TAP CHi KHOA HOC CONG NGHE GIAO T H 6 N G VAN TAI, S 6 15 5/2015 43 CONG Vdc LAO DONG HANG HAI 2006, CO HOI NGHE NGHIEP TOT CHO SINH VIEN NGANH DI BIEN MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION 2006, GOOD CAREER OPP[.]
Trang 1CONG Vdc LAO DONG HANG HAI 2006, CO HOI NGHE
NGHIEP TOT CHO SINH VIEN NGANH DI BIEN MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION 2006, GOOD CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR SEAFARING STUDENTS
ThS Pham Ngoc Hd
Khoa Hdng Hdi, Trudng Bai hoc Giao thdng van tdi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh
Tdm tdt Cdng uac Lao ddng Hdng hdi 2006 dd cd hieu luc duac han mdt ndm doi vdi 30 qudc
gia thdnh vien ban ddu, vd cd hieu lire tgi Viet Nam dc ngdy 08/05/2014 Bdi viet ndy nham ddnh gid hi$u qud cua viec thuc hien Cong udc Lao ddng Hdng hdi 2006 ddi vdi diiu kien sdng vd ldm viec cua Thuyin viin Viet Nam vd ca hdi nghi nghiip tot ddi vdi sinh viin ngdnh di biin
Tir khda: Bdn tuyin ngdn nhdn quyin cua Thuyin vien bdn tru cdt, ca hoi nghi nghiep, cdng
udc MLC ngdy Thuyin viin, ngdnh di biin
Abstract: Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 entered into force more than one year for first 30
ratifying countries, and the Convention entered into force for Viet Nam on 08 May 2014 The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention
2006 for the living and working conditions of Vietnamese seafarers and good career opportunities for seafaring students
Keywords: Career opportunity, day of seafarer, four pillars Maritime Labour Convention,
seafaring, Seafarers' Bill of Rights
1 Gidi thieu Cfing udc Lao ddng
Hang hai 2006
Cdng udc Lao dgng Hang hai 2006
(Cdng udc MLC) dugc Td chirc Lao ddng
Qudc te (ILO) xay dung, thdng qua ngay
23/2/2006, da chinh thiic cd hieu lyc k i td
ngay 20/8/2013 ddi vdi 30 qudc gia thanh
vign ban dau
Cdng udc MLC dugc vi nhu "Ban tuyen
ngdn nhan quyen cua Thuyen vien", cimg vdi
ba cdng udc cda Td chirc Hang hai qudc te
(IMO), cdng udc SOLAS, cdng udc STCW,
va cdng udc MARPOL dugc md ta la bdn tru
cot cua dinh che hang hai qudc te vi muc tieu
an todn, hieu qua vd phat trien ben viing
Cdng udc MLC la cdng udc cd phara vi dp
dung rgng va cd co che rang budc thdng qua
k i i m tra nha nudc cdng bien (PSC)
Viec lam va quyen cua Thuyen vien
dugc Cdng udc quy dinh nhu sau:
Mgi Thuyen vien cd quyen dugc ldm
vice trong mdi trudng ddm bao an toan va an
ninh thoa mdn cac tigu chudn an toan
Mpi Thuyen vien cd quygn hudng cac
dieu khodn lao ddng cdng bang
Mpi Thuygn vien co quyen dugc
tren tau
Mgi Thuyen vien c6 quyin dugc bao
ve siic khoe, chara sdc y te, hudng phuc Igi
va cdc hinh thiic bao trg xa hgi khac
2 Tinh hinh trien khai cdng irdc Lao dpng Hang hai 2006 tren the gidi
