335 Chapter 13 • Cabling System Design and Installation.. 357 Chapter 14 • Cable Connector Installation.. 497 Chapter 19 • Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission.. 537 Chapter 22 • Opt
Trang 3The Complete Guide to
Copper and Fiber-Optic
Networking
Fourth Edition
Trang 5The Complete Guide to
Copper and Fiber-Optic
Networking
Fourth Edition
Andrew Oliviero
Bill Woodward
Trang 6Production Editor: Elizabeth Campbell
Copy Editor: Liz Welch
Production Manager: Tim Tate
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley
Vice President and Publisher: Neil Edde
Book Designers: Maureen Forys and Judy Fung
Compositor: Craig W Johnson, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Proofreader: Josh Chase, WordOne
Indexer: Nancy Guenther
Cover Designer and Illustrator: Richard Miller, Calyx Design
Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-0-470-47707-6
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trang 7Dear Reader
Thank you for choosing Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking, Fourth
Edition This book is part of a family of premium quality Sybex books, all written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching
Sybex was founded in 1976 More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to producing sistently exceptional books With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new standard for the industry From the paper we print on, to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the best books available
con-I hope you see all that reflected in these pages con-I’d be very interested to hear your comments and get your feedback on how we’re doing Feel free to let me know what you think about this
or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at nedde@wiley.com Or, if you think you’ve found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com Customer feed-back is critical to our efforts at Sybex
Best regards,
Neil Edde Vice President and Publisher Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley
Trang 8brother Dominick Thank you for all of your support, encouragement and great memories throughout the years Although we are miles apart, you are with me every step of the way
—AO
To Marc K Boustany, Biswa Bhattacharyya, Matthew M Tignor, and Nasrollah Fatehi for making this project possible!
—BW
Trang 9First, I would like to thank David Barnett, David Groth, and Jim McBee, the authors of the last
edition of Cabling—The Complete Guide to Network Wiring They provided a strong foundation
for this new edition Thank you to the staff at John Wiley & Sons and Sybex for the opportunity
to work on this book Specifically, I would like to thank Agatha Kim, Pete Gaughan, Stef Jones, and Elizabeth Campbell for their support and patience I thank our technical editor, Paul Neveux
of Superior Essex, for doing an excellent job on the editing process and making this book well anced Thanks to Bill Woodward for helpful discussions before embarking on this work Applause goes to Herb Congdon of Tyco-AMP, and chair of TIA’s TR-42 committee, in managing the suc-cessful revision leading to the ANSI/TIA-568-C series standard I think anyone involved with the revision of this standard would agree I also thank John Kamino and Andy Ingles of OFS for providing some of the figures used in Part 1 I would like to thank my employer OFS for their support and encouragement on this project; specifically, my manager Pete Roberts And finally, thanks to all of my friends for their unfailing loyalty and interest in this project
bal-—Andrew Oliviero
Writing a book is a team effort that takes a dedicated group of professionals I am very fortunate
to have been able to work with this team of talented and dedicated individuals
First, I would like to especially thank Sybex for giving me the opportunity to write this book Special thanks to Acquisitions Editor Agatha Kim, Production Editor Elizabeth Campbell, Developmental Editor Stef Jones, Editorial Manager Pete Gaughan, and Connor O’Brien and Jenni Housh of the Editorial department for the outstanding job you did guiding me through this project from start to finish
Thanks to Chuck Schue, Randy Hall, Jim Moore, and Pat McGillvray at UrsaNav, Inc for all your support with this project
Thanks, Charlie Husson, for the outstanding job with the technical edits You are an tional engineer, great mentor, and friend I have learned so much from you over the years and look forward to working with you on future projects
excep-Many companies also provided technical information, equipment, and photographs Special thanks to Donald Stone from KITCO Fiber Optics, Harvey Stone and Mike Jones from MicroCare, Mark Messer from Carlisle Interconnect Technologies, Manish Sharma from Corning Optical Fiber, Ryan Spillane from Corning Cable Systems, Bob Scharf from Protokraft, Mark Roehm from Amphenol Fiber Systems International, Chris Pegge from Stran Technologies, Scott Kale from Norfolk Wire, Christine Pons from OptiConcepts, and Dave Edwards from W.R Systems
