Word form 10 reading 10

bài tập heading matching reading, multiplechoice reading, wordform in passage hsgTEA TIMES0 The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today. Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read this. Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of rituals of hospitality both in the home and in wider society.

REVISION WORD FORM - READING

1 Use the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered boxes Write your answers in the numbered boxes (5 ps)

Organizing a holiday can be a very (1 CHALLENGE) task Some people find the experience

as (2 STRESS) as the daily demands of work and family (3 COMMIT) _

If you are in this situation, you may find that taking an escorted holiday is the ideal solution Escorted holidays offer a great balance between sightseeing, entertainment and leisure time, with the added advantage that you have

the services of a professional tour manager, who (4 COMPANY) you through the trip, acting

as your personal guide From the first day to the last, tour managers make your holiday experience even more (5

MEMORY) because of the (6 VALUE) information and helpful suggestions they provide Your tour manager will give you many (7 SIGHT) into the place you are visiting, including useful information on the (8 DISTINCT) characteristics of the place, such as regional food and local entertainment If you book one of the escorted holiday (9 PACK) that we offer, you can be sure that you will have a (10 TRUE) authentic

travel experience

2 Complete the following passage with the correct forms ofthe words given.(5 points)

THE CUP OF HUMANITY

Tea began as a medicine and grew into a beverage In China, in the eighth century, it entered the realm of poetry as

one of the polite (1 AMUSE) The fifteenth century saw Japan ennoble it into a religion of aestheticism- Teaism Teaism is a cult founded on the (2 ADORE) of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday (3 EXIST) It inculcates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual charity, the (4 ROMANTIC) of the social order It is essentially a worship of the (5 PERFECT) , as it is a tender attempt to accomplish 7 something possible in this impossible

thing we know as life The Philosophy of Tea is not mere aestheticism in the ordinary acceptance of the term, for it

expresses (6 CONJOIN) with ethics and religion our whole point of view about man and nature It is hygiene, for it enforces (7 CLEAN) ; it is economics, for it shows comfort in (8 SIMPLE) rather than in the complex and costly; it is moral geometry, inasmuch as it defines

our sense of proportion to the universe It represents the true spirit of Eastern democracy by making all its votaries

aristocrats in taste The long isolation of Japan from the rest of the world, so (9 CONDUCT)

to introspection, has been highly (10 FAVOUR) to the development of Teai

3 Write the correct form of the word given in brackets (5 pts)

WOMEN ONLY Increasingly, women are taking their holidays without men For (1 SAFE) reasons,

camaraderie or just plain fun, a growing number of female tourists are singing up for women-only trips Twenty

years ago only a (2 HAND) of companies offered such holidays; now there are several hundred Travel (3 CONSULT) Andre Littlewood says that the combination of higher incomes with delayed marriage, divorce, retirement and widowhood has (4 ABLE) more women to travel, often on their own They are attracted by the sense of (5 FREE) that a holiday without men affords them “Women in a group tend to feel _ (6 INHIBIT) and speak more openly than when men are

around”, she adds “Even on energy-sapping adventure holidays the atmosphere is relaxed and

(7 CO-OPERATE) It’s also a great deal more fun Women laugh more (8 READY) than

men, probably because they don’t mind laughing at themselves.” Since her divorce Janice Cummings has been a regular traveler with Everywoman Tours, and Oxford-based Company whose very name is a

(9 DETER) to men “And a good thing too,” she says “Men simply cannot resist the (10 TEMPT) to try and take control, no matter where they are And that includes on holiday Thankfully, there is none

of that with Everywoman.”

4 Give the correct form of the words in capital letters Write your answers on the numbered blanks (0) is an example.

Have you ever got really caught in the excitement and emotion of good action film, and wondered in (0 AMAZE)

amazement how film stars manage to perform dangerous acts like jumping off buildings or driving at great speed?