Tinh dgn thang 2 nam 2015, da co 65 qudc gia chiem han 80% dung tich dgi tau thg gidi da phe chuan Cdng udc MLC Cdng udc MLC nhan dugc sy ddng thuan cao tu Lien doan Lao dpng Van tai The gidi (ITF) la
td chiic dai dien cho Thuyen vien, va Lien dodn Van tdi Bien The gidi (ISF) la Hiep hgi Chu tau Qudc te Trong khi do, Td chiic cac nudc tham gia thda thuan kiem tra nha nudc cang bien khu vuc Tdy Au - Bac Dai Tdy Duong (Paris-MOU) va Td chiic cac nudc tham gia thda thuan kiem tra nha nudc cang bien khu vuc chau A - Thai Binh Duong (Tokyo-MOU) ciing phe duyet cac nguyen tac dugc dua ra trong Cong udc MLC, nham tang cudng kiem tra va giam sat ciia cdc chinh quyen tai ben cang
Ngay 20/8/2014 la trdn mdt ndm Cdng udc MLC CO hieu lyc, da co 113 tau (17,4%)
bj cdc chinh quygn cang thanh vien Paris-MOU luu giii do CO cac khiim khuyit lign
Trang 21 Journal of transportation science and technology Vol 15, May 2015
quan den viec thyc hien Cdng udc MLC
Trong sd cdc qudc gia thanh vien
Tokyo-MOU, cac nudc sau day da tien hanh kigm
tra PSC lign quan d i n viec thyc thi Cdng udc
MLC: Australia, Canada, Lien bang Nga,
Marshall Islands, Malaysia, Nhat Ban,
Philipine, Singapore vd Viet Nam
Gdn 1,5 trieu Thuyen vien trgn thg gidi
dang van chuyen hon 90% lugng hdng hda
todn cdu Vugt qua nhiing thii thach vd nii ro,
sy ddng gdp fliam lang cua Thuyen vien dang
mang lai cudc sdng tdt dep cho cd hdnh tinh
Nhdn thiic dugc vai trd cua Thuygn vien,
nam 2010, trong cudc hpp tai Manila
-Philipine, IMO da ddng y chgn ngdy 25/6
hang nam la "Ngay Thuyen vign - Day of the
Seafarer" Hanh dgng nay nhdm vinh danh,
bieu duong, cdm thdng, tri dn vd danh tinh
cam tdt dep cho cdc thg he Thuygn vign tren
todn cdu
Tdng thu ky Lign hgp qudc Ban
Ki-moon da ndi trong Ngdy Thuygn vign 2014:
"Kinh te bien la budng mdy cua nen kinh
te the giai
Trdi qua nhieu ndm Lien Hap Quoc,
thdng qua To chuc Hdng hdi quoc te vd cdc
ca quan khac, da no luc de ldm cho di bien Id
mpt nghe an todn han vd van tdi bien Id mot
ngdnh cong nghiep xanh hem vd sach han
Nhan "Ngdy Thuyen vien ", tdi yeu cdu
moi ngudi d khdp mpi nai nhan ra su cdng
hien thdm lang cua Thuyen vien, nhimg
ngudi dang giic cho bdnh xe the gidi chuyen
dpng."
3 Tinh hinh trien khai cong udc
M L C 2006 d V i | t Nam
3.1 Cff quan cd th^m quyln
Gia nhdp va thuc hien Cdng udc MLC
2006 gdp phan quan trpng trong viec thuc
hien Chien lupc bien Viet Nam din ndm
2020 Cdng udc da nhan dugc sy quan tdm
ciia cac co quan cd tham quygn, cdc van ban
lign quan den trien khai cdng udc gdm:
Van ban phe chudn Cdng udc MLC
dugc trinh len ILO ngay 8/5/2013, cdng udc
chinh thiic cd higu luc vdi Viet Nam tir
8/5/2014
Quyit dinh s i 1221/QD-TTg ngdy
25/7/2013 phe duyet Ke hoach thyc hien Cdng udc MLC
Quyit dinh s6 2382/QD-BGTyT ngdy 12/8/2013 ^he duyet K i hoach triin khai Quyit dinh sd 1221/QD-TTg Thdng tu sd 45/2013/TT-BGTVT ngdy 19/11/2013 quy dinh thu tyc cap, phg duyet, thu hdi Ban cdng bd phu hgp Lao ddng hang hdi vd Giay chung nhan Lao ddng hang hdi
