Introduction xvii Level of Patient Care and Practice Considerations xix Decision Tree of Evaluation and Intervention xxi Levels of Functioning and Treatment Associated Considerations xxi
Trang 2Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention
The 123's of Treatment Planning
Second Edition
Trang 3This page intentionally left blank
Trang 4Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention
The 1—2—3's of Treatment Planning Second Edition
Trang 5Copyright © 2004, Elsevier, Inc
All Rights Reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informationstorage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology RightsDepartment in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333,email: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request onlinevia the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting "Customer
Trang 6Introduction xvii Level of Patient Care and Practice Considerations xix Decision Tree of Evaluation and Intervention xxi Levels of Functioning and Treatment Associated Considerations xxii High-Risk Situations in Practice xxiii
Treatment Plan xxiv Solution-Focused Approach to Treatment xxv Case Conceptualization xxvi
Common Axis 1 and Axis 2 Diagnoses xxviii
Preventing Weight and Body Image Problems in Children 24
Recommendations for Family Members of Anorexic Individuals 25
Identity Disorder 26
Children 28Organic Mental Syndromes and Disorders 31
Trang 7Dementia and Organic Mental Disorders 32 Defining Specific Dementias 34
Psychoactive Substance Abuse Disorders 37
Substance Abuse and/or Dependence 38 Categories of Pharmacological Intervention 41 Treatment Settings 41
List of Symptoms Leading to Relapse 42Schizophrenia, Delusional, and Related Psychotic Disorders 45
Thought Disorders 45 Phases of Treatment 49 Treatment Settings 49 Summary of Treatment Recommendations for Patients with Perceptual Disturbances 49
Mood Disorders 51
Depression 52 Depression Cooccurring with other Illness 56 Mania 58 Children 61
Bipolar Disorder Hypersexuality 62Antidepressant Medication and other Treatment 63Additional Treatment Considerations 64
Borderline Personality Disorder 101
Physical Factors Affecting Psychological Functioning 104
Stages of Adjustment 105
Trang 8ASSESSING SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Assessing Special Circumstances 109
CognitiveBehavioral Assessment 109 Depression And Anxiety Screening 111 Depression 111 Anxiety 111
Structured Interview for Depression 112Cycle of Depression 113
Cycle of Phobic Anxiety 124Obsessional Disorders: An Overview 125Assessment of Obsessional Disorders (OD) 125Gravely Disabled 127
Treatment Focus and Objectives 127
Activities of Daily Living 128
Living Situation 129 SelfCare Skills 129 Level of Required Assistance 129 Care of Environment and Chore Responsibilities 129 Meals 129 Child Care 129 Financial 129 Shopping 129 Transportation 130
Chronic Mental Illness (CMI) 130
General Guidelines for Assessing the Chronic Mentally HI 131
Crisis Evaluation 132Crisis Intervention 133
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) 134 Screening for Survivors 135
Identifying Traumatic Stress 135
Recovering from Traumatic Stress 135 How Does a Traumatic Event Affect Someone? 136 The Effects of Time 137
Traumatic Stress and Vehicular Accidents 137Assessment of Phobic Behavior 139
Postpartum Depression and Anxiety 141
Definitions 141 Postpartum Crisis Psychosis 143 How to Break the Postpartum Cycle 144
Professional Guidelines for Crisis Intervention 145SelfCare Behaviors 146
Counseling the Individual in a Medical Crisis 147
Treatment Framework and Conceptualization 148 The Central Crisis Issue 149
Dealing with the Challenges of Long Term Illness 151
Working Through the Challenges and Fears Associated with LongTerm Illness 154
C o n t e n t s V i i
Trang 9Factors Affecting the Experience of Pain 157 Clinical Interview 158 Assessment and Measuring Pain 158
Pain Identification Chart 160
Location and Type of Pain 160
Pain Management Scale 161
Interventions for Chronic Pain 162 Six Stages of Treatment 162 Interventions 162
Somatic Problems: A Brief Review 164The Patient with Psychosomatic Illness Who has an UnderlyingPersonality Disorder 165
Eating Disorders Screening Questionnaire 167The Mood Eating Scale 169
Eating History 169Eating Disorder Evaluation: Anorexia 170Eating Disorder Evaluation: Bulimia 172Adult ADD Screening 174