Dick Glass has been a friend, mentor, and co-worker for many years; he has spent many hours guiding me through various writing projects I feel very blessed to have met Dick and greatly appreciate his guidance over the years and assistance with this project
Thanks to the host of people behind the scenes who I did not mention for all your efforts to make this book the best that it can be
Last but not least, thank you to my family—to the love of my life, my beautiful wife Susan, for making this possible; and to my children, Mike, Brandon, Eric, Nathan, and Kathryn, for your patience, inspiration, encouragement, and prayers I am the luckiest man alive to have all of you in my life
—Bill Woodward
Trang 10Andrew Oliviero is Senior Product Manager of optical fiber products at OFS (formerly Lucent Technologies), a supplier of optical fiber, cable apparatus and specialty products He is respon-sible for developing global product strategies for the Enterprise, FTTX, Metro, Long Haul, and Submarine markets Andrew is presently focused on new product development for single-mode fiber and is leading OFS’s product development teams in developing advanced bend-insensitive single-mode fiber for Central Office and FTTX applications
Andrew began his career in Research and Development and has worked in single-mode and multimode optical fiber Product Management, Research & Development, Engineering and Manufacturing Operations for the last fourteen years with OFS, Lucent Technologies, and SpecTran Corp
Andrew has presented world-wide at a variety of seminars, conferences and symposiums and
is involved in the development of optical fiber and cabling architecture standards in TIA, IEC, ISO and IEEE He is an active member of TIA’s TR-42 committee where he was involved in the develop-ment of the ANSI/TIA-568-C standard, 10Gbps Multimode fiber specifications and measurement processes He has held the Chair position of TIA’s Fiber Optic LAN Section in 2007
Andrew holds a B.S.E and Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from University of Pennsylvania and University of Massachusetts
Bill Woodward is a principal electrical engineer with UrsaNav, Inc an engineering services company Bill has been teaching fiber optics and other technical courses since 1992 He has more than 25 years of experience in the operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and repair of elec-tronic and electrical systems
Bill is licensed in the Commonwealth of Virginia as a professional electrical engineer
He is a member of SAE International and serves on three committees within the Aerospace Avionic Systems Division He is vice-chairman of the AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee, co-chairman of the AS-3B Fiber Optic Supportability Subcommittee, and chairman
of the AS-3B2 Education and Design Working Group He recently received SAE International’s Technical Standards Board Outstanding Contribution Award He is also a member of the Electronics Technicians Association (ETA) International; he has served three tours as chairman
of the ETA and currently chairs the Fiber Optic Committee
Trang 11Contents at a Glance
Introduction xxxiii
Part I • LAN Networks and Cabling Systems 1
Chapter 1 • Introduction to Data Cabling 3
Chapter 2 • Cabling Specifications and Standards 57
Chapter 3 • Choosing the Correct Cabling 101
Chapter 4 • Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints 129
Chapter 5 • Cabling System Components 153
Chapter 6 • Tools of the Trade 177
Chapter 7 • Copper Cable Media 207
Chapter 8 • Fiber-Optic Media 247
Chapter 9 • Wall Plates 273
Chapter 10 • Connectors 291
Chapter 11 • Network Equipment 317
Chapter 12 • Wireless Networks 335
Chapter 13 • Cabling System Design and Installation 357
Chapter 14 • Cable Connector Installation 389
Chapter 15 • Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting 421
Chapter 16 • Creating a Request for Proposal 455
Chapter 17 • Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field 481
Trang 12Part II • Fiber-Optic Cabling and Components 495
Chapter 18 • History of Fiber Optics 497
Chapter 19 • Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 505
Chapter 20 • Basic Principles of Light 523
Chapter 21 • Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 537
Chapter 22 • Optical Fiber Characteristics 553
Chapter 23 • Safety 577
Chapter 24 • Fiber-Optic Cables 591
Chapter 25 • Splicing 617
Chapter 26 • Connectors 645
Chapter 27 • Fiber-Optic Light Sources 697
Chapter 28 • Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers 723
Chapter 29 • Passive Components and Multiplexers 739
Chapter 30 • Passive Optical Networks 767
Chapter 31 • Cable Installation and Hardware 777
Chapter 32 • Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations 803
Chapter 33 • Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 831
Chapter 34 • Troubleshooting and Restoration 871
Trang 13Contents at a GlanCe | xI
Appendices 897
Appendix A • The Bottom Line Solutions 899Appendix B • Cabling Resources 951Appendix C • Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD)