Of course, it is only a (1.MOMENT) feeling as it is no secret that the real (2.PERFORM) are almost invariably stunt men or women, who can earn a very good (3.LIVE)

by standing in for the stars when necessary The work is incredibly demanding, and before

qualifying for this job they have to undergo a rigorous training program and (4.PROOF) their ability in a number of sports (5.INCLUDE) skiing, riding and gymnastics (6.NATURE)

, the safety of the stunt performer is of the utmost importance Much depends on the performer getting

time exactly right so everything is planned down to the (7.TINY) detail In a scene which

involves a complicated series of actions, there is no time for careless mistakes A stunt man or woman often has

only one chance of getting things right, (8.LIKE) film stars, who can if necessary, film a scene (9.REPEAT) until it gains the director’s (10.APPROVE) .

READING

1 Passage 1.

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the List of headings below One of the headings has been done as an example.

List of headings

i Tea – a beverage of hospitality

ii The fall in the cost of tea

iii Diverse drinking methods

iv Tea on the move

v An important addition

vi Today’s continuing tradition – In Britain and China

vii Limited objections to drinking tea viii Tea drinking in the world

TEA TIMES

0 The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read

this Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of rituals of hospitality both in the home and in wider society

1 Tea originated in China, and in Eastern Asia tea making and drinking ceremonies have been popular for

centuries Tea was first shipped to North Western Europe by English and Dutch maritime traders in the 16th century At about the same time, a land route from the Far East, via Moscow, to Europe was opened up Tea also figured in America’s bid for independence from British rule – the Boston Tea Party

2 As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leavers became available throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways

in which tea was drunk changed The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and the ways in which they were cured all important People in other cultures added new ingredients besides tealeaves and hot water They drank tea with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and cardamom, and herbs such as mint or sage The variations are endless For example, in Western Sudan on the edge of the Sahara Desert, sesame oil is added to milky tea on cold mornings In England tea, unlike coffee, acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that promoted health Indeed,

in European and Arab countries as well as in Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health giving properties One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten cups a day should be drunk, and that up to 50 to 100 daily cups could be consumed with safety

3 While European coffee houses were frequently by men discussing politics and closing business deals, respectable

middle-class women stayed at home and held tea parties When the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm Different grades and blends of tea were sold to suit every pocket

4 Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking In Islamic cultures, where drinking of

alcohol is forbidden, tea and coffee consumption is an important part of social life However, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognizing the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of tea

5 In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in vogue Yet, the

convention of afternoon tea lingers At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon Contemporary China, too, remains true to its long tradition Delegates at conferences and seminars are served tea in cups with lids to keep the infusion hot The cups are topped up throughout the proceedings There are as yet not signs of coffee at such occasions

2 Passage 2.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each question

INTERNET JOBS

Contrary to popular belief, one does not have to be a trained programmer to work online Of course, there are plenty

of jobs available for people with hightech computer skills, but the growth of new media has opened up a wide range

of Internet career opportunities requiring only a minimal level of technical expertise Probably one of the most

well-known online job opportunities is the job of webmaster However, it is hard to define one basic job description for this position The qualifications and responsibilities depend on what tasks a particular organization needs a webmaster to perform

To specify the job description of a webmaster, one needs to identify the hardware and software that the website the

webmaster will manage is running on Different types of hardware and software require different skill sets to

manage them Another key factor is whether the website will be running internally (at the firm itself) or externally

(renting shared space on the company servers) Finally, the responsibilities of a webmaster also depend on whether

he or she will be working independently, or whether the firm will provide people to help All of these factors need

to be considered before one can create an accurate webmaster job description

Webmaster is one type of Internet career requiring in-depth knowledge of the latest computer applications However, there are also online jobs available for which traditional skills remain in high demand Content jobs require excellent writing skills and a good sense of the web as a “new media”

The term “new media” is difficult to define because it encompasses a constantly growing set of new technologies

and skills Specifically, it includes websites, email, Internet technology, CD-ROM, DVD, streaming audio and video, interactive multimedia presentations, e-books, digital music, computer illustration, video games, virtually reality, and computer artistry

Additionally, many of today’s Internet careers are becoming paid-by-the-job professions With many companies having to downsize in tough economic items, the outsourcing and contracting of freelance workers online has become common business practice The Internet provides an infinite pool of buyers from around the world with whom freelancers are able to work on projects with companies outside their own country of residence

How much can a person make in these kinds of career? As with many questions related to today’s evolving technology, there is no simple answer There are many companies willing to pay people with technical Internet skills salaries well above $70,000 a year Generally, webmasters start at about $30,000 per year, but salaries can

vary greatly Freelance writers working online have been known to make between $40,000 and $70,000 per year.