ADHD Behavioral Review 177Chemical Dependency Assessment 179Chemical Dependency Psychological Assessment 182Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist 185
Psychological 185 Somatic 185
Spousal/Partner Abuse 187
Assessing Spousal/Partner Abuse 187
The Stage Model of Domestic Violence 191Assessing for Domestic Violence 192
Ability of the Parent to Bond and Other Pertinent Information 199 Child Custody Evaluation Report Outline 200 Parental Behavior 201 Interaction Between ParentChild(Ren) 201 Bonding Study Versus Custody Evaluation 201
Parental Alienation Syndrome 202
Parental Programming 202 Subtle and Unconscious Influencing 202 Child's Own Scenarios 203 Family Dynamics and Environment/ Situtational Issues 203 Criteria for Establishing Primary Custody 203 Behaviors of the Parents 204 Children 205 Three Categories of Parental Alienation 206
Trang 10Questions to Ask Children 208 Questions to Ask the Parents 209
Parental Alienation Syndrome Treatment 209Visitation Rights Report 211
Past Psychiatric History and Relevant Medical History 214 Family History 214 Developmental History 215 Social History (Distinguish Prior to Disability, Disability Concurrent, After Injury) 215 Mental Status Exam 215 Review of Medical Record 215
Findings from Psychological Assessment 215 Interviews With Collateral Sources and Review of Employment or Personnel Records (Compare Description of Industrial Injury With Clients Description) 216
DSMIV Diagnosis (Multiaxial, Using DSM Criteria and Terminology) 216 Summary and Conclusions 216
Competency 220 Competency to Plead and/or Confess 220 Competency to Stand Trial 220 Mental Status at Time of Offense 220
Effective Management of Stress 229
Critical Problem Solving 229 Assertiveness 230 Conflict Resolution 230 Time Management 230 SelfCare 230
Tips for Stress Management 230
C o n t e n t s IX
Trang 11Ten Signs that You Need to Simplify Your Life 232 How to Improve Planning 233
Pain Management 233Some Examples of Individualized Time Management Options 234SelfCare Plan 235
How to Get The Most Out of Your Day 236Emotional IQ 237
Relaxation Exercises 238
Deep Breathing 238 Mental Relaxation 239 Tensing the Muscles 239 Mental Imagery 239 Brief Relaxation 241 Brief Progressive Relaxation 241 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 242 Preparing for the Provocation 244 Confronting the Provocation 245 It's Time to Talk to Yourself 245 A Guide to Meditation 245
Critical Problem Solving 247
Preparing to Learn ProblemSolving Skills 248 Managing Interaction During Problem Solving 248 Developing Good ProblemSolving Skills Equips Individuals To: 248 Stages of Problem Solving (As Therapist Facilitates Skill Development
in Individual): 248 Steps for Problem Solving 249
Problem Solving Diagram 249Assignment 1 250
Sample Problems 250
Assignment 2 250Assignment 3 251Risks 252
Components of Effective Communication 253
"I" Statements 253 Active Listening 253 Reflection 254
Nonverbal Communication Checklist 255Improving Communication Skills 256
How You Present Yourself: Body Language 256 How You Say It: Quality
of Voice 256 Effective Listening 257
Assertive Communication 257Assertiveness Inventory 258Nonverbal Communication 260Developing Assertiveness 261
Nonverbal Assertive Behavior 261
Personal Bill of Rights 262Assertiveness 262
The Steps of Positive Assertiveness 263 Practicing Assertive Responses 263
Ten Steps for Giving Feedback 264Saying "No" 264
To Overcome Guilt in Saying "No" 264 Review for Yourself the Consequences of Saying "Yes" 265
Accepting "No" for An Answer 265
Trang 13What is Meant by Resolving Grief/Loss? 301 Why Are People Not Prepared
to Deal with Loss? 301 What Are the Myths of Dealing with Loss? 302 How Do You Know You Are Ready? 302 Finding the Solution: The Five Stages of Recovering From Loss 302 How You Deal with Loss 302 Other Ways? 302
Grief Cycle 303Definition: The Natural Emotional Response to the Loss of a Cherished Idea,Person, or Thing 303
Steps 14 308 Steps 515 309
Developing and Utilizing Social Supports 310
Characteristics of a Supportive Relationship 310
How to Build and Keep a Support System 312Recognizing the Stages of Depression 313
Decreasing the Intensity of Depression 313
Managing Depression 314
The Causes of Depression 314
Depression Symptom Checklist 315Surviving the Holiday Blues 317Utilizing Your Support System 318
Examples 318
The Power of Positive Attitude 318SelfMonitoring Checklist 319
Management Behaviors 319
Daily Activity Schedule 322Confronting and Understanding Suicide 323
Hopelessness and Despair 323
