UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: A COMPLETE THOUGHT Writers usually express ideas in word groups called sentences.. UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: COMPOUND SUBJECTS A compound subject contains m
Trang 1UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: REVIEW
A. Write T or F to show whether each statement is true or false.
1 _ An adjective is a word that names a person, place, or thing
2 _ A pronoun can replace a noun in a sentence
3 _ All verbs express some kind of physical action
4 _ An adjective can describe a noun or a verb
5 _ A word that adds meaning to a verb is called an adverb.
6 _ A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to
another word in the sentence
7 _ An interjection tells where, when, how, or to what extent
B. Write a word to complete each sentence below Then write noun,
pronoun, verb, adjective, or adverb to tell the word’s part of speech.
The first one has been done for you
PART OF SPEECH
1 The slender swayed in the wind
2 The alien from the red planet
3 Everyone stared at Leo’s hat
4 The car skidded, but stayed
C. Write a word to complete each
sentence below Then write preposition,
conjunction, or interjection to tell the
word’s part of speech
PART OF SPEECH
1 Suki found her softball mitt
2 “ ! I’ve found it,” Suki exclaimed
3 “ , I’m glad to hear that,” said
Trang 2UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: A COMPLETE THOUGHT
Writers usually express ideas in word groups called sentences A sentence
is a complete thought and makes sense on its own It begins with a capital
letter and ends with an end mark (period, question mark, or exclamation
point) Every sentence contains a noun or pronoun that tells who or what
did something This noun or pronoun is the main part of the subject of
the sentence Every sentence also has a verb that tells what the
subject did That verb is the main part of the sentence predicate
EXAMPLE: The genius solved the problem.
A. Each sentence below is missing either a noun
or a verb Select a word from the box to complete
each sentence
dropped team ball
1 The U.S women’s soccer team the 1999 World Cup
2 The played China in the exciting final match
3 The cheered wildly when Brandy Chastain made the winning kick
4 It a great moment in the history of sports!
B. Complete each sentence by adding a predicate
1 A lost child
2 The sputtering engine
C. Complete each sentence by adding a subject
1 _ raced on the new track
2 was too tired to continue
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four complete sentences
Make sure you begin each sentence with a capital letter and end it
with a period, question mark, or exclamation point
NOUN (SUBJECT) ➝ ➝ VERB (PREDICATE)
Trang 3UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES
The four different kinds of sentences are used for different purposes
The purpose determines the kind of end punctuation needed
EXAMPLES:
Statements give information and end with a period.
Niagara Falls is the second largest waterfall in the world
Questions ask for information and end with a question mark.
Has a daredevil ever gone over the falls in a barrel?
Commands give orders and end with a period.
Move ahead slowly and watch your step
Exclamations express strong feeling and end
with an exclamation point
That’s dangerous!
A. Draw a line to match each sentence with the correct sentence type
1 Do daredevils survive going over the falls? a exclamation
2 Don’t take that unnecessary risk b statement
3 A teacher went over the falls in 1901 c command
B. Punctuate the passage below Put the appropriate mark in the parentheses
at the end of each sentence
Niagara Falls straddles the border between the United States
and Canada ( _) This natural wonder draws 12 million tourists
each year ( _) If you go to the falls, you will hear visitors exclaim,
“Oh, how beautiful ( _)”
Would you guess that Niagara Falls attracts daredevils as well as
tourists ( _) Since the mid-1800s some risk-takers have attempted
to go over the falls in barrels ( _) Others have tried to walk across
the falls on tightropes ( _)
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four sentences about taking
risks Include one statement, one question, one command, and one
exclamation Be sure to use the appropriate punctuation
Trang 4UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: COMPOUND SUBJECTS
A compound subject contains more than one noun or pronoun
The parts of a compound subject are usually joined by
the word and In these sentences the compound subject
takes a plural verb
EXAMPLE: Both large appliances and small
appliances use energy
Sometimes the parts of a compound subject are
joined by the word or or nor In these sentences, the
verb must agree with the last noun or pronoun in the subject
EXAMPLE: Either gas or electricity is readily available
Neither the pamphlet nor the books tell us how to build a solar collector
A. First underline the compound subject in each sentence Then circle the
correct verb form
1 Refrigerators and washing machines ( uses / use ) lots of energy
2 Jack and Janet ( works / work ) to conserve energy in their home
3 Either biking or carpooling ( preserves / preserve ) the air quality
4 Both the wind and the sun ( creates / create ) energy
5 Neither coal nor other fossil fuels ( is / are ) limitless forms of energy
6 Usually, Dad or the kids ( picks / pick ) up the trash
B. Use a compound subject to make one sentence from each group of
sentences The first one has been done for you
1 James recycles soda cans Mary recycles soda cans
2 Lia conserves water Paul conserves water Mark conserves water
3 I collect newspapers Jerry collects newspapers
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about
preserving the environment Use a compound subject in each sentence
Underline the compound subject
James and Mary recycle soda cans.