Certification 957Appendix D • Home Cabling: Wiring Your Home for Now and the Future 963Appendix E • Overview of IEEE 1394 and USB Networking 969Appendix F • The Electronics Technicians Association, International (ETA) Certifications 975
Glossary .995
Index 1057
Trang 15Introduction xxxiii
Part I • LAN Networks and Cabling Systems 1
Chapter 1 • Introduction to Data Cabling 3
The Golden Rules of Data Cabling 4
The Importance of Reliable Cabling 4
The Cost of Poor Cabling 5
Is the Cabling to Blame? 5
You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby: The Legacy of Proprietary Cabling Systems 6
Proprietary Cabling Is a Thing of the Past 7
The Need for a Comprehensive Standard 7
Cabling and the Need for Speed 8
Types of Communications Media 8
Cable Design 19
Plenum 21
Riser 24
General Purpose 24
Limited Use 24
Cable Jackets 24
Wire Insulation 27
Twists 31
Wire Gauge 31
Solid Conductors vs Stranded Conductors 32
Cable Length 33
Cable Length vs Conductor Length 33
Data Communications 101 34
Bandwidth, Frequency, and Data Rate 34
What a Difference a dB Makes! 38
Speed Bumps: What Slows Down Your Data 42
Hindrances to High-Speed Data Transfer 43
Attenuation (Loss of Signal) 44
Noise (Signal Interference) 45
Types of Crosstalk 47
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) 47
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) 48
Equal-Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) 48
Pair-to-Pair Crosstalk 48
Power-Sum Crosstalk 49
Alien Crosstalk (AXT) 50
External Interference 50
Trang 16Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) 51
Propagation Delay 53
Delay Skew 53
The Future of Cabling Performance 53
The Bottom Line 54
Chapter 2 • Cabling Specifications and Standards .57
Structured Cabling and Standardization 57
Standards and Specification Organizations 59
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 60
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 61
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) 61
Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA) 62
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 63
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 63
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 63
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 63
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 64
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 64
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 64
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 65
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 65
CSA International (CSA) 65
IP/MPLS Forum (ATM Forum) 66
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 66
Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI) 66
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 66
ANSI/TIA-568-C Cabling Standard 67
ANSI/TIA-568-C Purpose and Scope 68
Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System 70
Media and Connecting Hardware Performance 84
TIA-569-B 87
ANSI/TIA-607-B 94
ANSI/TIA-570-B 95
ANSI/TIA-942 96
Other TIA/EIA Standards and Bulletins 96
ISO/IEC 11801 96
Differences Between ANSI/TIA-568-C and ISO/IEC 11801 96
Classification of Applications and Links 98
The Bottom Line 98
Chapter 3 • Choosing the Correct Cabling 101
Topologies 101
Hierarchical Star Topology 102
Bus Topology 104
Ring Topology 105
Trang 17Contents | xv
UTP, Optical Fiber, and Future-Proofing 106
Network Applications 107
Ethernet 108
Token Ring 121
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 123
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 124
The Bottom Line 126
Chapter 4 • Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints 129
Where Do Codes Come From? 129
The Federal Communications Commission 129
The National Fire Protection Association 130
Underwriters Laboratories 132
Codes and the Law 134
The National Electrical Code 135
NEC Chapter 1 General Requirements 135
NEC Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection 136
NEC Chapter 3 Wiring Methods and Materials 140
NEC Chapter 5 Special Occupancy 141
NEC Chapter 7 Special Conditions 141
NEC Chapter 8 Communications Systems 144
Knowing and Following the Codes 151
The Bottom Line 151
Chapter 5 • Cabling System Components .153
The Cable 153
Horizontal and Backbone Cables 153
Patch Cords 155
Picking the Right Cable for the Job 155
Wall Plates and Connectors 156
Cabling Pathways 157
Conduit 158
Cable Trays 158
Raceways 159
Fiber-Protection Systems 161
Telecommunications Rooms, Enclosures, and Equipment Rooms 161
TIA/EIA Recommendations for Telecommunications Rooms 163
Cabling Racks and Enclosures 165
Cross-Connect Devices 169
Administration Standards 173
The Bottom Line 175
Trang 18Chapter 6 • Tools of the Trade 177
Building a Cabling Toolkit 177
Common Cabling Tools 178
Wire Strippers 178
Wire Cutters 182
Cable Crimpers 183
Punch-Down Tools 185
Fish Tapes 188
Voltage Meter 190
Cable Testing 190
A Cable-Toning Tool 190
Twisted-Pair Continuity Tester 192
Coaxial Tester 192
Optical Fiber Testers 192
Cabling Supplies and Tools 194
Cable-Pulling Tools 195
Wire-Pulling Lubricant 199
Cable-Marking Supplies 200
Tools That a Smart Data Cable Technician Carries 202