Depression 324
Phone Numbers 324
Feeling Overwhelmed and Desperate 325Feeling like Your Life is Out of Control 326Guilt 327
Loneliness 329Chemical Imbalance 329
Trang 15Heart Disease and Depression 375
Facts on Depression and Heart Disease Offered by The National Institute of Health 375 Benefits of Depression Treatment 375 Depression Is Often Undiagnosed and Untreated 375
Effective Treatment for Depression 376
Eating History 376How to Stop Using Food as a Coping Mechanism 377Preventing Body Weight and Body Image Problems in Children 378
Obsession with Weight 378 Obesity and SelfEsteem 379 What Parents Can Do 379
Guidelines to Follow if Someone You Know Has An Eating Disorder 379Dealing with Fear 380
Guidelines for Family Members/Significant Others of Alcoholic/ChemicallyDependent Individuals 381
Detaching with Love Versus Controlling 382The Enabler—The Companion to the Dysfunctional/Substance
Abusing Person 383Substance Abuse/Dependence Personal Evaluation 385List of Symptoms Leading to Relapse 386
What is Codependency? 387The Classic Situation 388Some Characteristics of Codependence 388Suggested Diagnostic Criteria for Codependence 389How Does Codependency Work? 390
The Rules of Codependency 391 How Codependency Affects One's Life 391 Symptom/Effect in Children of Codependents 392 What Can You Do 392 Stages of Recovery 392
Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics 393Guidelines for Completing Your First Step Toward Emotional Health 394Relationship Questionnaire 396
Healthy Adult Relationships: Being a Couple 396
Special Circumstances 397
How to Predict the Potentially Violent Relationship 397Domestic Violence : Safety Planning 399
Most Important to Remember 399 Document the Abuse 399 Find A Safe Place to Go 399 Create a Safe Room in Your Home 400 Have Money and Keys 400 Create a File with Your Important
Documents 400 Pack a Suitcase 401 Know When and How to Leave 401
Why Victims of Domestic Violence Struggle with Leaving 401Improved Coping Skills for Happier Couples 402
Evaluate the Problem 402 Problem Resolution 403
Trang 16Creating Effective Family Rules 406 Effective Coparenting 406 Maintain the Parent Role 407 Be An Active Parent 407
A Healthy Family Means All of Its Members are Involved 407 Encourage Communication 407
Guiding Your Child to Appropriately Express Anger 408The Family Meeting 409
Guidelines 409 Developing Positive SelfEsteem in Children and Adolescents 410
Understanding and Dealing with Life Crises of Childhood 411What Is a Crisis? 411
What Happens During a Crisis 412Crisis Resolution 413
What Do You Need to Do to Help a Child 413
Your Child's Mental Health 415Warning Signs of Teen Mental Health Problems 416Talking to Children 417
Rules for Listening 418 Rules for Problem Solving and Expressing Your Thoughts and Feelings to Children 418 Do's 419 Don'ts 419
SelfMonitoring 426
Questions to Ask Yourself 426
Goal Setting 427Accomplishments 428Strengths 428
Resources 429Ten Rules for Emotional Health 429
Trang 17Contents of Examination 442
Mental Status Exam 444Mental Status Exam 445Initial Case Assessment 447Initial Evaluation 449Brief Mental Health Evaluation Review 451Life History Questionnaire 454
Adult Psychosocial 463
Family History 464 Drug and Alcohol Abuse 465 Educational History 465 Employment History 465 Socialization Skills 465
Substance Use and Psychosocial Questionnaire 481
Treatment History 482 Family History 483 Social History 483 Medical Problems 484
Chemical Dependency Psychosocial Assessment 485Initial Evaluation Consultation Note to Primary Care Physician 488Brief Consultation Note to Physician 490
Outpatient Treatment Progress Report 491Progress Note for Individual with Anxiety and/or Depression 494Clinical Notes 496
Disability/Worker's Compensation 498Social Security Evaluation, Medical Source Statement, Psychiatric/
Psychological 499Worker's Compensation Attending Therapist's Report 500
Progress 500 Treatment 500 Work Status 500 Disability Status 500
Brief Psychiatric Evaluation for Industrial Injury 502Brief Level of Functioning Review for Industrial Injury 505Outline for Diagnostic Summary 509
Diagnostic Summary 509
Discharge Summary 511Patient Registration 515
Trang 19This page intentionally left blank
Trang 20THIS second edition, like the first, is intended to serve as a comprehensive resource tool.Because of the positive response to the organization of the original text, the format
has remained the same. The Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention is divided into four