(431 words)

1 The word “identify” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _

2 The word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to _

A companies B new job opportunities C hardware and software D webmasters

3 What does “it” in paragraph 4 refer to?

A modern technology B new media C the Internet D a webmaster’s career

4 According to the passage, which of the following is true of webmasters?

A They never work independently B They require a minimal level of expertise

C The duties they perform depend on the organization they work for D They do not support software products

5 According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT _

A There are online job available for workers with minimal computer skills

B Webmasters must have knowledge of the latest computer applications

C Online workers cannot free themselves from the office

D “New media” is not easy to define

6 Which of the following is not mentioned as part of “new media”?

A websites B Internet technology C writing skills D video games

7 It can be inferred from the passage that _

A online workers can work full-time online B only skilled workers make good money

C it is easy to become a webmaster D workers with limited computer skills cannot work online

8 The word “vary” in paragraph 6 could best be replaced by which of the following?

9 What is the purpose of the passage?

A To inform people about the tasks and role of a webmaster B To inform people about the computer industry

C To inform people about employment related to the Internet D To explain why webmasters make a lot of money

10 Which of the following is true of the job of freelance writers?

A They may work with others at the company B They require in-depth knowledge of applications

C They manage hardware and software D It is considered a “content” job

3 Passage 3.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer.

THE BODY CLOCK

Why is it that flying to New York from London will leave you feeling less tired than flying to London from New York? The answer may be a clear case of biology not being able to keep up with technology

Deep inside the brain there is a “clock” that governs every aspect of the body’s functioning: sleep and wake cycles,

levels of alertness, performance, mood, hormone levels, digestion, body temperature and so on It regulates all of

these functions on a 24-hour basis and is called the circadian clock (from the Latin, circa “about” + dies “day”) This body clock programmes us to be sleepy twice a day, between 3-5 a.m and again between 3-5 p.m Afternoon tea and siesta times are all cultural responses to our natural biological sleepiness in the afternoon

One of the major causes of the travelers’ malady known as jet lag is the nonalignment of a person’s internal body

clock with clocks in the external world Crossing different time zones confuses the circadian clock, which then has

to adjust to the new time and patterns of light and activity To make matters more complex, not all internal body functions adjust at the same rate So your sleep/wake may adjust to a new time zone at one rate, while your temperature adjusts at a different pace Your digestion may be on a different schedule altogether

Though we live in a 24-hour day, the natural tendency of the body clock is to extend our day beyond 24 hours It is contrary to our biological programming to shrink our day

That is why travelling in a westward direction is more body-clock friendly than flying east NASA studies of long haul pilots showed that westward travel was associated with significantly better sleep quantity and quality than eastward flights

When flying west, you are “extending” your day, thus travelling in the natural direction of your internal clock Flying eastward will involve “shrinking” or 11 reducing your day and is in direct opposition to your internal clock’s natural tendency

One of the more common complaints of travelers is that their sleep becomes disrupted There are many reasons for this: Changing time zones and schedules, changing light and activity levels, trying to sleep when your body clock is programmed to be awake, disruption of the internal circadian clock and working longer hours

Sleep loss, jet lag and fatigue can seriously affect our ability to function well Judgment and decision-making can

be reduced by 50%, attention by 75 percent, memory by 20 percent and communication by 30 percent

It is often suggested that you adjust your watch as soon as you board a plane, supposedly to try to help you adjust

to your destination’s schedule as soon as you arrive But it can take the body clock several days to several weeks to fully adjust to a new time zone