A Preassembled Kit Could Be It 204
The Bottom Line 205
Chapter 7 • Copper Cable Media 207
Types of Copper Cabling 207
Major Cable Types Found Today 209
Picking the Right Patch Cables 217
Why Pick Copper Cabling? 218
Best Practices for Copper Installation 219
Following Standards 220
Planning 222
Installing Copper Cable 224
Copper Cable for Data Applications 228
110-Blocks 228
Sample Data Installations 231
Copper Cable for Voice Applications 234
66-Blocks 234
Sample Voice Installations 238
Testing 241
Tone Generators and Amplifier Probes 242
Continuity Testing 243
Wire-Map Testers 243
Cable Certification 243
Common Problems with Copper Cabling 244
The Bottom Line 245
Trang 19Contents | xvII
Chapter 8 • Fiber-Optic Media .247
Introducing Fiber-Optic Transmission 247
Advantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling 250
Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 250
Higher Possible Data Rates 250
Longer Maximum Distances 251
Better Security 251
Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling 251
Cost 251
Installation 252
Types of Fiber-Optic Cables 253
Composition of a Fiber-Optic Cable 253
Additional Designations of Fiber-Optic Cables 259
Fiber Installation Issues 265
Components of a Typical Installation 265
Fiber-Optic Performance Factors 267
The Bottom Line 271
Chapter 9 • Wall Plates .273
Wall Plate Design and Installation Issues 273
Manufacturer System 274
Wall Plate Location 274
Wall Plate Mounting System 276
Fixed-Design or Modular Plate 280
Fixed-Design Wall Plates 281
Number of Jacks 282
Types of Jacks 282
Labeling 283
Modular Wall Plates 283
Number of Jacks 283
Wall Plate Jack Considerations 284
Labeling 287
Biscuit Jacks 287
Types of Biscuit Jacks 288
Advantages of Biscuit Jacks 289
Disadvantages of Biscuit Jacks 289
The Bottom Line 290
Chapter 10 • Connectors 291
Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors 291
Patch-Panel Terminations 291
Solid- vs Stranded-Conductor Cables 292
Modular Jacks and Plugs 293
Shielded Twisted-Pair Connectors 306
Trang 20Coaxial Cable Connectors 307
F-Series Coaxial Connectors 307
N-Series Coaxial Connectors 307
The BNC Connector 308
Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors 309
SC, ST, and FC Fiber-Optic Connector Types 309
The SFF Connector 312
Installing Fiber-Optic Connectors 313
The Bottom Line 315
Chapter 11 • Network Equipment 317
Network Connectivity Devices 317
Workstation Ports 317
Network Interface Cards 318
Media Converters 319
Repeaters and Hubs 320
Bridges 323
Switches 325
Workgroup Switches 326
Blocking vs Nonblocking 327
Core Switches 328
Pluggable Transceivers and Form Factors 329
Servers 330
Routers 331
The Bottom Line 333
Chapter 12 • Wireless Networks 335
Infrared Transmissions 335
How Infrared Transmissions Work 336
Advantages of Infrared 339
Disadvantages of Infrared 340
Examples of Infrared Transmissions 340
Radio Frequency (RF) Systems 342
How RF Works 342
Advantages of RF 347
Disadvantages of RF 347
Examples of RF 347
Microwave Communications 350
How Microwave Communication Works 350
Advantages of Microwave Communications 354
Disadvantages of Microwave Communications 354
Examples of Microwave Communications 355
The Bottom Line 355
Trang 21Contents | xIx
Chapter 13 • Cabling System Design and Installation 357
Elements of a Successful Cabling Installation 357
Proper Design 357
Quality Materials 359
Good Workmanship 360
Cabling Topologies 360
Bus Topology 361
Hierarchical Star Topology 361
Ring Topology 361
Mesh Topology 362
Backbones and Segments 363
Selecting the Right Topology 364
Cabling Plant Uses 364
Telephone 364
Television 365
Fire Detection and Security Cabling 366
Choice of Media 366
Telecommunications Rooms 367
LAN Wiring 368
Telephone Wiring 369
Power Requirements 371
HVAC Considerations 371
Cabling Management 372
Physical Protection 372
Electrical Protection (Spike Protection) 374
Fire Protection 375
Data and Cabling Security 376
EM (Electromagnetic) Transmission Regulation 376
Tapping Prevention 376
Cabling Installation Procedures 377
Design the Cabling System 377
Schedule the Installation 377
Install the Cabling 378
Terminate the Cable 385
Test the Installation 387
The Bottom Line 388
Chapter 14 • Cable Connector Installation 389
Twisted-Pair Cable Connector Installation 389
Types of Connectors 389
Conductor Arrangement 391
Connector Crimping Procedures 392
Coaxial Cable Connector Installation 398
Types of Connectors 398
Connector Crimping Procedures 399
Trang 22Fiber-Optic Cable Connector Installation 403Connector Types 403Connectorizing Methods 403Connector Installation Procedures 404The Bottom Line 419
Chapter 15 • Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting 421
Installation Testing 421Copper Cable Tests 422Fiber-Optic Tests 429Cable Plant Certification 432Creating a Testing Regimen 433Copper Cable Certification 434Fiber-Optic Certification 439Third-Party Certification 440Cable Testing Tools 441Wire-Map Testers 441Continuity Testers 442Tone Generators 442Time-Domain Reflectometers 443Fiber-Optic Power Meters 445Fiber-Optic Test Sources 445Optical Loss Test Sets and Test Kits 446Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers 446Fiber-Optic Inspection Microscopes 447Visual Fault Locators 447Multifunction Cable Scanners 448Troubleshooting Cabling Problems 449Establishing a Baseline 449Locating the Problem 450Resolving Specific Problems 451The Bottom Line 454
