacbon (PAH), tributyl tin (TBT), diu ma khoang, amiang, cac kim loai
nang (thuy ngan, chi, ding, kem, nhom, sit va cac chit nguy hai khac nhu: chit phong
xa, hgp chat nhom xyanua hiru co va can be chira nuoc din tau co chua nhieu vi khulo va
Trang 5Cong nghiep pha da tau cu co the mang Iai Igi nhuan cho mgt s6 doanh nghiep va cung
cap mgt phan nguyen lieu cho nganh cong nghiep thep, tuy nhien trong qud tririh pha da
tau se lam phat sinh rit nhieu chat thai nguy hai, anh huong nghiem trgng din moi truong
va siic khoe con nguoi Vi vay viec nhap khau tau cu chua dugc loai bo cac chit thai khac
ve pha da tai vimg bien Viet Nam noi chung va vimg biln ven bo tay vinh Bic Bp noi
rieng la trai voi Luat Bao ve moi truang 2005 va la ngu6n gay 6 nhilm xuyen bien gioi [2]
2.7 Sinh vgt ngogi iai xam hgi
Trong nhieu nguyen nhan gay ton that da dang sinh hoc,- cac loai sinh vat ngo^i Iai xam
hai dupe coi la mpt trong nhiing moi de doa nguy hilm nhit Sinh vat ngoai Iai xam hai
trong vung ven bo tay vinh Bac Bp chu yeu do nu6c thai la canh va bam tren vo tau
thuyen,- tir cac dong chay song lien qu6c gia va dong chay biln dua cac sinh vat tir vimg lan
can xam nhap vao khu vuc Cac tac dpng ma loai sinh vat nay gay ra rit phiic tap, gop
phan lam xuat hipn cac benh djch moi ho5c tai xuit hien cac benla dich cu anh huong din
siic khoe ciia con nguoi [10] Tuy nhien cho den nay cac nghien ciiu vl vin dl nay chua
dugc quan tam, do vay nhiing thong tin ve su sam hai cua sinh vat ngo^i Iai trong viing
bien ven bo tay vjnh Bac bp chua dugc cong bo
3 Mpt so giai phap kiem scat, ngan ngCi'a, giam thieu tac dpng xau ciia van de moi
truong xuyen bien gioi trong vung bien ven bof tay vinh BSc Bp
De kiem soat, ngan ngira tac dgng xau can thiet phai tien hanh cac giai phap chinh sau
day:
- Nang cao nh^n thuc ve tac hai cua cac van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi doi voi moi
truang sinh thai, sue khoe con nguai va kinh te xa hpi trong khu vuc
- Tang cuong hgp tac giira cac nuac trong khu virc va cac to chuc quoc te de timg buoc
giam thieu tac dgng bat loi cua cac van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi Ngoai ra ciing can
tham gia cac cong uoc quoc te va khu vuc de hgp tac ngan ngua, giam thieu tac dpng tieu
cue ciia cac van de xuyen bien gioi trong khu vuc va the gioi
Tang cuong the che, luat phap co lien quan nham ngan chan cac hien tugng moi
truang xuyen bien gioi, trong do tap trung vao cac bi^n phap ngan ngira cac hien tugng van
chuyen trai phep chat thai cac loai, du nhap cac lo?i sinh v$t ngoai Iai nguy hai qua con
duong hdng hai va cac hanh dgng co tinh hay vo y gay 6 nhiem mQi truong xuyen bien gioi
trong khu vuc
- Giai phap khoa hgc va ky thuat: Can phai tien hanh cac quan trac danh gia cac van de
6 nhiem xuyen bien gioi trong vung bien ven bo tay vinh tren co sa cac boat dpng ciia
Tram quan trie moi truong Qu6c gia trong khu vuc ven bien va khu vuc thuong nguon, nai
tiep nhan nuoc song a viing giap bien gioi voi cac nuoc Can bo sung them mpt so thong
so quan trie trong vimg bien ven bij, nhu tinh trang rac thai, vang dau trong khu vuc Xay
dung CO so dii lieu de quan ly van de moi trucmg xuyen bien gioi, lam co so danh gia tinh
trang va xu the bien dpng moi truang trong khu vuc Som tien hanh xay dung cac du an