sections: Treatment Planning, Special Assessment, SkillBuilding Resources, and Clinical/Business Forms. The handbook concept has evolved and expanded, building on the strongfoundation of the first edition. Upon review of the current literature, it was unnecessary toalter or delete any of the information contained in the original text. Instead, informationviewed as increasing the resourcefulness of the text has been added. In addition to being
a timemanagement tool, helping the therapist to meet the increasing demands of documentation requirements and the expectation of therapeutic effectiveness in identifying andresolving current problems with the brief mental health treatment benefit of managed care,the format supports improved case conceptualization of individualized treatment planning
Since the publication of the first edition of the Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention,
the prevalence of managed care in the marketplace has increased and the challenge of maximizing effectiveness has increased with it. Managed care companies and consumers alikeexpect to be informed of the expected number of sessions necessary to resolve the presenting issue(s) and for the therapist to collaterally communicate with the primary care physician and the physician prescribing psychotropic medications. It is a casemanagement rolenot sought after by therapists, but bestowed upon them. As a result, additional time andadded responsibility are integrated into one's professional practice, again reflecting theimportance of adequate documentation. The solutionoriented standard of practice has continued to flourish. The fiscal agenda of the managed care company is clear. What has becomemore surprising is that many consumers also are seeking brief therapy in association withclearly defined goals. Therefore, in many cases, both the consumer of services and the contractor of services are depending on the therapist to provide refined diagnostic skills, concisetreatment planning with defined goals and objectives, crisis intervention, case managementwith collateral contacts, contracting with the client for various reasons, and discharge plan
ning that is well documented and research supported. The Therapist's Guide to Clinical
Intervention facilitates the ease of accomplishing these expectations by combining the afore
mentioned significant aspects of practice. All of this is provided in a single resource, whichsaves a tremendous amount of time that would be required to review the number of textsnecessary to amass a commensurate amount of information
To review the format for those familiar with the first edition and introduce this format to
those who are new to the Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention, we will provide a brief
summary on the four sections of the text. The first part of the book is an outline of cognitivebehavioral treatment planning. This organization of goals and objectives associated withspecific, identified problems supports thoroughness in developing an effective intervention
xix
Trang 21as a time for initiating necessary longerterm treatment or making a referral to an appropriate therapeutic group or psychoeducational group
The second part of the book offers a framework for assessing special circumstances, such
as those involving a danger to self, danger to others, the gravely disabled, spousal abuse/domestic violence, and so forth. Additionally, this section offers numerous report outlinesfor various assessments with a brief explanation of their intended use. The assessment outlines provide a thorough, wellorganized approach resulting in the clinical clarity necessaryfor immediate intervention, appropriate referrals, and treatment planning
The third part of the book offers skillbuilding resources for increasing client competency.The information in this section is to be used as an educational resource and as homeworkrelated to various issues and needs presented by clients. This information is designed to support cognitivebehavioral therapeutic interventions, to facilitate the client's increased understanding of problematic issues, and to serve as a conduit for clients to acknowledge andaccept their responsibility for further personal growth and selfmanagement. Skillbuildingresources, whether offered verbally or given in written form, promotes the use of client motivation between sessions, enhancing goaldirected thoughts and behaviors