Chapter 16 • Creating a Request for Proposal .455
What Is a Request for Proposal? 455Setting the Tone for the Project 455The Goals of the RFP 456Developing a Request for Proposal 457The Needs Analysis 457Designing the Project for the RFP 460Writing the RFP 468Distributing the RFP and Managing the Vendor-Selection Process 470Distributing RFPs to Prospective Vendors 470Vendor Selection 471
Trang 23Contents | xxI
Project Administration 471Project Management Tips 471Planning for the Cutover 472Technology Network Infrastructure Request for Proposal (A Sample RFP) 472General 472Cable Plant 474The Bottom Line 479
Chapter 17 • Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field 481
Hints and Guidelines 481Know What You Are Doing 481Plan the Installation 482Have the Right Equipment 483Test and Document 483Train Your Crew 484Work Safely 484Make It Pretty 485Look Good Yourself 485Plan for Contingencies 486Match Your Work to the Job 487Waste Not, Want Not 488Case Studies 488
A Small Job 488
A Large Job 490
An Inside Job 492The Bottom Line 494
Part II • Fiber-Optic Cabling and Components 495
Chapter 18 • History of Fiber Optics 497
Evolution of Light in Communication 497Early Forms of Light Communication 497The Quest for Data Transmission 498Evolution of Optical Fiber Manufacturing Technology 499Controlling the Course of Light 499Extending Fiber’s Reach 501Evolution of Optical Fiber Integration and Application 502The Bottom Line 503
Chapter 19 • Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 505
The Fiber-Optic Link 505Transmitter 506Receiver 506Optical Fibers 506Connectors 507
Trang 24Amplitude Modulation 508Analog Transmission 509Digital Data Transmission 510Analog Data Transmission vs Digital Data Transmission 510Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion 511Sample Rate 511Quantizing Error 512Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion 513Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 514Multiplexing 515Decibels (dB) 515Calculating dB Loss and Gain 516Expressing dB in Percentages 517The Rules of Thumb 520Absolute Power 520The Bottom Line 522
Chapter 20 • Basic Principles of Light 523
Light as Electromagnetic Energy 523The Electromagnetic Spectrum 526Refraction 528What Causes Refraction? 529Calculating the Index of Refraction 531Total Internal Reflection 532Fresnel Reflections 534The Bottom Line 535
Chapter 21 • Optical Fiber Construction and Theory .537
Optical Fiber Components 537Core 538Cladding 538Coating 538Standards 540Materials 540Tensile Strength 542Manufacturing Optical Fiber 543Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) 544Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) 544Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD) 545Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) 546Mode 546Calculating the Numerical Aperture and Modes 546Refractive Index Profiles 547The Bottom Line 551
Trang 25Contents | xxIII
Chapter 22 • Optical Fiber Characteristics .553
It All Adds Up 553Dispersion 554Modal Dispersion 555Material Dispersion 556Waveguide Dispersion 556Chromatic Dispersion 557Polarization-Mode Dispersion 560How Dispersion Affects Bandwidth 561Attenuation 562Absorption 563Scattering 563Total Attenuation 564Bending Losses 565Microbends 565Macrobends 566Numerical Aperture 566Equilibrium Mode Distribution 568Fiber Specifications 569The Bottom Line 575
Chapter 23 • Safety .577
Basic Safety 577Engineering Controls 577Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 578Good Work Habits 578Light Sources 579Federal Regulations and International Standards 579Laser Safety 584Handling Fiber 584Chemicals 586Isopropyl Alcohol 586Solvents 587Anaerobic Epoxy 587Site Safety 587Electrical 588Ladders 588Trenches 589Emergencies 589Injury 589Chemical Exposure 589Fire 590The Bottom Line 590
Trang 26Chapter 24 • Fiber-Optic Cables 591
Basic Cable 591Cable Components 593Buffer 594Strength Members 596Jacket 597Cable Types 598Cordage 599Distribution Cable 600Breakout Cable 600Armored Cable 601Messenger Cable 601Ribbon Cable 602Submarine Cable 603Aerospace Cable 605Hybrid Cable 606Composite Cable 606Cable Duty Specifications 606Cable Termination Methods 607Fanout Kit 607Breakout Kit 608Blown Fiber 608NEC Standards for Fiber-Optic Cables and Raceways 609NEC Fiber-Optic Cable Types 609Fire Resistance 609NEC-Listed Raceways 612Cable Markings and Codes 612External Markings 612Color Codes 612Sequential Markings 614Bend Radius Specifications 615The Bottom Line 615
Chapter 25 • Splicing 617
Why Splice? 617Splice Performance 617Intrinsic Factors 617Extrinsic Factors 622Splicing Equipment 624Cleaning Materials 624Cleavers 626Mechanical Splice 628Fusion Splice 629Splicing Procedures 632Mechanical Splicing Procedure 632Fusion Splicing Procedure 635
