Viec suu tam gidi thieu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda den nay da phan nao cho chiing ta thay dugc dien mao van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda phong phii vd todt ien nhiifng vd dep dan gian g
Trang 1Mpt goc nhln
ve van hoc dan gian
Thanh Hoa
TRAN SINH
Van hgc dan gian Thanh
Hda la mdt bd phan ciJa van
hgc dan gian Viet Nam, la
thanh qua cua van hgc dan
gian cac dan tgc sinh sdng tren
dja bin Thanh Hda (Viet,
iviudng, Thdi Thd, Dao, Kha
mii ) Trong trudng ky Ijch suf,
cac dan tdc tren dat Thanh da
lien tuc sang tac vd hoan thien
tac pham van hgc dan gian cua
minh, chung diic thanh nhufng
ndt rieng Thanh Hda Viec suu
tam gidi thieu van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda den nay da
phan nao cho chiing ta thay
dugc dien mao van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda phong phii vd
todt ien nhiifng vd dep dan gian
gdp phan vdo kho tdng van hgc
dan gian cd nudc
Ciing nhu ca nudc,
viec td chiic suu tim van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda mdt cich toan dien va khoa hgc dugc tiln hanh tuong ddi mudn Trudc cich mang, viee suu tim gidi thieu van hgc dan gian chu ye'u dugc tie'n hinh hinh trong
nd lyc cua mdt sd ngudi yeu thfeh van hgc dan gian Tir sau
1945, nhat la til nam 1960 trd
di, viec suu tam gidi thieu va nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian mdi dugc td chiic mdt each khoa hgc dudi anh sang dudng ldi van nghe cua Dang
Quan niem vl van hgc dan gian ciing anh hudng tryc tilp tdi kit qua suu tim, gidi thieu
va nghien cihi van hgc dan gian
Thdi phong kien, tac pham van hgc dan gian dugc van dyng trong viec bien soan cac
sich Viet dien u linh, LTnh nam chich qudi, Dgi Viet sff
ky todn thu Quan niem van
sir bit phan da khien cac nha nho coi truyen ke dan gian la
da sir, dan sit
Cac nha suu tim, gidi thieu, nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian can hien dai (trudc 1945)
lai chi chii trgng ngdn til, coi
van hgc dan gian la van hgc ngdn tir chiia dung tu tudng, tinh cam, dao diic cua ngudi binh dan Viet Nam, chii ylu la van hgc dan gian dan tgc Viet Nam Hg chua chii y nhieu din mdi trudng diln xudng va cai ndi sinh thanh, tdn tai ciia van hgc dan gian nhung ding quy la da giii lai dugc mdt sd van ban ngdn til van hgc giiip cho viec nghien ciiu ngay nay Sau 1945, viec sang tac ca dao, hd ve phye vy each mang, phye vy khang chien trd nen rim rd Khii niem van nghe quan chiing, van nghe dan gian trd nen phd biln Cac can
bd suu tam, gidi tiiieu van hgc dan gian da chii y tdi phin diln xudng, ngoai viec ghi day dil phin ldi cdn khao ta cic chi til^t cd Uen quan den tac pham dan gian, coi van hgc dan gian la tic phim nghe thuat gin vdi tCmg cdng ddng dan cu va tdc ngudi cy the; tit
dd din den viec khoanh viing, xic dinh mien trong cdng viec suu tam, gidi thieu van hgc dan gian Van hgc dan gian cac dan tdc it ngudi dugc dac biet chii y Khai niem van hda dan gian (bao gdm ca van hgc dan gian) da ndi rdng pham vi
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Trang 2TLf LIEU TRONG NLfdC cdng viec cua cac nhi suu tim, gidi thieu vd'n
van hgc cd truyin cita dan tdc
Tinh hinh suti tam va gidi thieu vdn hpc
dan gian Thanh Hoa
Van hgc dan gian vdn luu truyin tren cira
mieng Viec cd dinh cac tac phim van hgc dan
gian bing van ban chii viei tuy nim ngoai
phuang thtic sang tic dan gian song lai rat cin
thiet, nhat la tit khi van hgc viet ra ddi va phat
trien
Van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda cd mat rat sdm
trong cac sich chii Han chii Ndm Sich Viet
dien u linh va Llnh nam chich qudi ed truyen
Dua hdu Do thdng khudng qudc td thdnh