- Ngdy 26/11/2014, Qudc hdi dd thdng qua Ludt sua ddi bd sung mgt so digu ve Luat thue Theo sira ddi, Thuygn vign Viet Nam lam viec tren tau nudc ngoai hoac tau Viet Nam van tai qudc te dugc mign thue thu nhdp
tu luong, tign cdng
Nghi dinh sd 121/2014/ND-CP ngay 24/12/2014 quy dinh chi tiit mdt sd diiu cua Cdng udc Lao dgng hang hai nam 2006 va chg dp lao ddng cua Thuygn vign lam vigc trgn tau bign
Qua dd cd thg khang dinh, cac co quan
cd tham quyen da tich cyc trien khai higu qud
va thyc hien day du cdc quy dinh ciia Cdng udc MLC t^i Viet Nam Tir dd tao diiu kien thuan Igi cho hoat ddng cua dpi tdu biin; cac
CO sd cung ling, tuyin dyng Thuyin vign Dac biet la bao dam cac quygn, Igi ich hgp phap, chinh dang; tao mdi trudng sdng vd lam viec an toan, an ninh, tiin bg cho Thuyin vign Viet Nam
3.2 Cac cdng ty van tai b i l n , cff sd cung u n g
Mac du kinh doanh van tdi biin con nhigu khd khan nhung cac chu tau da nhdn thiic dugc tdm quan trpng, y nghia cua vi$c thuc hi?n cong udc MLC 2006 d i i vdi sy phat trign ben viing ciia minh Rdt nhiiu c6 gang trong vigc triin khai da dupc thyc hien nhu; bd sung cdc quy trinh, biiu mdu, b i sung cac dieu khoan theo ygu cau cdng udc vao hgp ddng lao ddng, lap lai thang bang luong rd rang hon, chi tra luong diing ban, tien hanh sira chiia cac hang myc lign qua
den diiu kien mi d sinh boat cua Thuyin
vien, trang bi bd sung cdc thiit bi phuc vy sinh boat, giai tri cho Thuyin vien Cac cac co sd cung img, tuyin dyng
Trang 3sang loc va danh gia cdp Giay chiing nhan
D i n nay, theo Cue Dang k i i m Viet Nam,
gdn 400 tau bidn Viet Nam thudc ddi tugng
dp dyng da dugc danh gia va cdp Giiy chiing
nhan Lao ddng hang hdi, chua cd tdu Vigt
Nam ndo bi PSC luu giii do khiim khuyit v i
lao dgng hang hai Dieu nay t h i hien sy tuan
thu day du cac quy dinh cua Cdng udc MLC
3.3 Thuyen viSn
Tac gia bai viet da tien hanh khdo sat
Thuyen vign Viet Nam dang lam viec tren
cac tau bien (qudc tich Viet Nam vd nudc
ngoai) hoat dgng tuyin qudc t i vao thang 12
nam 2014, kgt qua nhu sau
- Lan 1: Tien hanh khao sat 139 Thuyin
vign trudc ngdy cdng udc MLC 2006 cd hieu
lyc: Kgt qua khao sdt vdi can hdi d^t ra Id:
Cdng udc MLC 2006 se mang lai dieu kien
song va ldm viec tot han cho Thuyin viin hay
khdng?
Cd 84 ngudi tra ldi cd, 40 ngudi trd ldi
khdng, 7 ngudi trd ldi cd thi cd va 8 ngudi
chua bigt v i cdng udc MLC 2006
•C6: 84
•Khdng: 40
•C6th§: 7
•Kbdng btgt S
Hinh 1 Kit qud khdo sdt tnrdc khi Cong udc MLC co
hieu luc
- Ldn 2: Tien hdnh khao sat 144 Thuyen
vign sau khi cdng udc MLC 2006 cd hieu lyc
dugc mgt nam: Ket qua khao sat vdi cdu hdi
dat ra la: Cong u&c MLC 2006 cd mang lai
dieu kien sdng vd ldm viec tot han cho
Thuyen vien hay khong?