Trang 27Contents | xxv
Splice Requirements 641The Bottom Line 642
Chapter 26 • Connectors .645
The Fiber-Optic Connector 645Connection Performance 650Intrinsic Factors 650Extrinsic Factors 652Geometry 653Interferometer 654Connector Types 656Single-Fiber Connectors 657Multiple-Fiber Connectors 661Connector Termination 667Tools 667Epoxy 676Abrasives 677Hand Polishing 679Assembling the Connector 679Machine Polishing 683Pre-polished Connectors 683Endface Cleaning and Inspection 685Endface Cleaning 685Endface Inspection 688Connector Performance 694Connector Color Code 694The Bottom Line 695
Chapter 27 • Fiber-Optic Light Sources .697
Semiconductor Light Sources 697LED Sources 698Laser Sources 699Light Source Performance Characteristics 700Output Pattern 700Source Wavelengths 703Source Spectral Output 705Source Output Power 706Source Modulation Speed 707Transmitter Performance Characteristics 708LED Transmitter Performance Characteristics 708LED Transmitter Applications 711Laser Transmitter Performance Characteristics 712Laser Transmitter Applications 716Light Source Safety 717Classifications 717Safe Handling Precautions 718The Bottom Line 718
Trang 28Chapter 28 • Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers .723
Photodiode Fundamentals 723Other Types of Photodiode 724PIN Photodiode 724Avalanche Photodiode 725Photodiode Responsivity, Efficiency, and Speed 725Responsivity 725Quantum Efficiency 726Switching Speed 727Fiber-Optic Receiver 727Packaging 727Receptacle 729Optical Subassembly 729Electrical Subassembly 730Receiver Performance Characteristics 731Dynamic Range 731Operating Wavelength 731LED Receiver Performance Characteristics 732Laser Receiver Performance Characteristics 734The Bottom Line 738
Chapter 29 • Passive Components and Multiplexers 739
Standards 739Parameters 740Couplers 741The Tee Coupler 742The Star Coupler 746Optical Switches 749Optomechanical Switch 749Thermo-Optic 750Electro-Optic 750Optical Attenuators 750Principles of Optical Attenuators 751Types of Attenuators 753Calculating the Attenuation Value 754Optical Isolator 754Polarized Optical Isolator 755Magnetic Optical Isolator 756Wavelength Division Multiplexing 756Optical Amplifier 761Optical Filter 763The Bottom Line 764
Trang 29Contents | xxvII
Chapter 30 • Passive Optical Networks .767
Passive and Active Network Fundamentals 767Passive Copper Network 767Active Copper Network 768Passive Optical Network 768Active Optical Network 769Fiber to the X 770Fiber to the Home 771Fiber to the Building 771Fiber to the Curb 771Fiber to the Node 771Outside Plant Components 771Cables 772Local Convergence Point 772Network Access Point 774Network Interface Device 775The Bottom Line 776
Chapter 31 • Cable Installation and Hardware .777
Installation Specifications 777Bend Radius 778Tensile Rating 779Installation Hardware 782Pulling Eye 782Pull Box 782Splice Enclosures 783Patch Panels 786Installation Methods 789Tray and Duct 789Conduit 790Direct Burial 792Aerial 792Blown Fiber 792Cable Slack 795Fire Resistance and Grounding 795Fire Resistance 796Grounding 797Cable Types 797Hardware Management 797Cleanliness 798Organization 798Clamps and Cable Ties 799Labeling 799Documentation 799Labeling Requirements 800The Bottom Line 801
Trang 30Chapter 32 • Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations 803
Basic Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations 803The Advantages of Optical Fiber over Copper 804Bandwidth 805Attenuation 807Electromagnetic Immunity 810Size and Weight 811Security 812Safety 813Link Performance Analysis 814Cable Transmission Performance 814Splice and Connector Performance 815Power Budget 816The Bottom Line 828
Chapter 33 • Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 831
Continuity Tester 831Visual Fault Locator 834Fiber Identifier 837Optical Return Loss Test Set 839Light Source and Optical Power Meter 840Multimode OLTS 840Single-Mode OLTS 842Patch Cord 843Test Jumper 844Mode Filter 845ANSI/TIA-526-14-A Optical Loss Measurement 847Method A 848Method B 849Method C 849Patch Cord Optical Power Loss Measurement 850Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 850OTDR Theory 851OTDR Display 854OTDR Setup 856Cable Plant Test Setup 858Testing and Trace Analysis 860Documentation of OTDR Testing 867The Bottom Line 867
Chapter 34 • Troubleshooting and Restoration 871
Inspection and Evaluation 871Connector Inspection 871Connector Endface Evaluation 872Receptacle/Mating Sleeve Inspection and Cleaning 877
Trang 31Contents | xxIx
Continuity Tester Fault Location Techniques 880Visual Fault Locator 884Fiber Identifier 888OTDR Fault Location Techniques 889Restoration Practices 893The Bottom Line 895
Appendices 897
Appendix A • The Bottom Line Solutions 899