1:The main function of the body clock is to

A help us sleep B help us adapt to a 24-hour cycle

C regulate the body’s functions D govern all the body’s responses

2:The word “It” refers to

A the programme B the body clock C the function D the brain

3:Jet lag

A makes our body clock operate badly B causes our body clock to change

C extends the hours of our body clock D upsets our body’s rhythms

4:The word “malady” is closest in meaning to

5:The direction you fly in

A extends or shrinks your body clock B alters your body’s natural rhythms

C helps you sleep better D affects the degree of jet lag

6: According to the article

A jet lag can affect different abilities differently B flying seriously affects your judgment and decision-making

C travelers complain about the negative effects of flying D various factors stop us sleeping when we fly

7:On the subject of avoiding jet lag the article

A suggests changing the time on your watch B proposes gradually adjusting your body clock

C says there is nothing you can do D makes no suggestions

8: According to the author, which of the following reasons disrupt travelers’ sleep?

A Travelers try to sleep between 3-5 p.m

B Travelers’ attention is reduced by 75 percent

C Travelers fly in the natural direction of their internal clock

D The traveler’s internal circadian clock has to adjust to patterns of light and activity

9: It can be inferred from the passage that

A there are more travelers in westward flights than in eastward ones

B westward travelers become friendlier than eastward ones

C travelers have to spend more money flying westward than eastward

D travelers do not sleep as well in eastward flights as in westward ones

10: The word “fatigue” is closest in meaning to

A exhaustion B obsession C frustration D sleeplessnes

4 Passage 4.

Read the passage and choose the best answers to the questions (5 points)

THE NEW COUNTRY

The first real sign of the United States was a close-packed archipelago of buoys marking lobster pots and fishing

traps but this was just a prelude to the moment the throng on the deck had been waiting for The exaggerated sense

of occasion that this moment was expected to inspire was heightened by the scowling splendour of the city illuminated in the storm, the racing clouds bathing Liberty in a hideous light The immigrants, shoving and straining, must have felt that all the reports and letters home had understated the awful truth about New York The

real thing was even taller and more intimidating than the tallest story So you looked out, numbed by the gigantism

of the city, asking the immigrant’s single overriding question: is there really a place there for me?

In New York at last, the promised city, the immigrants found themselves in a cacophonic bazaar So many things!

The streets were awash with commodities undreamed of back home – new foods, smart clothes, mechanical novelties Your own berth in New York might be no more than a patch of floor in a dumb-bell tenement on the Lower East Side, yet no building was so squalid than its tenants were entirely excluded from the bounty of American life In the midst of rack-rent poverty, in conditions as impoverished as anything they had suffered in the old country, the immigrants would be surrounded by symbols of extravagant wealth There were ice cream parlours, candy stores, beef-steaks and fat cigars In New York ordinary people, wage-earners, dined out in restaurants; they had Victrola machines on which they played ‘jass’ music and by the standards of Europe they were dressed like royalty

You had new names assigned to you at Ellis island by immigration officers too busy to bother with the unpronounceable consonant clusters in your old one (Gold, because that’s what the streets were supposed to be paved with, was a favourite stand-by) There were new clothes too You might be able to call upon only a word or

two of English, but you could still parade as a suave, fashion-conscious New Yorker Identity in Europe wasn’t a

matter of individual fancy Even with the money for the raw materials, you couldn’t dress up as an aristocrat simply because you liked the look of the noble’s style If you were Jewish, you couldn’t pass yourself off as a gentile without incurring a legal punishment Every European was the product of a complicated equation involving the factors of lineage, property, education, speech and religion The terms were subtle and could be juggled: even the most rigid class system has some play in it But once your personal formula had been worked out by the ruling mathematicians, the result was precise and not open to negotiation For anyone brought up in such a system, New York must have induced a dizzying sense of social weightlessness Here identity was not fixed by society’s invisible secret police The equation had been simplified down to a single factor – dollars The windows of department stores were theatres They showed American lives as yet unlived in, with vacant possession When your nose was pressed hard against the glass, it was almost yours, the other life that lay in wait for you with its silverware and brocade So you were a presser in a shirtwaist factory on Division Street, making a paltry $12.50 a week – so what? The owner

of the factory was your landsman, practically a cousin; he had the start on you by just a few years and already he lived in a brownstone, uptown on 84th Success in this city was tangible and proximate; it was all around you, and even the poorest could smell it in the wind The distance between slum and mansion was less than a mile; hard work… a lucky break… and you could roam through Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s buying up the life you dreamed

