Write similar sentences to those above about two of the countries below: 4.. The definite article is used with a few countries: The United Arab Emirates The United States With national ad
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b) The longest day of the year, June 21st, was
a time of festivity
c) checking the equipment the experiment was repeated
d) most people use the train, a minority walk
or cycle
e) Brick is a thermally efficient building material It is, , cheap
f) Demand has increased for summer courses, extra ones are offered this year
g) Many writers, Chekhov, have been doctors
h) the increase in residence fees more students are moving out
i) The first stage was to write a clear questionnaire 200 people were interviewed
j) Mustafa was in the lecture his car was being repaired
7. Complete the following biography by inserting suitable conjunctions.
THE BEATLES The group which became the Beatles was formed in
1960 by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, with George Harrison and Ringo Starr joining later a)
playing in small clubs for 2 years their first record, Love
Me Do, was released She Loves You, in 1963, broke
all previous sales records in Britain b) their simplicity, the early Beatles songs c)
Yesterday and Paperback Writer are still seen as
masterpieces of musical genius d) ., the unusual haircuts and clothes worn by the Beatles fitted well with the style of the mid-1960s The popularity of the group soon spread to the USA and e) around the world, f) the media invented the term ‘Beatlemania’ to describe the excitement that was part of their tours g) their popularity the group were awarded the MBE by the Queen in 1965, h) this caused anger among some of the older holders of this award
In 1966 the Beatles stopped live performances, i) their music was becoming too complex to produce
on stage A year later Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band was released, j) .was immediately
recognised as one of the most influential works in the
Trang 23.7 Conjunctions 141
history of popular music k) ., the pressures
of fame were beginning to affect all the members of the band, l) that they found it harder to work together They played together for the last time in 1969 and m) split up in 1970
8 Conjunctions of opposition
Note the position of the conjunctions in the following examples
The economy is strong, but/yet there are frequent strikes Although/while there are frequent strikes, the economy is
strong
In spite of/despite the frequent strikes, the economy is
strong
There are frequent strikes However/nevertheless, the
economy is strong
Write two sentences in each case.
Example: The equipment was expensive/unreliable The equipment was expensive but unreliable
Although the equipment was expensive it was unreliable a) The government claimed that inflation was falling The opposition said it was rising
i)
ii)
b) This department must reduce expenditure It needs to install new computers
i)
ii)
9. Finish the sentences in a suitable way.
a) In contrast to America, where gun ownership is common, b) Despite leaving school at the age of 14
c) The majority displayed a positive attitude to the proposal, but
d) While the tutor insisted that the essay was easy,
e) Although the spring was cold and dry
Trang 33.8 Nationality Language
1 Most nationalities have a regular pattern of nouns and adjectives.
Germany is a leading industrial economy. (country)
The German capital is Berlin. (adjective)
German is spoken by over 100 million. (language)
Germans/The Germans like wine. (people)
(Most national adjectives end in -an/-ian/-ish/-ch/-ese/-i.)
2 Some nationalities are less regular.
Holland/The Netherlands is located between Belgium and
Germany
The Dutch capital is The Hague.
Dutch is related to German.
Dutch people often speak English well
Denmark Danes Iraq Iraqis Switzerland Swiss
Greece Greeks Pakistan Pakistanis Chile Chileans
Poland Poles Thailand Thais Portugal Portuguese
3. Write similar sentences to those above about two of the countries below:
4 The definite article is used with a few countries:
The United Arab Emirates The United States
With national adjectives ending in -an/-ian it is possible to
say:
Italians/The Italians/Italian people have enjoyed opera for
over 200 years
cross-reference
3.4 Articles
Trang 43.8 Nationality Language 143
With other endings the first form is not possible:
The Japanese/Japanese people like watching sumo
wrestling
NB England is not a political unit Although it is possible to use English people/English food the nationality is British The country’s name is Britain or the United Kingdom.
5. Complete the spaces in the following sentences with one word.
a) Beijing is the capital
b) The rouble is the currency
c) The largest city in is Sydney
d) Many people enjoy going to bullfights e) Bill Clinton was the president
f) are the only South Americans who speak Portuguese
g) The capital is Baghdad
h) speak Spanish and make fine cigars
6. Write sentences about some of the people in the box, giving their nationality.
Ronaldo Bill Gates Pablo Picasso Bob Marley Kofi Annan Mao Tse-tung Akio Morita Beethoven Nelson Mandela Josef Stalin Mahatma Gandhi Yasser Arafat
Example: Ronaldo is a Brazilian footballer/Ronaldo comes from Brazil
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Trang 53.9 Nouns and Adjectives
1 Compare these sentences:
The efficiency of the machine depends on the precision of
its construction
Precise construction results in an efficient machine The first sentence uses the nouns efficiency and precision The second uses adjectives: precise and efficient Although
the meaning is similar the first sentence is more formal Effective academic writing requires accurate use of both, which can be easily confused