vuang, Minh chu linh itng chieu cdm bdo huu
dgi vuang ke chuyen cac nhan vat Thanh Hda
li Mai An Tiem (Nga Son), Le Phyng Hieu
(Hoang Hda) va thin Ddng Co (Dan Ne, Yen
Dinh)
Viec suu tam ghi chep van hgc dan gian
Thanh Hda sdm nhat cd the ke de'n la Thanh
Hda danh thdng luc, Thanh Hda ky thdng va
Thanh Hda quan phong vao dau TK XX
Thanh Hda danh thdng luc (khuyit danh)
chep lich sir, dia ly tinh Thanh Hda; sy tfch va
tmyin thuyit vl 32 canh dep cita tinh nay: cita
Thin Phil, mil Bfch Lam, ddng Tir Thtic
Thanh Hoa ky thdng (Vuong Duy Trinh)
chep danh lam thing canh va cd tfch cita Thanh
Hda; phong canh, di tfch cac truyin thuyit vi
thi van dl vinh cita cac danh si
Thanh Hda quan phong (Vuong Duy
Trinh) ghi chep eic bai dan ca phan inh phong
tuc tap quin ciia nhan dan Thanh Hda: mimg
dam cudi, mutng nam mdi, mimg dugc mua, ndi
vl cdng viec nha ndng, thdi tiet, vg chdng
khuyen nhau lam dilu tdt, hat giao duyen
Cd the ke den mdt tie pham niia, dd la sich
Thanh Hoa chu thdn luc cua triiu dinh Hue,
bien soan nam Thanh Thai 15 (1903) Sach ghi
chep hon 700 vi than nam va gin 200 vi than
nii, trong dd cd nhilu vi thin dugc chep sy tfch
gidng nhu cae truyen kl dan gian
Nhiing cdng trinh tren xuat hien nham myc
dfeh khae chii khdng nim trong muc dich suu
tim van hgc dan gian Tuy vay, dd ciing la nhiing tii lieu quy de giiip cho viec kiem dinh lai eic tic phim van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc tie'n hanh rim rd, ed quy md tir sau 1945, nhai li tir 1960 den nay
Viec smi tam rieng vl van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda thyc su tiln hinh tit sau nam 1960 Cho de'n nay, ddi ngu suu tim van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda da cd nhieu ngudi thanh cdng,
nhilu ten tudi dugc liet vao tdc gid folkhore Viet Nam la hdi vien hdi van nghe dan gian
Viet Nam Ddi ngii nay, mdt each rat ty nhien,
da chia thanh hai nhdm: nhdm chuyen sau miln niii va nhdm chuyen sau miln xudi Hg da cd
sy cdng tac vdi nhau tren nhieu phuong dien va
da lien kit vdi nhau thinh cac nhdm tu nhien trong cdng viec suu tam va gidi thieu vd'n van hda, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda, tao ra sy hda ddng sinh ddng trong hoat ddng nay sudt thdi gian dii
Trong he thd'ng eic sich gidi thieu van nghe
dan gian Thanh Hda, md diu la cudn Ca dao suu tdm d Thanh Hda (1963) vi sau dd li cudn Ddn ca Thanh Hda (1965) cita nhdm Lam
Son Md dau cho viec suu tim gidi thieu van hgc dan gian miln niii Thanh Hda la cudn
Truyen tha Mudng cita Minh Hieu va Hoanh
Anh Nhan (1966) Cac sich tren dlu do Nha xuat ban Van hgc an hanh va dugc danh gia cao
vl chit lugng suu tim, gidi thieu
Mdt loai sich suu tim gidi thieu mdi xuit hien, dd la eie sich dia chf (timg ling, tumg xa, timg huyen, timg ban mudng ) cd khi liy ten
ggi li Vdn hoa ddn gian truyen thdng hay Vdn hda truyen thdng Dia chf la loai sach suu tim
tdng hgp, gidi thieu mdt dia ban cu the (lang, xa ) vl tit ea cae phuang dien nhu lich sii phat trien, tam thtic chung cita cdng ddng bgc
Id trong phong tyc, tfn ngudng, tdn giao cho de'n ldi an, tilng ndi, san vat, nganh nghi, van hgc nghe thuat (trong dd cd van hgc dan gian) duge mieu ta, trinh bay trong mdi trudng van hda a'y Dilu dd ciing da giiip cho viec tim hieu, nghien ciiu cac tic phim van hgc dan gian dugc day dii va chfnh xae hon
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Trang 3T H O M C T i i i VAN HOA N n H F J H ' 'AT
Viec suu tim, gidi thieu van hgc dan gian,
van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda duge coi nhu can
bin hoin thinh giai doan diu Vdn van nghe
dan gian Thanh Hda dugc ghi chep, gidi thieu
thanh sach khi diy dii va dugc cd dinh hda