The fourth part of the book offers a continuum of clinical/business forms. The development of forms is extremely time consuming. Some of the forms have only minor variationsdue to their specificity, and in some cases they simply offer the therapist the option of choosing a format that better suits his or her professional needs. Many of the forms can be utilized as is, directly from the text. However, if there is a need for modification to suit specific
or special needs associated with one's practice beyond what is presented, having the basicframework of such forms continues to offer a substantial timesaving advantage
This text is a compilation of the most frequently needed and useful information for thetimeconscious therapist in a general clinical practice. To obtain thorough utilization of theresources provided in this text, familiarize yourself with all of its contents. This will expedite the use of the most practical aspects of this resource to suit your general needs andapprise you of the remaining contents, which may be helpful to you under other, more specific circumstances. While the breadth of the information contained in this book is substantial, each user of this text must consider her or his own expertise in providing any services.Professional and ethical guidelines require that any therapist providing clinical services becompetent and have appropriate education, training, supervision, and experience. Thiswould include a professional ability to determine which individuals and conditions areamenable to brief therapy and under what circumstances. There also needs to be knowledge
of current scientific and professional standards of practice and familiarity with associatedlegal standards and procedures. Additionally, it is the responsibility of the provider of psychological services to have a thorough appreciation and understanding of the influence ofethnic and cultural differences in one's case conceptualization and treatment, and to see thatsuch sensitivity is always utilized
Trang 22Level of Patient Care and Practice Considerations
Trang 23This page intentionally left blank
Trang 25Self efficacy Education Prevention
Didactic/educational Groups Community/church based support groups Therapeutic classes/groups focused on developmental Issues
Decrease symptomology Self care
Improve coping Improve problem solving and management of life stressors
Individual therapy Conjoint therapy Family therapy Group therapy dealing with specific issues and/or long term support
Stabilization Daily activity schedule Productive/pleasurable activities Symptom management Development and utilization of social supports
Urgent care Intensive outpatient (OP) Reinitiate outpatient treatment with possible increased frequency Medication evaluation/monitoring Therapeutic/educational groups Case management
Stabilization All aspects of patient's life and environment (family, social, medical, occupational, recreational) Decrease symptomology
Psychopharmacology Monitoring Improve judgement, insight, impulse control
Increased OP therapy contact Urgent care
Intensive outpatient Partial hospitalization 23hour unit Inpatient treatment Safely maintained in structural/monitored setting with adequate social support Home health intervention
Reinitiate individual treatment when adequately stabilized
5. Patient demonstrating
acute symptomology
Provide safe environment and rapid stabilization
Stabilization Decreased symptomology Psychopharmacology Monitoring
Increased OP therapy contact Urgent care
Intensive OP 23hour unit Partial hospitalization Support group Medication monitoring Case management
6. Patient demonstrating acute
symptomology with
difficulty stabilizing
Provide safe environment Protection of patient Protection of others
Psychopharmacology Monitoring
Inpatient treatment 23hour unit Urgent care Partial hospitalization Intensive OP Individual therapy Support group Medication monitoring Case management
Trang 26You can substantially reduce or eliminate risk in the following situations by giving heed tothe track record of liability insurance companies. To gain perspective in these issues, plan totake a Risk Management Continuing Education course when available in your area
1. Child Custody Cases
2. Interest Charges
3. Service Charges
4. Patients Who Restrict Your Style of Practice (e.g., Do Not Want You To Take Notes)
Trang 27B. Parent Effectiveness Training Limit seeting, natural consequences, positive reinforcement, etc.