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Cabling 899Chapter 2: Cabling Specifications and Standards 901Chapter 3: Choosing the Correct Cabling 902Chapter 4: Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints 904Chapter 5: Cabling System Components 905Chapter 6: Tools of the Trade 906Chapter 7: Copper Cable Media 907Chapter 8: Fiber-Optic Media 908Chapter 9: Wall Plates 909Chapter 10: Connectors 910Chapter 11: Network Equipment 911Chapter 12: Wireless Networks 913Chapter 13: Cabling System Design and Installation 914Chapter 14: Cable Connector Installation 915Chapter 15: Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting 916Chapter 16: Creating a Request for Proposal 917Chapter 17: Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field 918Chapter 18: History of Fiber Optics 919Chapter 19: Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 920Chapter 20: Basic Principles of Light 921Chapter 21: Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 922Chapter 22: Optical Fiber Characteristics 923Chapter 23: Safety 925Chapter 24: Fiber-Optic Cables 926Chapter 25: Splicing 928Chapter 26: Connectors 929Chapter 27: Fiber-Optic Light Sources 931Chapter 28: Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers 934Chapter 29: Passive Components and Multiplexers 935Chapter 30: Passive Optical Networks 937Chapter 31: Cable Installation and Hardware 937Chapter 32: Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations 939Chapter 33: Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 944Chapter 34: Troubleshooting and Restoration 947
Trang 32Appendix B • Cabling Resources 951
Informational Internet Resources 951comp dcom cabling 951Whatis 951Wikipedia 952TIA Online 952Fiber Optics LAN Section (FOLS) 952TechFest 952TechEncyclopedia 952National Electrical Code Internet Connection 952Charles Spurgeon’s Ethernet Website 952ATIS Telecom Glossary 953Protocols com 953Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary for Internet Terms and
Technical Support 953Books, Publications, and Videos 953Cabling Business Magazine 953
Cabling Installation and Maintenance Magazine 953The Fiber Optic Association (FOA) 953
Newton’s Telecom Dictionary 954Premises Network 954
BICSI’s Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual and Information
Transport Systems Installation Methods Manual 954ANSI/TIA-568-C Commercial Building Telecommunication Cabling Standard 954Manufacturers 954The Siemon Company 954MilesTek, Inc 954IDEAL Industries, Inc 955Leviton 955Ortronics 955Superior Essex 955CommScope 955Jensen Tools 955Labor Saving Devices, Inc 955OFS 956Erico 956Berk-Tek 956Fluke 956Panduit 956Anixter 956Graybar 956Communications Supply Corporation 956
Trang 33Appendix D • Home Cabling: Wiring Your Home for Now and the Future 963
Home Cabling Facts and Trends 963Structured Residential Cabling 964Picking Cabling Equipment for Home Cabling 966
A Word About Wireless 968Thinking Forward 968
Appendix E • Overview of IEEE 1394 and USB Networking .969
IEEE 1394 970USB 972
Appendix F • The Electronics Technicians Association, International (ETA) Certifications 975
Data Cabling Installer Certification (DCIC) 2007 Competency Requirements 975
1 0 Basic Electricity 976
2 0 Data Communications Basics 976
3 0 Definitions, Symbols, And Abbreviations 976
4 0 Cable Construction 977
5 0 Cable Performance Characteristics 977
6 0 Cabling Standards 977
7 0 Basic Network Topologies 977
8 0 Basic Network Architectures 977
9 0 National Electric Code – NEC and UL Requirements 978
10 0 Cabling System Components 978
11 0 DCIC Installation Tools 978
12 0 Connectors and Outlets 978
13 0 Cabling System Design 979
1 0 History of Fiber Optic Cabling 980
2 0 Principles of Fiber Optic Transmission 980
3 0 Basic Principles of Light 981
4 0 Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 981
Trang 345 0 Optical Fiber Characteristics 982
6 0 Fiber Optic Cabling Safety 982
7 0 Fiber Optic Cables 983
8 0 Splicing 984
9 0 Connectors 984
10 0 Fiber Optic Light Sources 985
11 0 Fiber Optic Detectors and Receivers 985
12 0 Cable Installation and Testing 985
13 0 Fiber Optic System Design Considerations 986
14 0 Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 986Fiber Optic Technician (FOT) 2007 Competency Requirements 987
1 0 Principles of Fiber Optic Transmission 987
2 0 Basic Principles of Light 987
3 0 Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 988
4 0 Optical Fiber Characteristics 988
5 0 Advantages of Fiber Over Copper 988
6 0 Fiber Optic Cables 989
12 0 Cable Installation and Hardware 992
13 0 Fiber Optic Link 992
14 0 Optical Fiber Measurement and Testing 992
15 0 Link and Cable Testing 993
Glossary .995
Index 1057
Trang 35Welcome to the incredibly interesting world of local area networks and premises data cations cabling systems This introduction will tell you a little about how this book came about and how you can use it to your best advantage
communi-Not only does cabling carry the data across your network, it can also carry voice, serial munications, alarm signals, video, and audio transmissions You may take this for granted, but communications networks have created a new way of living We can learn remotely, chat with anyone in the world who is connected to the Internet, and conduct commerce all over the world
com-in a way that has never been done before Consider yourself lucky to be part of this cations revolution.”