of leading

Alice’s apartment, which I would be sub-renting – courtesy of a brown envelope and the doorman’s blind eye, was

in a relatively quiet corner, yet even here one could feel New York trembling under one’s feet In place of bird-song there was the continuous angry warble of ambulances, patrols, fire-trucks It was the sound of heart-attacks and

heart-break, of car crashes, hold-ups, hit-and-run, fight and pursuit If you were going to learn to live here, you’d have to tune out the sound of New York and set up house in the silent bubble of your own preoccupations …

1 According to the writer, when New York came into view the immigrants felt _

A a sense of anticlimax B disappointment at its ugliness

C overwhelmed by the sight of it D the stories they’d heard had been exaggerated

2 The word ‘prelude’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

3 The word ‘intimidating” in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by _

4 What distinguished immigrants’ homes in America from the ones they had left was _

A that they were of a much higher standard B that they could be rented more cheaply

C their spaciousness D the neighbourhoods they were in

5 The writer implies that immigrants received new names _

A as a matter of policy B in a random fashion

C when they spoke no English D because they wanted English-sounding names

6 The writer implies that immigrants _

A were forced to deny who they were B longed for the social certainties of Europe

C could free themselves of their past lives D felt the need to hide the truth about their backgrounds

7 The writer suggests that the dream of achieving wealth _

A conflicted with the realities of the workplace

B was soon abandoned once immigrants were settled

C was only possible by exploiting your fellow countrymen

D was fostered by the unique social circumstances of New York

8 The word ‘suave’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _

9 The writersuggeststhat the arrangement for the flat was possible because _

A the owner was a friend B he knew the doorman

C the landlord didn’t know D they deceived the doorman

10 According to the writer, people who live in New York _

A must feel constantly threatened B survive by developing ways of ignoring what’s going on

C all become caught up in the rush of activity D only cope by not allowing themselves time to think

5 Passage 5.

Read the passage below and do the tasks that follow (10 points)

PAINTERS OF TIME

‘The world’s fascination with the mystique of Australian Abon with the mystique of Australian Aboriginal art.’

Emmanuel de Roux

A The works of Aboriginal artists are now much in demand throughout the world, and not just in Australia, where

they are already fully recognised: the National Museum of Australia, which opened in Canberra in 2001, designated 40% of its exhibition space to works by Aborigines In Europe their art is being exhibited at a museum in Lyon, France, while the future Quai Branly museum in Paris – which will be devoted to arts and civilisations of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas – plans to commission frescoes by artists from Australia

B Their artistic movement began about 30 years ago, but its roots go back to time immemorial All the works refer

to the founding myth of the Aboriginal culture, ‘the Dreaming’ That internal geography, which is rendered with a brush and colours, is also the expression of the Aborigines’ long quest to regain the land which was stolen from them when Europeans arrived in the nineteenth century ‘Painting is nothing without history,’ says one such artist, Michael Nelson Tjakamarra

C There are now fewer than 400,000 Aborigines living in Australia They have been swamped by the country’s

17.5 million immigrants These original ‘natives’ have been living in Australia for 50,000 years, but they were undoubtedly maltreated by the newcomers Driven back to the most barren lands or crammed into slums on the outskirts of cities, the Aborigines were subjected to a policy of ‘assimilation’, which involved kidnapping children

to make them better ‘integrated’ into European society, and herding the nomadic Aborigines by force into settled communities

D It was in one such community, Papunya, near Alice Springs, in the central desert, that Aboriginal painting first

came into its own In 1971, a white schoolteacher, Geoffrey Bardon, suggested to a group of Aborigines that they should decorate the school walls with ritual motifs, so as to pass on to the younger generation the myths that were starting to fade from their collective memory He gave them brushes, colours and surfaces to paint on – cardboard and canvases He was astounded by the result But their art did not come like a bolt from the blue: for thousands of years Aborigines had been ‘painting’ on the ground using sands of different colours, and on rock faces They had also been decorating their bodies for ceremonial purposes So there existed a formal vocabulary