Cd 122 ngudi tra ldi cd, 12 ngudi tra Idi
khdng, 8 ngudi trd ldi lpi ich mang lai chua
• C d : 122
• Khdng: 12
•Chira r6 rdng: 8
•Khdng b l ^ 2
Hlnh 2 Kit qud khdo sdt mot nam sau khi Cong udc
MLC CO hiiu luc
Mpt sd thay ddi cy thi dugc Thuyen vien ghi nhdn sau mdt nam thyc hien cdng udc:
Hpp dong lao dpng cua Thuyen vien
Hpp ddng cd nhiing digm bd sung sau: + Viec hdi huong: Chii tdu cd trach nhiem bd tri vd thanh toan cac khoan chi phi lign quan den vice hdi huong cua Thuygn vign Chli tau cd trach nhiem bdo dam tai chinh de chi tra cho viec hdi huong, hien nay cac hdi bdo h i i m tuang hd P&l dd md rdng ph^im vi bdo higm cho cac chi phi hdi huong cho Thuygn vign Trudng hgp chu tau khdng thyc hien hoac khdng tra cac chi phi hdi huong cho Thuyen vien, co quan cd thdm quyen cua qudc gia se thu xgp cho Thuyin vien hdi huong vd yeu cdu chu tau hoan trd cac chi phi dd
Quy dinh mdi nay giup tranh viec chii tdu khi gap khd khan ve tai chinh dd bd tau
va Thuyen vien d nudc ngodi nhu da timg xdy ra
+ Bdo higra tai nan: Thuyen vien dugc mua bdo hiem tai nan khi lam viec tren tdu + Tien thanh toan nghi hang nam: Vdi mdi thang ldm viec tren bign, Thuygn vien dugc nghi tdi thieu 2,5 ngdy d nha cd hudng luong
Dich vu tuyen dung vd cung icng ttr nhdn
Cac CO sd cung icng Thuyen vign ciing phdi dugc ddnh gid va cap Gidy chimg nh^n theo cdng udc MLC 2006
Trang 4Journal of transportation science and technology Vol 15, May 2015
Gidi han sd gid lam viec / nghi ngai nhu
sau:
So gid lam viec tdi da khdng dugc qua:
(1)14 gid trong khoang thdi gian 24 gid
bdt ky; va
(2)72 gid trong khoang thdi gian bay
ngdy bat ky; hoac
Sd gid nghi ngoi tdi thigu khdng dugc it
ban:
(1)10 gid trong khodng thai gian 24 gid
bat ky; va
(2) 77 gid trong khoang thdi gian bay
ngay bat ky
Khu vuc sinh hoat
Cac tdu dugc ddng vdo hoac sau ngay
Cdng udc cd hieu lyc ddi vdi Qudc gia treo
cd se phdi ddm bao cac ygu cdu v i k i t cdu vd
trang thigt bi, kich thudc budng d, he thdng
sudi yd thdng gid, dp dn, chdn dpng va cac
yeu td mdi trudng khac, cdc phuang tien ve
sinh, chieu sdng va khu vyc y te Cdc tdu
ddng trudc ngay cdng udc c6 hieu lyc da
dugc siia chiia, thay thi cdc trang thiit bi nhu
ban dau
Phuong tien gidi tri tren tdu
Tau dugc trang bi bd sung tu sach, tap
chi, bang dia, dung cu tap thi thao, djnh ky
dugc gui bdo giay vd bao dien tir Thuyin
vien lam viec cho cac hdng tau nudc ngodi da
dugc gui thu dien tir, kit ndi mang xa hgi
Thuc phdm vd chi bien
Chu tau cung cdp mien phi thyc phdm va
nudc udng bdo dam v i sd lugng, gid tri dinh
dudng, chdt lugng, da dang v i chiing loai va
bdo dam ve sinh an toan thyc phdm, phu hgp
ve ton gido, tin ngudng va vdn hoa cho
Thuygn vien
Thyc don dugc tinh toan dam bao lupng
calo, protein., cdn thiit cho lam viec
Sice khoe, an todn vd phdng ngica tai
nan
Chli tau ddy manh cac chinh sach v i
phong ngu'a tai nan, benh tdt va thuong tich
nghe ^ nghiep cho Thuyin vien trgn tdu
Thuyen vign dupc trang bi ddy dii trang thiit
bi bao hg khi lam viec
Thuygn vien lam viec tren tdu dugc hudng cac bien phap chdm sdc y t i vd bdo vg siic khde nghg nghiep tuong duong d i n miic cd the dugc nhu cac lao dpng lam viec tren bd
Cdc quy trinh khieu nai tren tdu
Thuyen vien dugc phd biin va cd quyin khieu nai khi cd vi pham lien quan d i n quyin Igi
Tien luong
Chu tau cd trach nhiem lap vd cung cdp cho Thuygn vign ban kg thu nhap hang thang bao gdm tien luong, phy cdp vd cac khoan thu nhap khac Thuyen vien dugc thanh toan tien luong nghi hdng ndm