Trang 5UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: COMPOUND PREDICATES
The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject
The predicate always includes the verb A compound predicate contains two
or more verbs
EXAMPLE: We ate and danced at the party
A. Circle the compound predicate in each sentence
1 Maurice wrote and mailed the party invitations
on Tuesday
2 Josie and Bill will dance and sing to entertain us
3 Should we drive or walk to the party?
4 Let’s eat and visit before the entertainment begins
5 After dinner some guests swam and played games
B. Complete each sentence below with a compound predicate
Use the suggestions in the box or ideas of your own
buy or pop laughed and cheered barked and begged ate and drank assembled and baked rent and watch
1 Jesse _ the pepperoni and olive pizza
2 Everyone _ when he
twirled the pizza dough
3 Maryanne _ so much that she felt too full
4 Tumbler, the dog, _
for bites of pizza
5 “Now, let’s _ a movie,” suggested Harry
6 “We could _ some
popcorn,” said Rory
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four sentences about giving a
party Use a compound predicate in each sentence
Trang 6UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING PHRASES
A phrase is a group of words that adds meaning to a sentence Phrases
are not sentences because they do not express a complete thought There
are different types of phrases:
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: He boarded the airplane without a look back
NOUN PHRASE: The winding road led home
VERB PHRASE: The turtle is winning the race
Add meaning to each sentence by adding
a phrase from the box
up the mountain with an open mouth in his soup for boredom one good reason should always wear a tall, mysterious stranger around midnight in the salesman’s face will be playing
1 The steam engine chugged
2 The robbery occurred
3 Motorcycle riders
protective helmets
4 entered the room
5 Give me to eat beets
6 Rudy often puts ketchup
7 It is rude to chew
8 The angry homeowner slammed the door
_
9 Hard work is a sure cure
10 Rocky Von Rockford the leading role
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about an
activity you enjoy Use a prepositional phrase in the first sentence
Use a verb phrase in the second and an adjective phrase in the third
Trang 7UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING CLAUSES
A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb The
following chart shows you the difference between a phrase and a clause
to the after-game party (no verb) after the team won the game
had been celebrating (no noun)