Goal 2 Develop Appropriate Social Skills
Objectives
A. Role model appropriate behaviors/responses for various situations
B. Identify manipulative and exploitive interaction along with underlying intention. Reinforce how to get needs met appropriately.
C. Identify behaviors which allow one person to feel close and comfortable to another person
Goal3 Improved Communication Skills
Objectives
A. Teach assertive communication
B. Encourage appropriate expression of thoughts and feelings
C. Role model and practice verbal/nonverbal communication responses for various situations
Goal 4 Improved Self-Respect and Responsibility
Objectives
A. Have person define the terms of selfrespect and responsibility, and compare these definitions to their behavior
B. Have person identify how they are affected by the behavior of others and how others are affected negatively by their behavior
C. Work with parents to clarify rules, expectations, choices, and consequences
GoalS Improved Insight
Objectives
A. Increase understanding of relationship between behaviors and consequences
B. Increase understanding of the thoughts/feelings underlying choices they make
C. Facilitate problem solving appropriate alternative responses to substitute for negative choice
Trang 30XXIX
Trang 31Adjustment Disorders with depressed mood with anxiety with mixed anxiety and depressed mood with disturbance of conduct
with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct unspecified
30900 30924 30928 30930 30940 30990
Impulse Control Disorders
Anxiety Disorders Panic, without agoraphobia Panic, with agoraphobia Agoraphobia without panic Specific Phobia
Social Phobia ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorder NOS
30001 30021 30022 30029 30023 30030 30981 30830 30002 30000
V Codes Relational Problem ParentChild Relational Problem Partner Relational Problem, Abuse of Adult Sibling Relational Problem
Relational Problem NOS Abuse or Neglect of Child Noncompliance with Treatment Malingering
Adult Antisocial Behavior Child/ Adolescent Antisocial Behavior Religious or Phase of Life Problems Bereavement
Academic Problem Occupational Problem Acculturation Problem
16190 16120 16110 16180 16281 16121 11581 16520 17101 17102 16289 16282 16230 16220 16240 Substance Use
Alcohol Dependence Alcohol Abuse Cocaine Dependence Cocaine Abuse Cannabis Dependence Cannabis Abuse Opioid Dependence Opioid Abuse
30390 30500 30420 30560 30430 30520 30400 30550
Trang 32A medical exam, neurological exam, or evaluation by a neuropsychologist is important
to rule out organicity, vision/hearing deficits and to determine the origin of the presenting problems. With the information yielded from such exams, a thorough individualizedprogram can be developed and implemented. An individualized treatment and educationalplan addresses the individual needs along with the identification of intelligence leveland strengths for the facilitated development of the highest level of functioning for thatindividual
Goals 1. Establish developmentally appropriate daily living skills
2. Develop basic problemsolving skills
3. Decrease social isolation and increase personal competence
1
Trang 33C. Programmed social activities
D. Camps for the MR
E. Contact local association for mentally retarded persons for communityresources
F. If older, evaluate for vocational training, living arrangement away from family,which includes social agenda (independent living or group home), if lowfunctioning, a day treatment program may be helpful
Trang 34D. Facilitate other children in family to deal with their feelings or concerns
E. Encourage acceptance of reality
F. Encourage identification and utilization of community support organizations andother associated resources
Severe mental retardation 2025 to 3540 Profound mental retardation below 2025
Behavior Competency Expectations Associated with Degree of MentalRetardation (Marsh & Barclay, 1989)
Severe
Preschool School age
Profound
Preschool School age
Able to talk/learn to communicate. Poor social awareness. Adequate motor skills. Benefits from selfhelp skill training with supervision.
Able to benefit from social and occupational skill training. Not likely to advance beyond 2nd grade level. Some independence in familiar setting.
Poor language development. Minimal language skill/little communication. Unlikely to benefit from selfhelp training.
Able to learn to talk/communicate. Training beneficial for basic selfhelp skills. Benefits from systematic habit training.
Minimal capacity in sensorymotor functioning. Requires intense care.
Some evidence of motor development. May respond to very limited range of training in selfskill development.