Qua do cd thg thdy rang mac dii trong tinh hinh nganh hang hdi van cdn nhiiu kho khan, va trudc khi cd higu lyc cdn cd nhung ban khodn nghi ngd ve hieu qua cua cdng udc thi sau mpt nam dp dyng, lpi ich cita cdng udc mang lai la khd ro rang Viec dp dyng cong udc MLC da giiip cai thien dang
ke dieu kign sdng va lam viec ciia Thuyen vien Tuy nhien dii dugc vi nhu "Bdn tuygn ngdn nhan quyen cua Thuyin vign" ca biet van cd nhiing Thuygn vien chua biit v i cdng udc MLC 2006 vd cd d i n han 90% Thuygn vien dugc hdi chua dpe Cdng udc
4 Cff h0i nghe nghigp tif ddi vdi cac sinh vien ngdnh di b i l n
T h i gidi ngay cang nhan ra su ddng gdp quan trpng va thdm lang ciia Thuyin vign ddi vdi nhan loai va se thyc thi cdng udc MLC mdt each thuc chdt, hieu qua ban niia Chu
dg cua ngay Thuyin vign ndm 2015 dugc IMO chgn la "Dao tao hang hai" IMO mudn mpi ngudi luu tdm d i n nghi di biin Trong khi mpi ngudi Idm viec trong cdc van phdng, nha may , vdn phdng cua ngudi di biin cd the la nhUng con tau hien dai hdng tram nghin tdn hanh trinh d i n cac dai duong, din cac vimg ddt khac nhau tren thi gidi Digu kien Iam viec, luong va cac chi dp
xa hpi cua Thuyin vign dang tdt len, Thuyin vien da dugc miln thui thu nhap ca nhdn Viec la thanh vidn cdng udc MLC gdp phan nang cao uy tin qudc gia, uy tin dpi tdu bien Viet Nam vd la co sd bdo dam quyen, nghTa vu cua Thuyin vien Viet Nam
Trang 5Cdng udc MLC nham tao ra tieu chudn
tdi thiiu chun^ v i diiu kien lam viec, sinh
hoat cho thuyen vien tren t h i gidi khdng
phan biet qudc tich Khi cac chii tau Viet
Nam da tuan thu cong udc va tao diiu kien
sdng, lam viec, c h i dp dai ngd tdt hon cho
thuyin vien la ciing da dap iing nhu cdu tdi
thiiu chung cho thuyen vien khdng phdn biet
qudc tich Ngu Thuyen vien Viet Nam khdng
dap ling dugc cac yeu cau v i chuygn mdn,
ngoai ngu, tdc phong cdng viec, cac chii tau
Viet Nam hoan todn cd khd nang thue
Thuyin vign nudc ngodi thay t h i Thuyin
vi6n Viet Nam
Kien nghf
Dg san sang ndm bdt c a hpi ldm chii va
van hanh nhiing con tau ngay cang hien dai
cd dieu kien sdng, lam viec vd chg dp dai ngd
tdt, sinh vien nganh di bien phai khdng
ngung phan dau nang cao ndng luc chuygn
mdn, ngoai ngii va ren luyen tac phong cdng
viec
Cdc CO sd dao tao nhan lyc Hang hai can
quan tdm, cap nhat day dii cdng udc MLC
vao chuang trinh ddo tao, dg sinh vign va
thuyen vign higu rd vd y thirc dugc quyin lpi
va nghTa vu cua minh theo cdng udc
Cdc cdng ty van tai bien cdn danh gid diing lpi ich va tinh cdp thiit cua cdng udc MLC, quan tam, cham lo quyin Igi chinh dang cua Thuyin vien, tao sy gan bd mat thiit giiia Thuyin vien voi con tau, vdi cdng
ty
Cac CO quan quan \f nha nudc xem xet
x i p thuygn vign la lao ddng dac thii cd nhiing
uu dai ve miic luong tdi thieu va tao ca sd phap ly thdnh lap Hiep hdi Cdng dodn Thuy thu Viet Nam dg bao ve quyen lpi chfnh dang
cho thuygn vign Viet Nam Co quan cd thdm
quygn tang cudng cdng tdc kiem tra danh gid tau d i viec triin khai ap dyng cdng udc MLC thyc chdt ban •
Tai lieu t h a m Ithao [1] Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 [2] http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/mari time-labour-convention/lang—
en/index.htm [3] http://www.imo.org/About/Events/Pages /Home.aspx
[4] http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/Index.aspx [5] http://www.vr.org.vn
Ngdy chap nhdn dang: 28/4/2015
Phdn bifn: ThS Co Tin Anh Vu