trong cac sach gidi thieu suu tim, l i rit ding
quy Tren co sd dd, cic nhi nghien ciiu van hgc
dan gian, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda dang
lam cdng viec kilm dinh lai cii da dugc suu
tim, gidi thieu, ehinh ly bien soan thinh nhimg
cdng trinh mang tfnh chit tdng hgp vdi cic ten
ggi tuyin chgn , hgp tuyin , kho tang chic
chin se dang cdn l i cdng viec lam tiep trong
giai doan suu tim tu lieu hien nay
Nhin chung, dien mao van hgc dan gian
(van nghe dan gian) Thanh Hda khi hoan
chinh, nhu la biic tranh thu nhd cua van hgc dan
gian ca nudc Mdt dilm khi dac biet la d mgt
sd thi loai, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc
danh gia eao, dugc xe'p d vi tri hing diu vi
cting ed thi loai duge coi l i doe nhit vd nhi
Sau day, chung ta diem din vd'n van hgc dan
gian m i Thanh Hda cd dugc:
Thin thoai: ndi bat nhit l i thin thoai vl cic
dng Khdng Ld
Truyin thuyit: dang chii y la truyin thuyit
chd'ng xam lang nhu truyen thuyit Ba Trieu,
truyen thuyit Le Hoin, truyin thuyet Cin
Vuong , song hoin chinh vi tieu bilu hon ci
l i truyin thuyei Le Lgi va Ididi nghia Lam Son
cd tfch: rit phong phii, d miln mii, loai
truyen ed tfch loai vat rit phit trien; d miln
xudi li loai cd tfch sinh hoat, cd tfch phong tyc
gin vdi mdi miln que
Truyen cudi: d miln niii ndi len truyen
Quay, cdn miln xudi lai ndi len truyen Trang
Quynh
Sir thi: Thanh Hda cdn giii dugc trgn ven sir
thi De ddt de nudc Dan toe Mudng edn ed mo
ma (mo len trdi), ngudi Thii cd Toi dm ooc ndm
din
Truyen tho: eic truyen tho ngudi Thii nhu U
Them Xi Thudn, Khdm Panli; cac truyen tho
ngudi Mudng nhu Hiiy Nga Hai Mdi, Ndng Cim
vd chdng Bong Huang, Ut Lot Ho Lieu
Ve: the loai truyen Ve d Thanh Hda xuit hien kha sdm: ve dng Ninh, ve cai Mao, ve Cin Vuong,
Tyc ngii ca dao: tyc ngii ca dao Thanh Hda hda chung vio kho ting tyc ngu ca dao chung ciia dan tdc Tuy nhien, ta cung cd the phan biet dugc sic thai Thanh Hda trong cic cau tyc ngQ
ca dao cd lien quan tdi Thanh Hda, dac biet loai phuang ngdn Thanh Hda chiem mdt ty le ldn,
la nhiing cau ndi vl: dia danh, con ngudi, san vat, canh trf thien nhien, phong tyc tap quan, thd am thd ngir
cau do: rat phong phii, phin ldn gin vdi canh vat thien nhien va cugc sd'ng Thanh Hda Ben canh dd, loai trd choi cd ldi eho tre em cung rit ddc dao Phan ldi (van ban ngdn til) ciing lim giiu them vdn van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda
Dan ca: dat dan ca trong diln xudng dan gian tiic l i chii y phin van hgc (ngdn tit), cac loai dan ca tieu bieu d Thanh Hda ed thi dilm din li:
Hd sdng Ma: gin vdi con dd sdng Ma Phin ldi (van hgc) trong cac td khiic rat sinh dgng, phan inh lao ddng sdng nudc trong cac chang cita eon dd: mdi khach, rdi ben, hd dd xudi, hd dudng trudng, hd mic can, hd vugt thic, hd cap ben
Hit gheo: gin vdi lao ddng ndng nghiep (ciy, ciy, gat hii ) hay lao ddng sinh hoat (hii ciii, keo sgi vai ) Hat gheo cd nhilu the thiic, nhilu lan dieu, mang sic thai dia phuong vdi cic loai nhu diim, trdng quan lien van, vf gheo Xudng, rang ciia ngudi Mudng
Khap cita ngudi Thii
Hat di nuong, loai hit trong lao ddng, cua ngudi Dao
Trd dien dan gian
Cheo chai: thd thanh Bung va Quan gia dd bac dgc hai bd sdng Ma
Hit miia Vien Khe: thd Cao Hoang d nghe Sim (Ddng Son)
Trd bdn: thd thanh He (Ddng Son)
Trd xuan phi: thd Ddng Hii long vuong (Thg Xuan)
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Cheo thd, boi thd: thd thanh Ludng (Ndng
Cd'ng)
Trd triing: thd Trinh Qud'c Bao va Ddng
Phuang hie quang (Yen Dinh)
Pdn poong cua ngudi Mudng (Bi Thudc,
Nggc Lac, )
Kin chieng booc ciia ngudi Thai
Sdn khdu ddn gian: nhilu ginh cheo, ganh