E This had already been noted by Europeans In the early twentieth century, Aboriginal communities brought

together by missionaries in northern Australia had been encouraged to reproduce on tree bark the motifs found on rock faces Artists turned out a steady stream of works, supported by the churches, which helped to sell them to the public, and between 1950 and 1960 Aboriginal paintings began to reach overseas museums Painting on bark persisted in the north, whereas the communities in the central desert increasingly used acrylic paint, and elsewhere

in Western Australia women explored the possibilities of wax painting and dyeing processes, known as ‘batik’

F What Aborigines depict are always elements of the Dreaming, the collective history that each community is both

part of and guardian of The Dreaming is the story of their origins, of their ‘Great Ancestors’, who passed on their knowledge, their art and their skills (hunting, medicine, painting, music and dance) to man ‘The Dreaming is not synonymous with the moment when the world was created,’ says Stephane Jacob, one of the organisers of the Lyon exhibition ‘For Aborigines, that moment has never ceased to exist It is perpetuated by the cycle of the seasons and the religious ceremonies which the Aborigines organise Indeed the aim of those ceremonies is also to ensure the permanence of that golden age The central function of Aboriginal painting, even in its contemporary manifestations, is to guarantee the survival of this world The Dreaming is both past, present and future.’

G Each work is created individually, with a form peculiar to each artist, but it is created within and on behalf of a

community who must approve it An artist cannot use a ‘dream’ that does not belong to his or her community, since each community is the owner of its dreams, just as it is anchored to a territory marked out by its ancestors, so each painting can be interpreted as a kind of spiritual road map for that community

H ‘By exporting their paintings as though they were surfaces of their territory, by accompanying them to the

temples of western art, the Aborigines have redrawn the map of their country, into whose depths they were exiled,’ says Yves Le Fur, of the Quai Branly museum ‘Masterpieces have been created Their undeniable power prompts a dialogue that has proved all too rare in the history of contacts between the two cultures’

The passage has nine paragraphs, A-H Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings, i-viii, below

List of Headings

i Amazing results from a project

ii New religious ceremonies

iii.Community art centres

iv.Early painting techniques and marketing systems

v Mythology and history combined vi.The increasing acclaim for Aboriginal art vii Belief

on continuity viii Oppression of a minority people

1 Paragraph A

2.Paragraph B

3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph F _

6 Passage 6.

Choose from the list A- I the most suitable heading for each part (1-8) of the article (10 points)

A They don’t live up to their expectations

B Simply not the same

C Heroes and villains

D Hidden information

E How to attract video gamers

F A growing market

G Not a passive viewer

H The power of effects

I Using the same setting

Films and Videogames

1—.In just a few decades the videogame industry has become a lot bigger than the film business In terms of turnover, what is rather grandly ‘interactive entertainment’ makes twice as much money as Hollywood cinema Which of course leaves people in the film business wondering if they can harvest any of this new income Is there any way of making films more appealing to people who play videogames?

2 - Making a film out of a best-selling videogame can certainly guarantee a large audience The success lies in the use of special effects New videogames have stunning action sequences that rely on fantasy effects, and now films are being released with similar scenes Gravity is discarded as heroes leap across huge gaps, while slow motion techniques show bullets moving through the rippling air

3 - A major segment of the videogame market comprises science fiction games and film makers have started t realize that they could set films in similar sci-fi future worlds But the difficulty for the procedures of Hollywood appears to be knowing where and when to stop Any attempt to borrow more than the setting from a videogame is probably doomed

4 - There are many examples of successful film videogame combinations Rather than making a film using characters and stories from a videogame, the trick seems to be to make a film that has a fast moving action sequence and then bring out a videogame bases on that sequence People who enjoyed the film will probably want

to buy the videogame This clearly creates a new market opportunity for the videogame industry

5 - Why do game players fell disappointed by films based on their favourite games? One reason is technical Videogames can show the action from a number of perspectives easily, because everything is computer generated But filming a sequence from twenty different cameras would cost a fortune, so it simply isn’t feeling that the film didn’t look as real as the videogame