Trang 35Decreased satisfaction in parenting Potential for negative attitude toward retarded child Marital stress
Increased social isolation Siblings Behavioral problems
Feelings of guilt/anger Psuedoadult responsibilities (loss of their childhood)
Trang 361. Reciprocal Social Interaction: not aware of others' feelings, doesn't imitate,doesn't seek comfort at times of distress, and impairment in ability to makepeer relationships
2. Impaired Communication: abnormal speech productivity, abnormal form orcontent of speech, and impaired initiating or sustaining conversation despiteadequate speech
3. Restricted Repertoire of Activities and Interests: stereotyped body movements,marked distress over trivial changes, and restricted range of interests
A medical exam to rule out physical problems such as hearing or vision impairments should
be performed prior to the assignment of this diagnosis. PDD show severe qualitative abnormalities that aren't normal for any age in comparison to mental retardation, which demonstrates general delays and the person behaves as if he/she is passing through an earlier stage
C. Make efforts to assure, comfort, or give appropriate structure to child duringdistressful incidents to foster feelings of security and trust
D. Offer onetoone interaction to facilitate focus and foster trust
E. Use safety helmet and mitts if necessary
2. Lack of Trust
A. Consistency in environment and interactional objects (e.g., toys, etc.) fosterssecurity and familiarity
B. Consistency in caretaker to develop familiarity and trust
C. Consistency in caretaker responses to behavior to facilitate development ofboundaries and expectations; behavioral reinforcement
D. Caretaker must be realistic about limitations and expectations. Prepare caretaker toproceed at a slow pace and to not impose his/her own wants and desires of progress
on the child who will have to move at his/her own slow pace
Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence 5
Trang 37F. Keep environmental stimuli at a minimum to reduce feelings of threat or beingoverwhelmed
3. Dysfunctional Social Interaction
A. Requires objectives 1 and 2 to be in practice
B. Support and reinforce child's attempts to interact, with consistent guidance towardgoal behaviors
C. Consistently restate communication attempts to clarify and encourage appropriateand meaningful communication that is understandable (be careful to not alter theintended communication, just clarify it)
4. Identity Disturbance
A. Utilize activities that facilitate recognition of individuality. Begin with basicdaily activities of dressing and mealtime, such as difference in appearance andchoices
B. Increase selfawareness and selfknowledge. This can be initially facilitated byhaving the child learn and say the name of the caretaker and then his/her own nameand learning the names of his/her own body parts. These types of activities can bedone through media such as drawing, pictures, or music
C. Reinforce boundaries and individuality
5. Impaired Communication
A. Consistently make efforts to clarify intent/need associated with communication
B. Caretaker consistency will facilitate increased understanding of child'scommunication patterns
C. When clarifying communication, be eye to eye with child to focus on thecommunication in connection with the issue of need being presented by the child
F. Identify additional support and respite care
G. Teach parents specific behavioral management techniques to fit their needs, such ashow to solve practical problems (within family, between child/school, family/school,and with other services), how to celebrate progress and how to establish reinforcers
H. Recognize that parents may be at increased risk for depression or stressrelatedillnesses
Some conditions produce PDD symptoms, therefore, if a formal diagnosis has not previouslybeen assigned, the following information should be given to the parents and appropriatereferral considerations be communicated to the primary care physician
Medical 1. History
Assessment 2. Examination
3. Rule out associated medical conditions (pica and associated lead intoxication)
Trang 385. Neurological assessment important to evaluate for seizures
6. Genetic screening
7. Language/communication assessment, such as articulation/oral motor skills andreceptive/expressive skills
3. Adolescence
A. Expanding eligibility for services by focusing on adaptive skills development,prevocational skills, and vocational programming/education
B. Clinical clarification of strengths/weaknesses as related to vocational training
C. When possible include adolescent in treatment planning
D. Monitor for development of comorbid diagnoses such as depression orseizures
4. Adult
A. Identification of community resources
B. Support in planning longterm care, including employment, residential care, socialsupport/activities, and family support
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER(ADHD) OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDERCONDUCT DISORDER
There is somewhat of a continuum and overlap between manifestations of Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder. ADHD may