2. Underline and correct the mistakes in the following:
a) Some areas of the capital are not safety
b) Various culture patterns in French society need to be considered
c) The deep of the lake is calculated at 550 metres
d) A health diet includes fresh fruit and vegetables
3. Complete the gaps in the table below.
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
height reliability heat
strong confident true width probability necessity
long dangerous relevant
4. Insert a suitable noun or adjective from the table in each sentence.
a) The building’s is due to its massive steel frame
b) The of the matter may never be known since all the records are lost
c) There is a strong that coffee prices will fall next year
d) In some places the River Zambesi is more than 3 kilometres
e) The results are so surprising it will be to repeat the experiment
f) It is not easy to see the of art history to engineering
g) Regularly backing up computer files reduces the of losing vital work
h) Revising for exams is a tedious
cross-reference
3.2 Academic Vocabulary
3.6 Confusing Pairs
Trang 63.9 Nouns and Adjectives 145
i) This data appears to be and should not be trusted
j) in the banking system was destroyed by years of inflation
5. Underline the adjective(s) in each sentence and write the related noun(s) in brackets.
Example:
Few patients are likely to suffer side-effects from the drug (likelihood)
a) Various methods of dealing with the spread of malaria
b) Dr Lee adopted an analytical approach to the inquiry
( ) c) Antibiotics were not available in the first half of the
d) Her major contribution to the research was her study of
e) The precise number of people affected by the earthquake
f) Some progress was made in the theoretical area ( ) g) A frequent complaint is that too much work is expected in
h) We took a more critical approach to irrigation ( ) i) The Department of Social Policy is offering three courses
j) Finally, the practical implications of my findings will be
6. Complete the gaps in the table below.
approximation approximate particular superiority reason
strategic synthetic politics economy
industrial cultural exterior average
7. Complete the sentences with nouns or adjectives from the table above.
a) The consequences of the war were inflation and unemployment
Trang 7146 Accuracy in Writing
b) 365.25 days is an of the length of the solar year
c) One of British weather is that it is very changeable
d) All doors are fitted with security systems e) They attempted to make a of all the different proposals
f) The length of time patients have to wait is 34.6 weeks
g) The traditional idea that the sun went round the earth was ., but wrong
h) Ancient Japanese was highly developed
in areas such as poetry and ceramics
Trang 83.10 Nouns – Countable and
Uncountable
1 Most nouns in English are countable, but the following are generally uncountable, i.e they are not usually used with numbers or the plural ‘-s’.
2 Another group of uncountable nouns is used for materials:
wood/rubber/iron/coffee/paper/water/oil/stone
Little wood is used in the construction of motor vehicles Huge amounts of paper are used to produce magazines.
Many of these nouns can be used as countable nouns with
a rather different meaning:
Over twenty daily papers are published in Delhi
Most woods are home to a wide variety of birds.
3 The most difficult group can be used as either countable or uncountable nouns, often with quite different meanings
(further examples: business/capital/experience).
She developed an interest in bio-genetics.
The bank is paying 4% interest on 6-month deposits.
Other nouns with a similar pattern are used for general
concepts (love/fear/hope).
Most people feel that life is too short (in general) Nearly twenty lives were lost in the mining accident (in
particular)
4 Note the importance of the type of noun in the following structures:
QUESTIONS How much accommodation (U) is
available for rent?
How many rooms (C) are vacant next
month?
cross-reference
3.16 Singular or Plural?
Trang 9148 Accuracy in Writing
NEGATIVES Not much/Little equipment (U) was
needed for the experiment
Not many/Few machines (C) were
functioning in the IT room
Complete the following sentences to show the differences in meaning.
a) Three years’ work experience
b) She had some exciting experiences while
c) Most small businesses have
d) In many countries it is normal to discuss business
e) A number of capitals such as Washington and Canberra are
f) Huge amounts of capital are needed
g) Two world wars in 30 years caused
h) War is a feature of
i)
was the cause of six deaths j) Death is
k) New medicines are being developed
l) Studying medicine at university can be
5. In the following sentences, choose the correct alternative.
a) Little/few news reached the prisoners in the castle.
b) He established three successful businesses/business in 1995.
c) Substantialexperiences/experience of report writing are/is
required
d) It has often been claimed that travel broadens/travels broaden
the mind
e) Paper was/papers were very expensive in the twelfth century.
f) Howmuch advice/many advices were they given before
coming to Britain?
Trang 103.10 Nouns – Countable and Uncountable 149
g) She had little interest/few interests outside her work.
h) The insurance policy excludes the effects of civil war/wars.
i) Irons were/iron was first powered by electricity in the
twentieth century
j) They studied the behaviour/behaviours of three groups of
lions over 2 years
6. Complete the gaps in the following paragraph with much/many/ little/few.
Very a) data is available to students of housing of the sixth to ninth centuries AD No complete examples survive, and researchers are not certain how b) information can be taken from the literature It is not clear how c) people lived in each house, and in the d) sites that have been investigated (only four in the whole country) e) progress has been made towards finding
a standard floor plan