6 - Cameras matter in another sense, too In a film the director shows you the action from certain perspectives but makes sure he doesn’t show you some things to keep you in suspense Think of your favourite thriller You wouldn’t be interested in watching the film if you knew the identity of the murderer, for instance In films you are not supposed to have access to all the information Suspense and mystery are essential elements of film making 7 - This is not true for videogames When you play a game, you have to do certain tasks to proceed to the next level Therefore, you must be able to see everything in order to make your choices, to decide what to do next: which door to open, and son on You must have access to all the information You, as the player, are always in control In the cinema you never control the action You just sit and watch

8 - There can be some interaction between films and videogames on a number of different levels, but in the end they fulfill different needs We go to the cinema to let someone else tell us a story, knowing we can’t influence what happens at all For all the similarities between technologies and special effects, we shouldn’t forget that a story and a game are fundamentally differen

7 Passage 7.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question

No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning We can turn

a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and

I' In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we' Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who

created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how

complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch.

Amazingly, however, this is possible

Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule Since they had no opportunity to learn each

other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin Pidgins are strings of words copied from

the language of the landowner They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener

to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom [1] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood [2] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language

is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue [3] Slave children did

not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive

language [4] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by

children

Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf Sign languages are not simply a series

of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home It was basically a pidgin Each

child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar However, children who joined the school

later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way A new creole was born

Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do' 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did' Therefore, it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy

1 In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?

A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures

B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar

C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees

D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language

2 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?

A It contained complex grammar B It was based on many different languages

C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves D It was created by the land-owners

3 All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:

A The language has been created since 1979 B The language is based on speech and lip reading

C The language incorporates signs which children used at home D The language was perfected by younger children

4 In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?

It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers

5 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

A from the very beginning B in simple cultures C by copying something else D by using written information

6 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

A complicated and expressiveB simple and temporary C extensive and diverse D private and personal

7.Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is

A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar

B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little

C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little

D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved

8 All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:

A All children used the same gestures to show meaning

B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language

C The hand movements were smoother and smaller

D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities

9 Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?

A English was probably once a creole

B The English past tense system is inaccurate

C Linguists have proven that English was created by children

D Children say English past tenses differently from adults

10 Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4 This word could best be replaced by which of the following?

8 Passage 8.

Read the article about the meaning of dreams Choose the most suitable heading from the box (A-H) for each part of the article (1-5) There are three headings which you do not need Write your answers in the numbered box

A FIRE

B CASTLE

C DEATH

D MOUNTAINS

E EXAMS

F GETTING STUCK

G FLYING

H FALLING

THE MEANING OR DREAMS

We all have dreams and can often remember parts or images from them Here is a guide to the meanings of the most common images that appear in dreams

1 ……… This is one of the most common images, typically showing insecurity and anxiety It may relate to a fear that a career or a relationship is coming to an end The fact that we are not hurt when we land represents a hope that things won’t turn out too badly

2 ……… This common dream – which commonly involves using our own arm or leg power (rather than any kind

of engine) – seems to represent a wish to escape from the problems we are facing in everyday life It may also represent a wish to achieve greater power

3 ………… This represents strength and power If the dreamers are inside, they are protected by the thick walls If they are outside and looking at it, they may desire that safety It is also sometimes the symbol of a woman

4 ………… This suggests that the dreamer has mixed feelings of love and hostility towards the person who dies, particularly if that person is close If dreamers see themselves die, this may represent a desire to escape from pressure

5 ……… Running forwards and not getting anywhere, or trying to walk through water or honey is a common image in dreams It symbolizes a conflict of feeling, particularly the desire to escape, yet at the same time, not to escape

9 Passage 9.

Read the following passage carefully then choose the best answer to each question (5p)

Archaeological records ― paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands ― indicate that humans have been predominantly right- handed for more than 5,000 years In ancient

Egyptian artwork, for example, the right-hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples.

Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed

Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers

Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making:

implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker)

Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by

holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users` teeth Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers)

Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right

and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain The

variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.

Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern

Homo sapiens Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been

predominantly right-handed, as we are