be an underlying issue in both Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. A careful assessment taking this into consideration will allow the therapist to rule out the ADHDdiagnosis in these instances. Because of the commonality in behavioral symptomology, thetreatment focus and objectives will be offered as a single section to draw from based on theneeds of the case
ADHD children are at risk for delinquent behaviors because they do not consistentlydemonstrate behaviors that will naturally elicit positive reinforcement. Instead they tend
to receive negative feedback from their peers and adults. In an effort to fit in with a peergroup, they may find acceptance with children/adolescents that have obvious behavioralproblems. Generally, there is behavioral evidence of difficulties associated with ADHD in allsettings (home, work, school, social), and symptoms are usually worse in situations requiring sustained attention. Although the excessive motor activity characterizing ADHD oftensubsides prior to adolescence, the attention deficit frequently persists
Disruptive Behavior Disorders 7
Trang 39Goals 1. Assess for referral for medication evaluation
2. Enhance parent education regarding familial and clinical aspects of thedisorder and behavioral management
specializing in this disorder before they make a decision
2. Parent Education
A. Overview giving the defining criteria of the specific disorder, explore how the family
is affected and how they respond, etiology, developmental influences, prognosis, aselection of reading materials and information on a community support group, ifavailable
B. Parent effectiveness training. Training to include parenting skills in behavioralmodification, contingency planning, positive reinforcement, appropriate limit settingand consequences, encouraging selfesteem, disciplining in a manner that fosters thedevelopment of responsibility and respect for others. Consistency is imperative tosuccessful behavioral change and management
C. Dysfunctional family dynamics
1. Explore and identify family roles
2. Identify modification and changes of person's role in family
3. Identify the various roles played by family members and the identified patient,and modify or change as needed in accordance with appropriate familydynamics and behavior
4. Facilitate improved communication
5. Clarify differences between being a parent and a child in the family system,along with role expectation
6. Explore the necessity of out of home placement if parents are unable toeffectively manage and support behavior change or are actual facilitators ofantisocial behaviors. Depending on severity of behaviors, it may requireplacement for monitoring to prevent risk of harm to self or others
Trang 40A. Define classroom rules and expectation regularly
B. Break down goals into manageable time frames depending on the task. Timeframes could be 15 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, a day, or a month. Be
encouraging by providing frequent feedback. Break tasks into small steps
C. Give choices whenever possible
D. Provide short exercise breaks between work periods
E. Use a time to encourage staying on task. If these students finish a task before theallotted time, reinforce their behavior
F. Facilitate the development of social skills
G. Encourage specific behaviors
H. Develop contracts when appropriate. It will also help parents reinforce the teacher'sprogram
I. Develop a secret signal that can be used to remind students to stay on task, whichwill avoid embarrassment and low selfesteem
J. Facilitate the development of selfmonitoring so that students can pace themselvesand stay on task, as well as selfreinforce for progress
K. Structure the environment to reduce distracting stimuli
L. Separate these students from peers who may be encouraging inappropriate behavior
M. Highlight or underline important information
N. Use a variety of highinterest modes to communicate effectively (auditory, visual,handson, etc.)
O. Position these students close to resources/sources of information
P. Consistency is imperative
Q. Work collaterally with all professionals to develop an individualized cognitivebehavioral program
4. Lack of SelfRespect and Responsibility
A. Have person define these terms accurately (may need support or use of externalresources) and compare the working definitions to his/her behavior as well asdeveloping appropriate behavioral changes
B. Facilitate the concept of choices related to consequences, and acceptance of
consequences as taking responsibility for one's own actions
C. Have these children identify how they are affected by the behavior of others andhow others are affected negatively by their behaviors. Clarify that they only havecontrol over their own behaviors
D. Focus on the positive demonstrations of interaction over negative ones whenreinforcing behavioral change
E. Have person identify reasons for inability to form close interpersonal relationships
to increase awareness and to develop choices for change
F. Have person identify behaviors that allow one person to feel close or comfortablewith another person versus distancing behaviors
6. Impaired Communication Skills
A. Teach assertive communication skills
B. Encourage appropriate expression of thoughts and feelings
Disruptive Behavior Disorders 9