bdi (ggi la phudng cheo, phudng bdi) d Thanh
Hda ed ten tudi mang ten dia phuang nhu Phii
Khe, Quy Chu, Ngoii ra edn cd rdi nude d
ling Si (Yen Dinh)
Vd'n van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda suu tim
dugc phin ldn da xuat ban, dd la cdng siic vi
tam huyet ciia cac nhi hoat ddng suu tim trong
vi ngoai tinh Cd nhilu cdng trinh dugc gidi
nghien cim hit site chii y, vi da giir duge nhung
vien nggc quy ching nhiing d tinh Thanh m i
cdn li cita toan qud'c, cd tim ed qudc te nhu sir
thi De ddt de nudc, tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho
viec tie'n hanh nghien ciru van hgc dan gian
Thanh Hda tren nhieu phuong dien
Tinh hinh nghien cihi van hoc dan gian
Thanh Hoa
Cd the ndi, nhung chuyen dl rieng, nhimg
cdng trinh chuyen khio nghien ciiu van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda dang cdn Idiiem td'n Nhung
nhimg edng trinh nghien ciiu vl van hda dan
gian Thanh Hda trong dd phin van hgc dugc
xem nhu la mdt thinh td eiia cdng trinh nghien
ciiu khi phong phii
Khi suu tam gidi thieu vd'n van nghe dan
gian, cic nhi suu tim da tiln hanh nghien ciru
de ehinh ly tic pham dan gian nhim gidi thieu
thanh sich
Cung cin ghi nhan, ttr trudc tdi nay, viec
nghien ciiu van nghe dan gian, van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda dugc tap trung d cac hgi thao
khoa hgc tir dia phuang den trung uong Cd thi
dilm de'n cac cugc hdi thio da tien hanh, trong
dd van hgc dan gian ddng gdp mdt phan ndi
dung quan trgng: hdi thao Ba Trieu, hdi thao Le
Lgi v i khdi nghia Lam Son, vl miia dan gian,
vl trd choi tre em, vl ll hdi dan gian truyin
thd'ng, vl Hd Quy Ly, vl Dio Duy Tii, vl khdi nghia Ba Dinh, ve Le Thinh Tdng, ve van nghe dan gian miln Trung, vl van hda truyin thd'ng eic tinh Bie Trung Bd,
Ding chii y l i cic hdi thao tap trung vao mdt sd hien tugng van hgc dan gian d Thanh
Hda nhu: vl sit thi De ddt de nudc (1977), vl
Le Lgi va khdi nghia Lam Son trong dd ndi bat len truyin thuyit Le Lgi (1982) Hdi thao vl sur
thi De ddt de nudc da budc diu tie'p can vdi tic
pham dd so niy tir nhilu phfa, dd l i hinh tugng cdng ddng bd tdc diing diu la Lang Cun Cin vdi nhiing bilu tugng thin thoai ky vi, huy hoing dugc cic nhi nghien ciiu dac biet chii y Hdi thao vl truyen thuyit Le Lgi da lam ndi bat len hinh tucmg Le Lgi trong folklore Trong dip nghien ciiu Le Lgi, cic nha nghien ciiu ciing d l cap de'n nhdm truyin thuyit Nguyin Trai tren dit Thanh
Cac cdng trinh nghien cUu vl van hda, van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda mang tfnh
tdng hgp cd the ke den nhu Khdo sdt vdn hda
lang xff Thanh ciia Hoing Anh Nhan, Le Huy
Tram, mdt cdng trinh nghien cUu tdng hgp, dat tfnh quy md ciia cdng trinh khoa hgc Cdng trinh da the hien mdt cii nhin khi toin dien tren cic hien tucmg van hda, van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda v i da khii quit vl van hda ling, van hda dan gian xii Thanh, lai gin bd timg ehi tilt, rat miu thit vdi vdn van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda
Nhin lai khii quit tinh hinh suu tim gidi thieu v i nghien eiru vl van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda, chiing ta nhan thay dien mao van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda kha dd so vl sd lugng, phong phti vl the loai, da dang vl phong cich
the hien, mang dam sic thai van hda x\i Thanh
Vdi tru lugng dd, viec suu tim gidi thieu vi nghien citu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda se md
ra nhilu van dl cdn tiep tuc phai nghien ciru va hua hen nhieu cdng trinh xuat sic cho dia phuang vi ca nudc vl van hgc, van nghe dan
gian Thanh Hda m
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