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Do not use this!Re-visioning television Research on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television in South Africa... Do not use this!Re-visioni

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Re-visioning television

Research on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television

in South Africa

Title page to come from Cover designer Do not use this!

Re-visioning television

Research on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of

community television

in South Africa

By Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and

Joshua Ogada

Compiled by the Society, Culture and Identity Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council

Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za

© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2006

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission

in writing from the publishers

ISBN 0-7969-2160-1 Copy editing by Laurie Rose-Innes Cover design by Jenny Frost and Jacob Erasmus Cover photograph by Christine Nachmann Mural by The Lines of Attitude Team:

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List of tables and figures vi Acknowledgements viii Preface ix

Executive summary xi Acronyms and abbreviations xiii

for CTV 153

business model 187

parameters — University of Cape Town 203

parameters — University of the Western Cape 206

Glossary 209

References 213

CONTENTS

vi

©HSRC 2006

Tables

Figures

TABLES AND FIGURES

©HSRC 2006

viii

©HSRC 2006

The authors of this report would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their invaluable help and support:

Karen Thorne, Khululekile Banzi, Andrei Naidoo, Jean Witten of the HSRC, the Cape Town Community Television Collective (CT CTVC), Greater Durban Television (GDTV), the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) and the Media Institute of Southern Africa – South Africa (MISA-SA)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

©HSRC 2006

This report on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television (CTV) in South Africa is the result of a deeply participative research process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) The HSRC is a statutory organisation that conducts research aimed at supporting the country’s drive to a better, more equitable and brighter future Media and its role and impact on society remain a key research interest of the SCI team, which has already produced some important work on the subject (see, for instance, Hadland & Thorne [2004: 9])

Conceptualised by HSRC Chief Research Specialist Adrian Hadland with the assistance

of CTV activist and Arts and Media Access Centre Director Karen Thorne, the project was intended to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector

Underpinning this interest is the assumption that improved access to more diverse media

is good for democracy, development and empowerment Funded initially with the HSRC’s parliamentary grant, the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) has again joined hands to support an HSRC media research project Further assistance has been forthcoming from the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)

The work contained in this report has been informed by a process of participation and collaboration that has involved many key members and organisations within the CTV community Two of the principal authors, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada, as well as the assistant and intern Khululekhile Banzi, boast many years of work in and around community media and have a special interest in CTV The project also relied heavily

on the Cape Town Community Television Co-operative and its steering committee, the body that is driving the CTV process in the Cape and which represents a wide range of stakeholders A regional workshop and a series of sectoral workshops were held during the course of this research project, which helped root the work in the real needs and priorities of people involved in, or wishing to become involved in, CTV

In addition, another formal collaborative partner in this research has been Greater Durban Television (GDTV), one of the pathfinders of CTV in South Africa GDTV’s willingness to share its experiences and knowledge and to support the drive to a broad-access national television network for the people has been important Readers will find these elements along with the Cape Town Collective’s inputs reflected in particular in the case study section of this report Their collective wisdom, however, is inherent in this research from one end of the report to the other

Once a draft report had been completed, a national workshop was held at the HSRC’s Pretoria office in late October 2005 Here, stakeholders and interested parties from across the country assembled to debate the principles, values, models and recommendations contained in this report MISA played a key role in ensuring the success of the workshop, which had as its keynote speaker the former CEO of the MDDA, Libby Lloyd Feedback and inputs from the workshop are incorporated into this report to make it a truly inclusive and participative work reflecting the experiences, needs and beliefs of many people who have worked hard for years to bring CTV to South Africa

The authors would like to thank the stakeholders, activists and interested parties who have participated in this research project in one way or another, from filling out questionnaires and taking part in workshops to debating the issues that the report contains We have sought to reflect as many of the opposing and divergent views as possible We hope, in the end, to have combined many strands of experience, research

PREFACE

©HSRC 2006

and opinion and to have knitted them together to provide a solid platform from which CTV in South Africa can go onward and upward We also acknowledge the work, often unseen or unreported, that has been done over the last decade by people who care about CTV to keep the hope alive We stand, at last, on the very brink of success

Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada Cape Town

January 2006

©HSRC 2006

This report deals with the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development

of community television (CTV) in South Africa It is the result of a deeply participative research process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), and was conceptualised to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector

Funded initially with the HSRC’s parliamentary grant, the Media Development and Diversity Agency has again joined hands to support an HSRC media research project

Further assistance has been forthcoming from the Media Institute of Southern Africa

This report is divided into 14 chapters Chapter One is an introduction to the issues, debates and concerns of CTV and its development in South Africa The chapter also reviews various examples of CTV internationally and draws out some useful pointers and models Compiled by Joshua Ogada and Mike Aldridge

Chapter Two presents a detailed look at the laws, regulations and policies that have a direct bearing on CTV The chapter highlights the Independent Communications Authority

of South Africa’s position paper, considers the implications of the Convergence Bill and refers to various legal and regulatory parameters within which CTV organisations will need to operate Compiled by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Three looks at lessons to be learned from the history of the community radio sector in South Africa It argues that CTV should partner with community radio stations as part of its strategy for sustainability Compiled by Joshua Ogada

Chapter Four considers the current state of CTV in South Africa It examines the history

of the CTV initiative and presents case studies of five local CTV outfits: Soweto TV, Cue

TV, Bush TV, Greater Durban TV and the Cape Town Community Television Collective

Compiled by Mike Aldridge, with contributions by Khululekile Banzi

Chapter Five looks at partnerships It lists possible funding partners and content partners, and considers institutions and organisations that could provide important strategic and training collaboration opportunities for CTV Compiled by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Six deals with the more technical area of signal distribution It describes the operations and parameters of Sentech and Orbicom and grapples with the various challenges CTV faces when it comes to distribution Compiled by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Seven focuses on the complex issue of production Topics discussed include broadcast tape formats, outside broadcasts and field production, as well as the office equipment that a CTV organisation can expect to need Compiled by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Eight hones in on the important area of programming Issues raised include the role and management of programming committees, as well as programme acquisition and syndication The chapter also lists potential programming partners and sources Compiled

by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Nine looks into the vital area of audience research It establishes a theoretical framework and provides a template on which future research into audience perceptions of CTV can be based Compiled by Joshua Ogada and Andrei Naidoo

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

©HSRC 2006

Chapter Ten deals with the challenges facing the development of CTV in South Africa’s rural areas It considers a definition of what constitutes a rural area and proposes various options for supporting rural CTV Compiled by Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada

Chapter Eleven considers future technical directions for CTV It examines the possibilities

of using Internet TV, netcasting, video content delivery over data networks and cellular communications, as well as still-developing technologies allowing for interactive television and the issues raised by digital broadcasting Compiled by Mike Aldridge

Chapter Twelve examines business models for CTV It discusses issues of sustainability, advertising, demographics, content and audience analysis Compiled by Mike Aldridge and Andrei Naidoo

Chapter Thirteen is the concluding chapter It highlights some of the recommendations contained within the report, including the authors’ preference for the ‘consortium model’

favoured by Australian CTV Other recommended options include the establishment

of media access centres and the creation of a development fund for broadcasting The chapter, and the report, conclude that the technology, the people, the will, the models and the experience exist to make sustainable CTV in South Africa a reality

Finally, in Chapter Fourteen, a case study of CTV in Cape Town is presented, wherein a proposed business model, along with potential partnerships for facilities and transmission,

is discussed Compiled by Joshua Ogada and Mike Aldridge

©HSRC 2006

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AV audio-visual

dB decibel

GB gigabyte

HH household

©HSRC 2006

kW kilowatt

MB megabyte

MHz megahertz