nghien ciiu va danh gia tac dpng ciia van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi den moi truang,
Trang 6- Gai phap kilm soat v i n d l moi truang xuyen bien giai: Tang cuong cac biJn phap kilm soat dk ngan chan cac hanh vi gay hau qua moi trucmg do cac hien tugng o nhiem
xuyen bien gioi trong khu vuc
4 Ket luan
Viing biln ven b o tay vinh B i c Bg la mpt bp phan ciia vinh B i c Bp, co vj tri quan^trprig trong giao luu giua Viet Nam noi chung va vimg Bic Bp noi rieng voi cac cac quoc gia tron^ khu vuc va the gioi Do co dilu kien tu nhien thuan Igi cho phat trien cac nganh kinh
t l biln nhu giao thong van tai, danh bit thuy san, khai thac khoang san nen da xuat hipn cac vin d l moi truang xuyen bien gioi, bao g6m cac vin de ve 6 nhiem moi truang, v ^ chuyin chit thai nguy hai, tran diu, pha do tau cu gay 6 nhilm moi truang va sinh vat ngoai iai xam hai v.v
Do nhu ciu giao luu giira Viet Nam noi chung va cac tinh thanh pho ven bo tay vjnh Bic Bp noi rieng voi cac nuoc trong khu vuc va tren the giai ngay cang gia tang nen van
de moi truong xuyen bien gioi cung vl thi ngay cang tra nen phuc tap va miic dp nguy hai din moi truong, cac he sinh thai va siic khoe cong dong ngay cang manh mS hon Tuy nhien cho din nay cac vin d l moi truang xuyen bien gi6i trong viing biSn ven b6r tay vjnh Bic Bp noi rieng va Viet Nam noi chung it dugc quan tam nghien ciru va qu^n ly, cac tu lieu ve van de nay rat ban che
D I giam thilu va ngan ngira co hipu qua cac van de moi trucmg xuyen bien giofi cSn thilt phai tang cuong cac bien phap: tuyen truyen, giao due nang cao nh$n thiic cong dong Tirng buoc hoan thien cac van ban phap luat lien quan Tien hanh nghien cim nhin dang va xac dinli miic dp tac dpng ciia chiing den tai nguyen, moi truang viing bien
Moi truang xuyen bien gioi da va dang la mpt van d6 co tinh thoi sir, ngay cang ph6 bien va phiic tap, tac dgng nhieu mat den moi trucmg, cac he sinh thai, cac nganh kinh t l bien va site khoe nguai dan Vi vay, can co su quan tam dung mire d i n v i n d l nay trong qua trinh phat trien va hpi nhap kinh te ciia vung voi khu vuc va t h i giai
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Tran Thi Le Anh, 2008 Xay dung k l hoach hanh dpng v l rac thai biln a khu vuc cac bien Dong A Tap chi Bao ve moi truang, so 5
2 Cue Bao ve moi truong, 2006 Pha do tau cil anh huong d i n moi trucmg va khuon kh6 phap ly hien hanh Tap chi bao ve moi trucmg, so 5
3 Luu Van Dieu, 2002 Tran diu tren biln Tai nguyen va moi truang biln tap IX Nxb
K H & K T H a N p i ' -i- •
4 Nhtrng vi pham phap luat moi truang tir viec tam nhap, tai xuit i c quy c h i Tap chi bao
ve moi truang, so 3/2006
5 Nguyin Viet Pho, 2000 Nguy co axit hoa moi trucmg Tap chi Hoat ddng khoa hpc, s6
Trang 76 Trin Diic Thanh, 2008 Nguon goc dau tran a veri biln Viet Nam vao diu nam 2007
Tuyin tap cac bai bao khoa hpc, Hpi nghi khoa hpc cong nghp moi truong Truang Dai hpc
Hang Hai Hai Phong
7 Tang cuon^ ngSn chan tinh trang tra hinh nhap chat thai vao Viet Nam, Tap chi bao ve
m6i truong So 5/2006
_ 8 UNEP,CSC,GEF, 2004 Bao cao Qu6c gia 6 nhilm biln tir dit liln Viet Nam Ha Npi
9 Xu ph^t hanh chinh va buoc tai xuat 257 container thep phi lieu nguy hai Tap chi bao
vS moi truang So 1/2008
10.www.nea.gov vn/html/ngoai lai_xamhai/index-sinhvatngoailai.htm/22/5/2001
Ngu-di dgc nhgn xet: PGS.TS Trhn Ditc Thgnh