“communi-One thing that continues to be certain is the increasing demand for more bandwidth In the past, people took their cabling systems for granted However, over the last decade, the information technology world has continued to understand the importance of a reliable and well-designed structured cabling system to efficiently support this explosion in bandwidth demand This period also resulted in an explosion in the number of registered structured-cabling installers
The number of people who need to know the basics of cabling has increased dramatically
We had a great time writing this book A significant amount of research, writing, and editing has gone into bringing this book into its current edition Many distributors, manufacturers, and cabling contractors have provided feedback, tips, and in-the-field experiences along the way and made this book both technically rigorous and practical at the same time
During the research phase of the book, newsgroups, cabling FAQs, and other Internet resources were continually reviewed to find out what people want to know about their cabling system In addition, we polled technology managers, help-desk staff, network designers, cable installers, and system managers to learn what was uppermost on their minds The answers we received helped create this book Most importantly, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) has just released the new edition of the ANSI/TIA-568-C series of standards for commercial building networks This and other associated standards have been updated in this book As expected, this has led to new cable media, topologies, and network applications
About This Book
This book’s topics run the gamut of LAN networks and cabling; they include the following:
An introduction to data cabling
•u Information on cabling standards and how to choose the correct ones
•u
Trang 36Cable system and infrastructure constraints
•u Cabling system components
•u Tools of the trade
•u Copper, fiber-optic, and unbounded media
•u Network equipment
•u Wall plates and cable connectors
•u Cabling system design and installation
•u Cable connector installation
•u Cabling system testing and troubleshooting
•u Creating request for proposals (RFPs)
•u Cabling case studies
•u
A cabling glossary is included at the end of the book so you can look up unfamiliar terms
The Solutions to the Master It questions in The Bottom Line sections at the end of each chapter are gathered in Appendix A Five appendixes include resources for cabling information, tips on how to get your Registered Communications and Distribution Designer (RCDD) certification, information for the home cabler, a discussion of USB/1394 cabling, and information about ETA’s line of cabling certifications Finally, a multi-page color insert shows you what various cabling products look like in their “natural environment.”
Who Is This Book For?
If you are standing in your neighborhood bookstore browsing through this book, you may be asking yourself if you should buy it The procedures in this book are illustrated and written in English rather than “technospeak.” That’s because this book was designed specifically to help unlock the mysteries of the telecommunications room, cable in the ceiling, wall jacks, and other components of a cabling system in a simple, easy-to-follow format This field is critical to ensur-ing that we continue to evolve in an “electronic” and “connected” age We want this to be an interesting experience as opposed to a boring one LAN networks and cabling can be a confus-ing topic; it has its own language, acronyms, and standards We designed this book with the following types of people in mind:
Information technology (IT) professionals who can use this book to gain a better
under-•u standing and appreciation of a structured cabling system
IT managers who are preparing to install a new computer system
•u Do-it-yourselfers who need to install a few new cabling runs in their facility and want to
•u get it right the first timeNew cable installers who want to learn more than just what it takes to pull a cable through
•u the ceiling and terminate it to the patch panel
Trang 37IntroductIon | xxxv
Students taking introductory courses in LANs and cabling
•u Students preparing for the ETA fiber optic installer (FOI), fiber optic technician (FOT), or
•u data cabling installer (DCIC) certifications
In addition, this book is an excellent reference for anyone currently working in data cabling
How to Use This Book
To understand the way this book is put together, you must learn about a few of the special ventions that were used Following are some of the items you will commonly see
con-Italicized words indicate new terms After each italicized term, you will find a definition
cir-Warnings
cause damage to a component or cause a system failure of some kind Additionally, warnings are placed in the text to call particular attention to a potentially dangerous situation
Key terms
Key Term are used to introduce a new word or term that you should be aware of Just
as in the worlds of networking, software, and programming, the world of cabling and munications has its own language
telecom-Sidebars
This special formatting indicates a sidebar Sidebars are entire paragraphs of information that,
although related to the topic being discussed, fit better into a stand-alone discussion They are just what their name suggests: a sidebar discussion
Cabling @ Work Sidebars
These special sidebars are used to give real-life examples of situations that actually occurred in the cabling world
Trang 38Have fun reading this book—it has been fun writing it We hope that it will be a valuable resource
to you and will answer at least some of your questions on LANs and cabling As always, we love
to hear from our readers; you can reach Andrew Oliviero at convergent1@comcast.net or Bill Woodward at bwoodward@cox.net
Trang 39Part I
LAN Networks and Cabling Systems
◆ Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Cabling
◆ Chapter 2: Cabling Specifications and Standards
◆ Chapter 3: Choosing the Correct Cabling
◆ Chapter 4: Cable System and Infrastructure Contraints
◆ Chapter 5: Cabling System Components
◆ Chapter 6: Tools of the Trade
◆ Chapter 7: Copper Cable Media
◆ Chapter 8: Fiber-Optic Media
◆ Chapter 9: Wall Plates
◆ Chapter 10: Connectors
◆ Chapter 11: Network Equipment
◆ Chapter 12: Wireless Networks
◆ Chapter 13: Cabling System Design and Installation
◆ ◆ Chapter 14: Cable Connector Installation
◆ Chapter 15: Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting
◆ Chapter 16: Creating a Request for Proposal
◆ Chapter 17: Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field