In IoT, objects located around us can be connected. These objects use Internet services, transfer data, and provide useful information about events that had to happen with the object like changes in their environment or your actions. IoT enables users to bring physical objects into the scope of information technology.
This can be accomplished by using different technologies like RFID, NFC, Bar Codes, and QR codes that permit the user to recognize and refer to different physical
objects [2,3]. There are no standards available to connect IoT devices to the Internet, besides their networking protocols.
IoT may be implemented with novel security features [4,5] for home automation systems, vehicle electronics, telephone networks, control of various domestic useful services, etc. There are numerous innovative applications that came into existence and revealed for a different set of goals and service sectors. Typically, IoT applications are characterized based on the area of deployment. Figure 6.2 depicts the categorization of the multimedia and non-multimedia based various IoT Applications [6], and also, the type of end-user, i.e., system or person. These applications play a major role for making our day-to-day life activities easy, smart, and safe [7].
Smart Surveillance Earlier the surveillance systems were used only in big malls and shopping centers. Nowadays, we find CCTV cameras deployed at many places, in a small departmental store, homes, educational institutes, holy places, etc. This provides a promising solution for public security by paying a minimal cost. Smart cameras are critical sensors in IoT-based surveillance systems that combine sensing, processing, and communication capabilities on an embedded device. These cameras can automatically capture the video of the view of the area where the motion is detected. Modern technologies enable real-time monitoring and reply to alarms immediately. Figure6.3shows the numerous components and services of an IoT enabled smart surveillance application.
Fig. 6.2 Categorization of IoT applications
136 M. Kumhar and J. Bhatia
Fig. 6.3 IoT-based smart surveillance [8]
Smart Home The smart home is simply an amalgamation of all household connections controlled remotely via a control unit in a particular room using the computer and Internet. Various devices equipped with the sensors are the main components of IoT, and they sense things from the surrounding, such as pressure, temperature, and send to the control unit via the wireless network. The comfort level at home can be automatically controlled with the help of sensing devices that sense the temperature pressure and humidity of surroundings [9]. The refrigerator can perceive and monitor the items kept in it, and make the user aware about scare products and also order for stock up the required items. Human daily activities can be monitor, and help can be provided, especially to disabled or older people, such as controlling the lights, automatically open the door, or pulling the curtains. Entry in the building can be controlled using RFID Tags, connected with the persons those who are authorized to enter the building [10]. Figure 6.4shows the devices and sensors used in IoT enabled smart home system.
Patient Heath Monitoring The IoT can be used in the medical field to improve the health condition of many people by monitoring parameters related to health and managing medicines in the record. IoT empowered devices have made remote health monitoring possible in the medical field, allowing them to keep patients safe and healthy and enable the doctors to provide the utmost care. Moreover, remote monitoring helps minimize the time to stay at the hospital for the patients, prevents
Fig. 6.4 IoT enabled smart home system [11]
re-admissions, and can save lives in case of medical emergencies like heart attack, diabetes, asthma attacks, and many more critical diseases. IoT has a significant impact on reducing healthcare costs considerably and improve treatment outcomes.
Figure6.5depicts the Components of a remote patient monitoring system.
Smart Environment A healthy environment is an utmost need for daily human life activities. Plants and animals living in the environment may be affected in an unhealthy atmosphere. Various research efforts have been made to answer the environmental issues such as pollution control and waste management [13]. Smart environment monitoring requires intelligent techniques to exchange information between databases, storing, and processing of the data collected from various mon- itoring devices to avoid many environmental problems and natural disasters. The integration of GPS, mobile and wireless communication technologies, databases, cloud to the internet for building what is known by IoT, the smart environment monitoring will become easier. Figure6.6shows the applications where research efforts can be concentrated to solve the environment-related problems.
Smart Transportation and Road Safety Traffic monitoring, adaptive traffic signals, accident avoidance, monitoring the road condition, traffic divert alerts, etc. are the essential application of IoT revolution for the intelligent transportation system (ITS) [15]. Various IoT technologies can work jointly to provide better
138 M. Kumhar and J. Bhatia
Fig. 6.5 Components of IoT-cloud based remote patient monitoring system [12]
Fig. 6.6 IoT-based environmental monitoring applications [14]
transport services and guarantee people’s safety on the roads. History information maintained by RFID can be utilized with the vehicles’ part to evade its forging.
Tags attached with passenger luggage to quickly identify during transport to save time. Monitoring the level of fuel, pressure in the tires, speed level, brake condition, etc. could be a great help in vehicles to protect from sudden breakdown and road accidents [14]. Figure6.7depicts the tasks performed by the IoT-based transport system to facilitate the users.
Fig. 6.7 IoT-based smart transport system [16]
Smart Parking The critical issue in metropolitan and congested cities is to get spaces for parking the vehicles. The IoT technology helps design and develop a smart parking system that provides information on available parking spaces and helps find the nearest availability. Furthermore, we can use computer vision techniques to detect a vehicle’s number plate to monitor the vehicles in the parking area, which enhances security and help users find their car when they forget about the place, where they parked the vehicle [17]. Figure6.8shows the diagram of IoT enabled smart parking system.
Warehouse Inventory Management IoT for warehouse inventory management became more than a promising concept; companies started applying sensors, RFID tags, D2D communication, and other connectivity to manage daily work. RFID tags can store a significantly large volume of data compared to the Barcodes. It is worth using IoT in warehouse inventory management because it improves transparency, analytical maintenance, real-time product tracking, and employee productivity.
Figure6.9shows the IoT-based warehouse management system proposed in [19].
Smart Energy Management Energy management has become crucial with the increasing demand for energy supply. Also, the increase in the cost of viable energy is making industries to enhance their energy usage [20]. The development of the IoT has transformed energy management systems for proper energy consumption.
Smart energy management systems use IoT sensors to collect and analyze the data
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Fig. 6.8 IoT enabled smart parking system [18]
Fig. 6.9 IoT-based warehouse management system [19]
Fig. 6.10 Smart energy management system [21]
for making the necessary decisions to save energy. Figure6.10shows the functional diagram of the smart energy management system.