Although a clause has a subject and a verb, it is different from a sentence
It doesn’t express a complete thought or make sense on its own
A. Each boldface clause is missing either a subject or a verb Add the missing part.
1 Before the last bell , make sure you turn in your test.
2 Take your dirty shoes off before you into the house!
3 The person who the fastest will get the job.
4 He lost his way because the was too dark.
B. Make up a clause of your own to complete each sentence Be sure your clause has both a subject and a verb Begin each clause with a word from the box You may use a word more than once The first one has been done for you
before after when because who during that until unless
1 The students _ got the best lockers
2 The car _ will win the race
3 _, a tree fell on our house
4 Don’t park in that spot _
5 _, you
should stay out of the lake
CHALLENGE: Think about ways to protect the
environment On the back of this sheet, write
three sentences about your ideas Use either a
phrase or a clause in each sentence Underline
and label the word group
who were first in line
NOUN ➝ ➝ VERB
Trang 8UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
Many sentences follow this basic pattern: subject ➝ verb ➝ direct object
Ernest parked the car
A direct object is a noun or pronoun that directly receives
the action of the verb It usually comes after the verb
A. Add a direct object to complete each sentence below
1 Roberta dropped her on the floor
2 Roy hugged his mother and thanked for the gift
3 Mrs Jones hung the on the clothesline
An indirect object tells for whom or to whom the action is done You will
sometimes find an indirect object between the verb and the direct object
EXAMPLES: Mr Chan gave me instructions (to whom)
Mrs Ling knitted her twins matching sweaters (for whom)
B. Read each item below Rewrite the information as one sentence that has an indirect object and a direct object The first one has been done for you
1 Vincent cooked He made tasty beef stew He made it for his dinner guests
2 There were three judges They gave prizes Lisa won first prize
3 George paid for the cab ride The driver got six dollars
4 The defendant spoke to the jury He told the truth
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write one sentence that has a
compound direct object Then write a second sentence that has a
compound indirect object
VERB
SUBJECT ➝ ➝ DIRECT OBJECT
Vincent cooked his dinner guests a tasty meal of beef stew.
DIRECT OBJECT
➝
INDIRECT OBJECT
➝
SUBJECT ➝
SUBJECT ➝ VERB
INDIRECT OBJECT
➝ ➝ DIRECT OBJECT
VERB
Trang 9LAUGH OUT LOUD! MISPLACED MODIFIERS, DANGL ING PHRASES
A. Descriptive words and phrases are great—
but what happens if they appear in the wrong
place? The misplaced modifiers in the following
sentences might make readers laugh out loud!
When you rewrite each sentence, make sure
the boldface phrase appears near the word it
describes The first one has been done for you
1 Mrs Endo died in the home in which she was born at age 86
2 After years of being lost, Leonard found his tennis trophy
3 I could see a hawk flying above the treetops with binoculars
4 Covered with melted cheese and spicy tomato sauce, I gobbled the pizza
Descriptive phrases should refer to nearby nouns Dangling phrases that have no noun to refer to can sound pretty silly
EXAMPLES: INCORRECT: After looking through the garbage, my test paper turned up
CORRECT: After looking through the garbage, I found my test paper
B. Rewrite each sentence Make sure you give the boldface phrase a noun to
refer to The first one has been done for you
1 Hoping for a home run, the bat was swung with great force.
2 Before watching television, my homework has to be finished.
3 Mixing whites and colors, her laundry turned a deep shade of pink.
4 Two eagles were seen on a driving trip across the prairie.
At age 86, Mrs Endo died in the home in which she was born.
The player, hoping for a home run, swung the bat with great force.
Trang 10UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: REVIEW
Now it’s time to show what you know about sentences!
A. Write a letter to match each item on the left with its name or meaning
on the right
1 _ sentence
2 _ subject
3 _ predicate
4 _ sentence that gives information
5 _ sentence that asks for information
6 _ sentence that tells someone to do
something
7 _ sentence that expresses strong feeling
a command
b what the subject
is doing
c exclamation
d a complete thought
e who or what is doing something
f question
g statement
B. Unscramble letters in the boldface words to correctly complete the
sentences
1 End mark for a statement: reipod _
2 End mark for a question: etsuqoni amkr _
3 Begins every sentence: palitac ttleer _
4 End mark for exclamation: matacnxeoil tiopn _
C. Identify the boldface words in each
sentence as a clause, phrase, compound
subject, or compound predicate.
1 The men and women entered the
skiing competition _
2 Julia was the best skier in that event _
3 The slopes were icy earlier this morning _
4 Marcus stopped and looked before
taking the jump _